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Part2

2023-11-17 05:34| 来源: 网络整理| 查看: 265

此文章为 “空中客车A320-214” 机型的 教程, 仅供参考和理解飞行步骤及自动驾驶系统的逻辑

Full Credit to (知识产权所有): AEROFLYFS Flight Simulator Wiki 

Link (链接): https://www.aerofly.com/dokuwiki/doku.php/aircraft:airbus_a320 

翻译:Bilibili 冷库黄 

校正:Bilibili 冷库黄 

Note: 若是需要转载请联系Up主并 注明 “转自 bilibili 冷库黄 专栏”,保护知识产权和著作权,维护社区的良性发展。

A320高级教程

We just experienced how easy it can be to fly an airliner with all the automation helping us. But we sort of skipped the whole procedures for setting up a flight plan with the on-board computers (MCDU), preparing the aircraft for takeoff and all the checklists and the powerful auto-flight (autopilot+auto-thrust) system.

我们刚刚体验了借助所有自动化技术帮助我们轻松驾驶一架客机的过程。但是,我们略过了用机载计算机(MCDU)制定飞行计划,为飞机准备起飞以及所有检查清单以及强大的自动飞行(自动驾驶+自动推力)系统的整个程序。

A320自动驾驶仪简介

The Airbus A320 autopilot in the Aerofly FS 2 is an realistic simulation of the real world autopilot. Therefor you can also refer to A320 autopilot videos, other descriptions or tutorials or the flight crew operating manual (FCOM) if you need to. We're going to provide an overview of what the autopilot buttons do.

The flight control unit (FCU) is the interface between the pilots and the flight guidance system (autopilot, flight management). It consists of four knobs that can be turned, pulled out and pushed.

Aerofly FS 2中的空中客车A320自动驾驶仪是对现实世界自动驾驶仪的真实模拟。因此,如果需要,您还可以参考A320自动驾驶仪视频,其他说明或教程或机组人员操作手册(FCOM)。我们将概述自动驾驶仪按钮的功能。

飞行控制单元(FCU)是飞行员与飞行制导系统(自动驾驶仪,飞行管理)之间的接口。它由四个旋钮组成,可以旋转,拉出和推动。

飞行主管(FD)和飞行模式信号器自动驾驶(AP)大师

The autopilot actuates the elevator, ailerons and spoiler and rudder to steer the aircraft laterally and vertically. The elevator is used to control the pitch attitude of the aircraft to climb and descent. The ailerons, spoilers and rudder is used to bank the aircraft and fly coordinated turns.

Push the autopilot button 1 or 2 to engage one of the two autopilots. Only for a fully automated landing with ILS would two autopilots be engaged at the same time.

The state of the autopilot is shown in the top right of the primary flight display (PFD). The PFD either shows AP1 or AP2 or AP 1+2 when the autopilot(s) are engaged.

The lateral and vertical mode that the autopilot is operating in is displayed at the top of the primary flight display in the second (vertical mode) and third column (lateral mode).

自动驾驶仪可驱动升降舵,副翼,扰流板和方向舵,以横向和垂直操纵飞机。升降舵用于控制飞机的俯仰姿态以进行爬升和下降。副翼,扰流板和方向舵用于使飞机倾斜并协调转弯飞行。

按下自动驾驶仪按钮1或2以接合两个自动驾驶仪之一。只有使用ILS进行全自动着陆时,才能同时使用两个自动驾驶仪。

自动驾驶仪的状态显示在主要飞行显示器(PFD)的右上方。启用自动驾驶仪后,PFD会显示AP1或AP2或AP 1 + 2。

自动驾驶仪操作的横向和纵向模式在第二行(垂直模式)和第三列(横向模式)上显示在主要飞行显示器的顶部。

自动推力(A / THR)主控

The Auto-Thrust (A/THR) (a.k.a. auto-throttle in other aircraft) controls the thrust to the engines. Depending on what the flight director vertical mode is the engine thrust is either constantly adjusted to maintain a target airspeed or the thrust is advanced to full climb thrust for a climb or retarded to idle thrust for a descent.

