阿马蒂亚·森把罗尔斯研究正义问题的方法论称为先验制度主义，并在理论构建和实践维度上对这种方法论进行了批判。森认为，先验制度主义选择的正义原则的非唯一性构成了其理论的不可行性；按照先验制度主义的要求，人们在作出公正判断的过程中根本不考虑任何焦点团体之外的观点，这种具有封闭性的判断有程序上的褊狭性、焦点群体的可塑性和排他性；先验制度主义方法本身并不能对各种使我们的社会变得更加公正的方案进行比较，对于令社会变得更加公正而言，先验制度主义既非必要条件也非充分条件。从森对先验制度主义进行批判的观点及其论证思路中可以看出，罗尔斯对正义原则唯一性的相关回应并不能反驳森的相关质疑；用《万民法》中的理论亦不能成功破解先验制度主义具有的封闭性难题；用先验制度主义的方法对公正社会的设计，与现实社会中与正义问题相关的政策、战略或制度选择迥然不同且相距甚远。森对先验制度主义的批判有助于推进现代正义理论在实践层面的发展，有助于激发人们对全球正义问题以及正义原则多元性与唯一性的再思考。

On Amartya Sen's Critique of Rawls' Methodology of Justice Theory

Li Xianjing（Chinese Academy of Social Sciences）

Abstract Amartya Sen called Rawls' methodology of studying justice as transcendental institutionalism and criticized this methodology in terms of theoretical construction and practical dimension. In Sen's opinion, the principle of justice selected by the transcendental approach is not unique, which results in its theoretical infeasibility. As required by the transcendental approach, people would consider no viewpoints other than those of the focal group while making an impartial judgment, such closed judgment has procedural parochialism, group plasticity and exclusiveness. The transcendental approach cannot, on its own, compare alternative proposals for a more just society, thus the transcendental approach is neither a necessary condition nor  a sufficient condition for making the society more just. By analyzing Sen's critical views and argumentation  of transcendental institutionalism one by one, we can find that Rawls' response to the ''uniqueness'' of the principle of justice cannot disprove Sen's doubts. And it is a failed attempt to solve the closed problem of transcendental institutionalism with the theory in The Law of Peoples. The answers that a transcendental approach to justice gives are quite distinct and distant from the choice of the reasonable policy, strategy or institution in the real world. Sen's critique of the transcendental institutionalism is helpful to promote the development of modern justice theory in practical level, and to stimulate people's rethinking of global justice issues and the pluralism and uniqueness of justice principles.

Key words justice; Amartya Sen; Rawls; transcendental institutionalism

■作者简介 李娴静，中国社会科学院哲学研究所博士后、助理研究员；北京 100732。