多倍体化在植物物种中的流行和复发使其成为植物中最重要的进化事件之一，因此，多倍体化是一个广泛研究的研究领域。由于测序技术的飞速发展，越来越多的证据支持多倍体化在植物种类的多样化，基因的进化以及农作物的驯化中起着重要的作用。在这里，我们综述了多倍体化对植物进化各个方面的影响，主要集中在多倍体的起源，特征，随后的基因组差异及其对基因功能创新和作物驯化的影响上。发现植物中许多独立的多倍体化事件的发生与极端气候事件或地球上自然灾害的发生时间密切相关，从而导致了生物大灭绝，同时可能促进了多倍体化的增加。同种多倍体化之后，在亚基因组进化过程中发生了一种独特的现象，即亚基因组优势，这与转座子的甲基化有关。几乎所有古多倍体中都报告了多倍体化后广泛的基因分级分离（丢失），并进一步提出了多拷贝基因的进化命运，例如亚功能/新功能化，以说明其潜在机制。此外，发现多倍化会显着影响物种的多样性，对农作物的驯化和具有重要农艺性状的发展的后续影响。基于植物多倍化研究的进展，我们讨论了几个主要主题，这些主题可能会进一步增进我们对多倍体进化的理解，并可能有助于在不久的将来将多倍体应用于作物育种。

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The prevalence and recurrence of polyploidization in plant species make it one of the most important evolutionary events in plants, and as a result, polyploidization is an extensively investigated research field. Due to the rapid development of sequencing technologies, there is increased evidence to support that polyploidization plays an important role in the diversification of plant species, evolution of genes, and the domestication of crops. Here, we reviewed the influence of polyploidization on various aspects of plant evolution, mainly focused on polyploid origin, characteristics, subsequent genome divergence, and its impact on gene function innovation and crop domestication. The occurrence of many independent polyploidization events in plants was found to be tightly associated with the timing of extreme climate events or natural disasters on earth, leading to mass extinction while possibly facilitating increased polyploidization. Following allo-polyploidization, a distinct phenomenon known as sub-genome dominance occurred during sub-genome evolution, which was found to be associated with the methylation of transposons. Extensive gene fractionations (lost) following polyploidization were reported in almost all paleo-polyploids, and the evolutionary fates of multi-copy genes, such as sub-/neo-functionalization, were further proposed to illustrate their underlying mechanisms. Moreover, polyploidization was found to significantly impact species diversification, with subsequent effects on crop domestication and the development of traits with agronomic importance. Based on the progress of plant polyploidization studies, we discussed several main topics that might further improve our understanding of polyploid evolution and that are likely contribute to the application of polyploidization in crop breeding in the near future.