Push the A/THR button to arm the auto thrust system

Move the thrust levers to the climb detent to activate it.

The state of the auto thrust system is displayed in the top right corner of the primary flight display (PFD). When the text A/THR is in white color then the auto thrust is active. When the text is in cyan/blue the auto thrust has been armed but is currently not operating, e.g. because the pilot still has the thrust levers at idle or above the CLB detent (MCT with one engine failed). Setting the thrust levers into the climb detent changed the auto thrust state from armed to engaged.

The active thrust mode is shown in the top left corner of the PFD, in the first column. When it shows SPEED then the auto thrust system is controlling the airspeed and varies the thrust command to the engines accordingly. THR CLB or THR IDLE are shown when climb or idle thrust is commanded to the engines. When the mode shows MAN TOGA or MAN MCT or MAN FLX then the auto thrust is not active, you are manually overriding it with the thrust lever.

自动推力(A / THR)(在其他飞机上也称为自动油门)控制发动机的推力。根据飞行指导者垂直模式的不同,可以不断调整发动机推力以维持目标空速,或者将推力推进至全爬升推力以进行爬升,或者推迟至空转推力以进行下降。

按下A / THR按钮武装自动推力系统

将推力杆移动到爬升制动器上以将其启动。

自动推力系统的状态显示在主飞行显示器(PFD)的右上角。当文本A / THR为白色时,自动推力处于激活状态。当文本为青色/蓝色时,自动推力已Arm,但当前未运行,例如,因为飞行员仍将推力杆置于空转或高于CLB定位器(一台发动机的MCT发生故障)。将推力杆设置到爬升制动器中会将自动推力状态从装备状态更改为接合状态。

主动推力模式显示在PFD的左上角第一栏中。当显示SPEED时,自动推力系统将控制空速并相应地改变对发动机的推力指令。当向发动机发出爬升或怠速推力指令时,将显示THR CLB或THR IDLE。当模式显示MAN TOGA或MAN MCT或MAN FLX时,自动推力未激活,您正在用推力杆手动覆盖它。

垂直模式和自动推力之间的相互作用

If you select a vertical mode like CLB or OP CLB by pushing or pulling the altitude knob the auto-thrust system will increase the engine thrust to climb thrust (THR CLB) and maintain that. The autopilot will then pitch up to keep the speed target. This means the autopilot is controlling the speed with the climb angle now and the engines are just producing the maximum climb thrust.

When you reach the target altitude the autopilot will capture the altitude (ALT*) and then maintain it (ALT). When this happens the auto-thrust switches back to SPEED mode and change the engine thrust to maintain the speed target again. Now the auto-thrust controls the speed again and the autopilot maintains the altitude.

A similar thing happens during the descent. If you have DES or OP DES engaged the auto thrust will retard the thrust to idle (THR IDLE) and the autopilot pitches down to keep the airspeed target. So again the autopilot is controlling the speed and the auto-thrust is just keeping a fixed thrust value, in this case idle. Once the aircraft has descended to the target altitude the auto-thrust controls the speed again and the autopilot switches to altitude hold.

Note - This works pretty well if you have the autopilot and auto-thrust engaged. If you control either of them manually you have to be careful because you as a pilot then need to make sure that the airspeed is kept within limits. Imaging the engines going to full throttle but you don't pull up to keep the airspeed. Or the engines go to idle and stay there but you don't pitch the nose down. This can get out of hand quickly. This is why most airlines require the pilots to either use both: AP and A/THR or neither. Or at least make sure that for landing the auto-thrust is indeed controlling speed and no longer keeping idle thrust.

