纤维素构成植物细胞壁的大部分，它是地球上最丰富的可再生聚合物来源。鉴于纤维素的层次结构，纳米纤维素作为各种行业（医疗和保健，石油和天然气，包装，纸和纸板，复合材料，印刷和柔性电子产品，纺织品，过滤，流变学）中聚合物基质的纳米增强剂已引起了广泛关注。改性剂，3D打印，气凝胶和涂膜）。在本文中，由于纳米纤维素的实质强度，低密度，优异的机械性能和生物相容性，其被认为是可持续的纳米材料。实际上，纳米纤维素以几种形式存在，包括细菌纤维素，纳米晶体纤维素和纳米原纤化纤维素，这导致可生物降解和环保的生物纳米复合材料的材料性能得到显着改善。本文综述了纳米纤维素的生产，理化性质和结构表征方面的最新进展。它还总结了纳米纤维素在几种多功能应用中的最新进展，重点是仿生复合材料的性能。此外，还讨论了与当前和未来市场的纳米纤维素的商业化和经济方面相关的各种挑战。它还总结了纳米纤维素在几种多功能应用中的最新进展，重点是仿生复合材料的性能。此外，还讨论了与当前和未来市场的纳米纤维素的商业化和经济方面相关的各种挑战。它还总结了纳米纤维素在几种多功能应用中的最新进展，重点是仿生复合材料的性能。此外，还讨论了与当前和未来市场的纳米纤维素的商业化和经济方面相关的各种挑战。

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Cellulose constitutes most of a plant's cell wall, and it is the most abundant renewable polymer source on our planet. Given the hierarchical structure of cellulose, nanocellulose has gained considerable attention as a nano-reinforcement for polymer matrices in various industries (medical and healthcare, oil and gas, packaging, paper and board, composites, printed and flexible electronics, textiles, filtration, rheology modifiers, 3D printing, aerogels and coating films). Herein, nanocellulose is considered as a sustainable nanomaterial due to its substantial strength, low density, excellent mechanical performance and biocompatibility. Indeed, nanocellulose exists in several forms, including bacterial cellulose, nanocrystalline cellulose and nanofibrillated cellulose, which results in biodegradable and environmentally friendly bionanocomposites with remarkably improved material properties. This paper reviews the recent advances in production, physicochemical properties, and structural characterization of nanocelluloses. It also summarises recent developments in several multifunctional applications of nanocellulose with an emphasis on bionanocomposite properties. Besides, various challenges associated with commercialisation and economic aspects of nanocellulose for current and future markets are also discussed inclusively.