如果通过推动或拉动高度旋钮来选择垂直模式(如CLB或OP CLB),则自动推力系统将增加发动机推力 至 爬升推力(THR CLB)并保持不变。然后,自动驾驶仪将加速以保持目标速度。这意味着自动驾驶仪现在通过爬升角来控制速度,而发动机仅产生最大的爬升推力。

当您达到目标高度时,自动驾驶仪将捕获高度(ALT *),然后保持高度(ALT)。发生这种情况时,自动推力将切换回SPEED模式,并更改发动机推力以再次保持速度目标。现在,自动推力再次控制速度,自动驾驶仪保持高度。

在下降期间也会发生类似的情况。如果您使用了DES或OP DES,则自动推力将使推力延迟至怠速状态(THR IDLE),并且自动驾驶仪的俯仰角将降低以保持空速目标。因此,自动驾驶仪仍在控制速度,自动推力仅保持固定的推力值,在这种情况下为空转。飞机下降到目标高度后,自动推力将再次控制速度,自动驾驶仪将切换到高度保持状态。

注意 -如果您启用了自动驾驶仪和自动推力,这将非常有效。如果您手动控制它们之一,则必须小心,因为作为飞行员,您需要确保空速保持在限制范围内。想像一下发动机将要全开油门,但是您不会拉高以保持空速。否则,发动机会进入怠速状态并停留在那里,但是您不会降低机鼻。这会很快失控。这就是为什么大多数航空公司要求飞行员同时使用:AP和A / THR或两者都不使用的原因。或至少要确保降落时自动推力确实在控制速度,而不再保持空转推力。

管理/选定模式

Generally speaking, if a knob is pushed in the control is handed over to the automation in the managed mode. The field becomes dashed and a dot appears next to it (triple dash and a dot). Then the autopilot will use the flight plan as a reference.

If a knob is pulled out we gain manual control and can change the target values ourselves in the selected mode. If we pull the speed knob for example the speed window opens with the current airspeed and we can then turn the knob to change the selected speed.

一般而言,如果按下旋钮,则控制将以托管模式移交给自动化。该字段变为虚线,并在其旁边出现一个点(三点划线和一个点)。然后,自动驾驶仪会将飞行计划作为参考。

如果拉出旋钮,我们将获得手动控制,并且可以在所选模式下自行更改目标值。例如,如果我们拉动速度旋钮,速度窗口会以当前空速打开,然后我们可以旋转旋钮以更改选定的速度。

速度旋钮

Push the speed knob to use the route speed as computed by the flight management computers. The speed will automatically change throughout the flight and the autopilot will fly the aircraft accordingly. When there is no flight plan it won't do anything (unless you're already on approach).

Pull the speed knob to set the autopilot target airspeed manually. Turn the knob to change the selected speed.

Depending on the vertical mode the autopilot is either pitching the airplane up or down to keep the target speed or it is using the auto thrust to keep the speed.

按下速度旋钮以使用由飞行管理计算机计算的航线速度。速度将在整个飞行过程中自动改变,自动驾驶仪将相应地飞行飞机。如果没有飞行计划,它什么也不会做(除非您已经在进场)。

拉动速度旋钮以手动设置自动驾驶仪目标空速。旋转旋钮以更改所选速度。

根据垂直模式,自动驾驶仪会向上或向下俯仰以保持目标速度,或者正在使用自动推力来保持速度。

航向旋钮

Push the heading knob in to arm and capture the flight route laterally. This allows the aircraft to turn left and right according to the programmed flight plan and steer towards the destination on its own in NAV mode. When there is no flight plan nearby the autopilot will keep flying on the selected heading, only when you intercept the flight plan will it capture the flight plan.

Pull the heading knob to fly a selected heading in HDG mode. Turn the knob left or right to change the target heading, the aircraft will turn towards that left or right.

向内按下航向旋钮以武装并横向捕获飞行路线。这允许飞机根据编程的飞行计划向左和向右转,并以NAV模式自行转向目的地。当附近没有飞行计划时,自动驾驶仪将继续在所选标题上飞行,只有当您拦截飞行计划时,它才会捕获飞行计划。

拉动航向旋钮以在HDG模式下飞行选定的航向。向左或向右旋转旋钮可更改目标航向,飞机将向左或向右转向。

高度旋钮

Turn the knob to set a new target altitude that the autopilot is allowed to fly to.

Pushing the altitude knob performs a managed climb (CLB) or descent (DES) towards the selected altitude when you have a route programmed. It does nothing if there is no route nearby and it only works if you are already flying along the route in NAV mode. With this mode the autopilot will automatically level off at altitude constraints if the flight plan requires that.

Pulling the altitude knob tells the autopilot to immediately climb or descent to the selected altitude without any restrictions in open climb (OP CLB) or open descent (OP DES) modes.

旋转旋钮以设置允许自动驾驶仪飞行的新目标高度。

设定了路线后,按海拔高度旋钮可向选定的海拔高度执行受控爬升(CLB)或下降(DES)。如果附近没有路线,它什么也不做,只有在您已经以NAV模式沿着路线飞行时,它才起作用。在这种模式下,如果飞行计划需要,自动驾驶仪将在高度限制条件下自动平放。

拉动高度旋钮,可让自动驾驶仪立即爬升或下降到选定的高度,而在开放爬升(OP CLB)或开放下降(OP DES)模式下没有任何限制。

垂直速度旋钮

Pushing the vertical speed knob is a bit different, as it doesn't put the autopilot into a managed mode. If you push the vertical speed knob the autopilot will immediately level off with vertical speed mode (VS) and maintain 0 ft/min.

Pulling the vertical speed knob also engages the vertical speed mode (VS) but it keeps the vertical speed at time of engagement unless you change the target by turning the knob.

按下垂直速度旋钮有点不同,因为它不会使自动驾驶仪进入托管模式。如果您按下垂直速度旋钮,则自动驾驶仪将立即以垂直速度模式(VS)保持水平,并保持0 ft / min。

拉动垂直速度旋钮也会使垂直速度模式(VS)起作用,但是除非您通过旋转旋钮改变目标,否则它会在接合时保持垂直速度。

EXPED按钮

The expedite button when pressed triggers a rapid climb or descent to the target altitude. For the climb the autopilot pitches up until the speed gets pretty low (green dot speed) and for the descent it pitches down to almost the maximum speed. This button is rarely used in real life but if you need to descent quickly, this is the button you want to use. That and full airbrakes.

按下加速按钮会触发快速爬升或下降到目标高度。对于爬升,自动驾驶仪会逐渐上升直到速度变得非常低(绿点速度),而对于下降则将其下降到几乎最大速度。该按钮在现实生活中很少使用,但是如果您需要快速下降,则可以使用此按钮。这和完整的刹车。

LOC和APPR

The localizer button (LOC) arms the localizer capture. If there is an ILS localizer signal the autopilot will capture the runway localizer and fly towards the runway. It only steers left and right for this, it doesn't change the vertical mode.

The approach button (APPR) does the same but also arms the glide slope capture. After capturing the localizer (LOC* or LOC), when the glide slope is intercepted, the autopilot will capture it (G/S*) as well and automatically descent to the runway threshold in G/S mode. When LOC and G/S are both captured a fully automatic landing can be performed if the runway allows for that.

At 400 feet above ground the autopilot will switch to LAND mode and no buttons on the flight control unit (FCU) will change that. The only way to leave this mode is to go around or land. At 50 ft the autopilot switches from LAND to FLARE. It will automatically arrest the sink rate, retard the thrust to idle, touch down and roll out. Between twenty and ten feet you need to retard the thrust levers to idle because the auto-spoilers and auto-brakes only engage when the levers are at idle or in reverse.

本地化按钮(LOC)武装本地化捕获。如果有ILS定位器信号,则自动驾驶仪将捕获跑道定位器并飞向跑道。为此,它只会左右转向,而不会改变垂直模式。

接近按钮(APPR)的功能相同,但也可以捕获滑坡坡度。捕获到定位器(LOC *或LOC)后,当滑坡被拦截时,自动驾驶仪也将捕获它(G / S *),并在G / S模式下自动下降到跑道入口。如果同时捕获了LOC和G / S,则可以执行全自动着陆。

在距地面400英尺处,自动驾驶仪将切换到LAND模式,并且飞行控制单元(FCU)上的任何按钮都不会改变它。离开此模式的唯一方法是复飞或降落。在50英尺处,自动驾驶仪将从LAND切换到FLARE。它将自动阻止下沉速度,将推力延迟至空转,着陆并展开。在20到10英尺之间,您需要使 推力杆 拨到 空转,因为自动扰流板和自动制动器仅在杆空转或倒转时才启用。

速度/马赫切换

At high altitudes the Mach number (speed divided by speed of sound) becomes the relevant speed limit for the aircraft. E.g. the A320 can only fly Mach 0.85 (85% the speed of sound). At such high speeds the sound barrier starts to have an effect and creates a lot of drag. For this reason it becomes more economical to fly at lower indicated airspeeds at a fixed economical mach number (ECON Mach). At the crossover altitude the autopilot therefor automatically transitions from a speed target to a Mach target. SPEED becomes MACH.

The button SPD/MACH allows you to manually switch between the Mach and speed reference after pulling out the speed knob for the selected speed mode.

在高海拔地区,马赫数(速度除以声速)成为飞机的相关速度限制。例如,A320只能飞行0.85马赫(85%的声速)。在如此高的速度下,声屏障开始发挥作用并产生大量阻力。因此,以较低的指示空速以固定的经济马赫数(ECON马赫)飞行更加经济。在交叉高度时,自动驾驶仪会自动从速度目标转换为马赫目标。SPEED变为MACH。

通过按SPD / MACH按钮,可以在拉出所选速度模式的速度旋钮之后手动在Mach和速度参考之间切换。

航向/航迹垂直速度/飞行路径角度切换

The HDG/TRK VS/FPA button switches between a heading and vertical speed reference (where the nose is pointing at and how fast you climb or descent) over to a track and flight path angle reference (where you're actually flying with the wind and at what angle you climb or descent).

The TRK+FPA mode is useful during an approach where you have a bit of crosswind and instead of calculating how much you need to point the nose into the wind to fly where you want to, you just tell the autopilot where you want to fly to in track mode. It automatically compensates the cross wind and keeps the aircraft flying in the same direction.

HDG / TRK VS / FPA按钮可在航向和垂直速度参考(鼻子指向以及您爬升或下降的速度)之间切换到轨迹和飞行路径角度参考(实际上是随风飞行的位置)以及您攀登或下降的角度)。

TRK + FPA模式在有一点侧风的情况下非常有用,您无需告诉自动驾驶仪您想飞向何处,而是计算出将鼻子对准风向飞行所需的飞行距离在跟踪模式下。它会自动补偿侧风并保持飞机向同一方向飞行。(现在MSFS 2020这个按钮并没有启用)

公制高度切换

The METRIC ALT button displays the selected altitude in meters on the primary flight display (PFD) as well as on the bottom of the lower ECAM. In some countries like Russia and China the air traffic control (ATC) uses metric altitudes. So you could be given a clearance to climb to 3000 meters and thanks to the metric altitude display you don't have to guess how many feet that is.

METRIC ALT按钮在主飞行显示器(PFD)以及下部ECAM的底部以米为单位显示选定的高度。在俄罗斯和中国等一些国家,空中交通管制(ATC)使用公制高度。因此,您可以被允许爬升至3000米,并且借助米制的高度显示,您不必猜测那是多少英尺。

100/1000英尺环

高度旋钮的后面有一个环,可以在左侧或右侧设置一个环,以在100到1000英尺之间更改高度选择器的增量。

A320 MCDU简介

The Multipurpose Control and Display Unit (MCDU) is the interface to the flight management computer, which computes the flight plan. In this tutorial we're going to setup a flight plan from Sacramento Intl. (KSMF) to San Francisco Intl. (KSFO) similar to the beginner tutorial above. But this time we're only going to use the cockpit interfaces and not the simulator's menus.

But first we'll provide a brief overview of the MCDU. The Aerofly FS 2 A320 MCDU mainly behaves like the real world counterpart. Some functions are not available yet but this can be change in the future.

Pages in the MCDU include for example the Direct-To page, Progress, Performance, Init, Data, Flight-Plan, Radio-Navigation, Fuel-Prediction, Secondary Flight-Plan, ATC Communications, MCDU Menu.

多用途控制和显示单元(MCDU)是飞行管理计算机的接口,该计算机可计算飞行计划。在本教程中,

首先,我们将简要介绍MCDU。Aerofly FS 2 A320 MCDU的行为与真实世界类似。某些功能尚不可用,但是将来可能会更改。

MCDU中的页面包括例如 “飞向”页面,进度,性能,初始,数据,飞行计划,无线电导航,燃料预测,辅助飞行计划,ATC通信,MCDU菜单。

线路选择键

To the left and right of the MCDU display there are six line select keys (LSK). They serve the purpose to select something on the display, e.g. to insert a value into that field or to select a menu option to open other pages or options.

在MCDU显示屏的左右两侧,有六个线路选择键(LSK)。它们用于选择显示器上的某些内容,例如,将值插入该字段或选择菜单选项以打开其他页面或选项。

便笺

A text box at the bottom of the MCDU is used to type in values or identifiers but also show additional information, some warnings or error messages. After completing an entry a line select key is usually pressed to insert the entry into a field on the page.

The clear key in the lower right corner of the keyboard deletes the last character of the entry. When there is no text left in the scratchpad a “CLR” text is shown instead. With the CLR text in the scratchpad it is possible to remove entered values by pressing the respective line select key.

Press and hold the clear key to delete the entire entry.

MCDU底部的文本框用于键入值或标识符,但还显示其他信息,一些警告或错误消息。完成输入后,通常会按行选择键以将输入内容插入页面上的字段中。

键盘右下角的清除键将删除条目的最后一个字符。当暂存器中没有剩余文字时,将显示“ CLR”文字。使用暂存器中的CLR文本时,可以通过按相应的行选择键删除输入的值。

按住清除键可删除整个条目。

使用MCDU创建飞行计划

您还可以通过按CLR键,然后在INIT页A上删除FROM / TO字段,从MCDU中删除飞行计划。

DIFRIP

The page sequence to setup a typical flight is

D- Data

I- Init Page A (From/To, Alternate)

F- Flight Plan

R- Radio Navigation

I- Init Page B (Weight & Balance and Fuel)

P- Performance

设置典型航班的页面顺序为

D-数据

I-初始化页面A(来/到,备用)

F-飞行计划

R-无线电导航

I-初始页B(重量和平衡及加油)

P-成效

数据

The data page (A/C Status Page) shows up when the MCDU boots up. It can be opened manually by pressing the DATA key and then selecting the line select key 4L next to A/C STATUS. The data is verified, especially the navigation data base times.

MCDU启动时,将显示数据页面(A / C状态页面)。可以通过按DATA键然后选择A / C STATUS旁边的 线路选择键4L手动打开它。数据经过验证,尤其是导航数据库的基础时间。

初始化页面A

Press the INIT button to see the first initialization page.

Enter the departure airport ICAO identifier, a slash and the destination airport ICAO identifier into the scratchpad. For the tutorial flight enter KSMF/KSFO. Push the line select key in 1R to insert the entry into the FROM/TO field.

Cheat: With an empty scratch-pad click the line select key next to the FROM/TO field. This will automatically fill the type the first part (nearest airport ICAO and a slash) into the scratchpad. When the first part has already been entered it will suggest the second part. This way you can quickly create a flight by just clicking the line select key 1R on the init page twice. This only works on the ground when the aircraft has not entered the takeoff phase yet.

Enter a flight number into the scratchpad (e.g. A1234) and press the LSK 3L to insert the FLT NBR.

Select a cost index, type 20 into the scratch-pad and select the LSK 5L. Higher cost index consumes more fuel and gets you to the destination faster. 0 would be minimum fuel consumption, 999 would be fastest possible.

Select a cruise altitude. For our flight 12 or 13000ft would be ok, so type 13000 and insert it into the CRZ FL field.

按下INIT按钮以查看第一个初始化页面。

在暂存器中输入出发机场ICAO标识符,斜杠和目标机场ICAO标识符。要进行教程飞行,请输入KSMF/KSFO。按1R中的线路选择键,将条目插入到FROM / TO字段中。

作弊:使用空的暂存器单击FROM / TO字段旁边的行选择键。这将自动将第一部分(最近的机场ICAO和斜线)的类型填充到暂存器中。输入第一部分后,将建议第二部分。这样,您只需单击初始化页面上的线路选择键1R两次即可快速创建航班。这仅在飞机尚未进入起飞阶段时才在地面上起作用。

在暂存器中输入航班号(例如A1234),然后按LSK 3L插入FLT NBR。

选择一个成本指数,输入20暂存器,然后选择LSK 5L。较高的成本指数会消耗更多的燃料,并使您更快地到达目的地。0是最低油耗,999是最快可能。

选择巡航高度。对于我们的12或13000英尺的航班来说,可以,请输入13000并将其插入CRZ FL字段。

飞行计划 Flight-Plan 页面

选择出发地

From the flight plan page press the left line select key on the first line (LSK 1L) next to the departure airport ICAO identifier to select the departure airport and to perform a so called lateral revision (LAT REV).

Select the menu option DEPARTURE with the LSK 1L.

Use up/down the arrow keys on the MCDU to scroll through the departure runways if needed, press the left side line select key that is next to the runway “16R”.

Select the line select key in the lower right corner “TMPY INSERT” to execute the temporary flight plan.

在飞行计划页面中,在出发机场ICAO标识符旁边的第一行(LSK 1L)上按左行选择键,以选择出发机场并执行所谓的横向修订(LAT REV)。

使用LSK 1L选择菜单选项DEPARTURE。

如果需要,使用MCDU上的上/下箭头键滚动查看出发跑道,然后按下跑道“ 16R”旁边的左侧线选择键。

选择右下角“ TMPY INSERT”的线路选择键以执行临时飞行计划。

选择一个到达

From the flight plan page press the lower left line select key next to the destination ICAO identifier and from the LAT REV page select ARRIVAL.

Use the up/down arrows on the MCDU to scroll through the list until you see ILS28R (or just 28R works too). Push the up arrow to slide the contents of the page up, as if you were pushing a drum. Similarly push the down arrow to push the contents back down (scroll back up).

Select the line select key in the lower right corner “TMPY INSERT” to execute the temporary flight plan.

在飞行计划页面中,按目的地国际民航组织标识符旁边的左下方选择键,然后从LAT REV页面中选择ARRIVAL。

使用MCDU上的向上/向下箭头滚动列表,直到看到ILS28R(或者也可以使用28R)。按下向上箭头将页面内容向上滑动,就好像您在推动鼓一样。类似地,按下向下箭头可将内容向下推(向上滚动)。

选择右下角“ TMPY INSERT”的线路选择键以执行临时飞行计划。

添加航点

There are several ways to add waypoints to the flight plan. One option is manually typing the waypoint's name and then pressing the line select key where it should go in the list.

For the tutorial flight type OAK and click the line select key before the “28R” ILS approach.

有几种方法可以将航点添加到飞行计划中。一种选择是手动输入航路点的名称,然后在列表中应按其位置的行选择键。

对于本教程的航班类型OAK,然后在“ 28R” ILS进场之前单击线路选择键。

无线电导航

按RAD / NAV按钮显示“无线电导航”页面。本页显示如何调谐VOR1 / 2,ILS和ADF1 / 2的无线电接收器。您可以输入频率或电台的标识符,然后使用线路选择键插入您的输入。

如果将它们留空,则A320会自动为您填充这些内容,如果您输入内容,它将覆盖此自动调整。要恢复射频的自动调谐,您必须通过按清除键( CLR显示),然后按其旁边的线路选择键来删除手动输入。

继续,SAC在我们的飞行计划附近输入萨克拉曼多VOR,然后将其插入VOR1字段。现在,萨克拉曼多已经过手动调谐,我们可以接收DME信息和该电台的半径。

155在航向字段中 键入以设置到VOR站的155度入站航向。将导航显示(ND)切换到VOR ROSE模式,以查看典型的HSI视图。

初始化页面B

按下INIT按钮获取初始化页面A,然后按MCDU上的向左箭头按钮访问第二个初始化页面,Init Page B或INIT FUEL PRED。引擎启动后,您将被重定向到FUEL PRED页面,其工作方式类似。

输入以公吨为单位的零燃料重量(ZFW)和以百分比为单位输入零燃料重量重心(ZFWCG)。例如类型49.0/30.0。

作弊:使用空的暂存器,您可以单击ZFW / ZFWCG字段旁边的行选择键,它将自动为您填充暂存器。

输入以公吨为单位的块状燃料(例如FOB上的燃料,如ECAM上方屏幕所示),例如7.2。

起飞性能

按PERF键打开性能页面。当您在地面上时,将显示起飞性能页面。

当飞机的登机和装载完成以及加油完成时,最后会填写性能页面。当跑道在最后一分钟发生变化时,必须重新访问此页面。

填写v速度V1,VR和V2。对于本教程的飞行就可以使用135,140和142。

输入起飞襟翼和可调整水平稳定器(THS)(起飞俯仰trim),例如 1/UP0.0

插入一个高于外界空气温度的灵活起飞温度(FLEX TO TEMP)以减小起飞推力,这在现实世界中至少可以节省燃料并减轻发动机压力。当您的跑道较短和/或飞机很重时,请将此字段留空或什至将其清除。

确认推力减小(THR RED)和加速高度(ACC)。默认情况下,它们比场高高1000英尺,但对于某些偏离,可能需要更高的值,例如,为了降低噪音。

作弊:使用空的暂存器,您可以单击v速度,襟翼和Flex温度旁边的行选择键以接收建议的值。只需单击同一行选择键两次,即可快速填写整个页面。

作弊2:插入飞行计划后,您会看到UPLINK TO DATA选项。当您单击它时,将向公司发出请求,并返回计算出的性能数据。单击右下角的CONFIRM TO DATA一次插入所有字段。

如果需要,您可以为爬升阶段预先选择一个速度。为此,请选择NEXT PHASE选项,将所需的选定速度键入暂存器并将其插入PRESEL字段。例如,您可以输入210。飞机起飞后以预设速度飞行时,自动驾驶仪的速度目标将从管理更改为选定,并且预设速度将插入飞行控制单元(FCU)。这减少了工作量,基本上与拉动速度旋钮并拨入所需速度相同。

进场效能

单击PERF按钮。根据飞行阶段,将显示当前飞行阶段。单击NEXT PHASE按钮在页面之间移动,直到看到APPR页面。

您可以直接从其他任何页面手动启动空中进场阶段。为此,请单击青色选项ACTIVATE APPR PHASE。管理的空速将设置为VAPP速度。要离开进场阶段,请执行复飞或在进度页上插入新的巡航高度,然后爬上去(例如,通过拉动高度旋钮)。

在降落之前,输入目标QNH,温度,风和雷达决策高度或气压最小体面高度。

对于本教程,请选择QNH 1013,TEMP 15摄氏度,风0/0(或您选择的风),然后输入100DH字段。

检查进近速度VAPP,它应至少比速度低速(VLS)高5节。如果需要,您可以手动输入进近速度,以补偿阵风等。例如,输入140。

您还可以选择使用CONF 3襟翼而不是FULL着陆-如果您的跑道较长并且想在飞机的末端或跑道腾空,或者您想保持排序速度并飞行时,这很有用。相当轻的飞机。如果选择此选项,则还要激活顶部面板左侧的地面接近警告系统(GPWS)“ LDG FLAP 3”,以避免任何GPWS标注,例如“襟翼过低”。

进度页

在下降过程中,您可以在进度页面上监视与预先计算的滑行轮廓的垂直偏差。

单击PROG按钮以打开进度页面。

在进度页面上,您还可以检查任何航路点,机场,vor,adf甚至单个跑道阈值的方位角或距离。对于我们的教程类型,KSFO28R并在右行输入,从顶部第4位,与BRG / DIST相反。识别出标识符后,它将显示到旧金山国际机场的方位和距离。28R跑道,可以很好地衡量您与跑道之间的剩余距离。

垂直速度和范围

原文:

后言

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