多糖因其生物活性多样、安全性高、副作用少或无副作用等优点，在医药和食品工业中得到广泛应用。然而，无法快速生产、筛选和合成生物活性多糖是其开发和应用的限制因素。结构特征决定并影响多糖的生物活性。其中，单糖是多糖的基本单位，它不仅影响多糖的带电性、官能团和生物活性，也是最简单的检测多糖指标之一。目前，单糖组成和比例对多糖抗炎、抗氧化、抗肿瘤、免疫调节、抗菌和益生元活性的影响进行了综述。单糖组成和多糖比例的调控和分析还需要考虑更多问题。总体而言，本工作将为基于单糖的多糖的生产、开发和结构功能研究提供帮助和参考。

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Polysaccharides have been widely used in pharmaceutical and food industries due to their diverse bioactivity, high safety, and few or no side effects. However, inability to quickly produce, screen, and synthesize bioactive polysaccharides is the limiting factor for their development and application. Structural features determine and influence the bioactivity of polysaccharides. Among them, monosaccharide is the basic unit of polysaccharide, which not only affects electrification, functional group, and bioactivity of polysaccharide but also is one of the simplest polysaccharide indexes to be detected. At present, effects of monosaccharide composition and proportion on anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor, immunomodulatory, antibacterial, and prebiotic activities of polysaccharides are reviewed. Further problems need to be considered during regulation and analysis of monosaccharide composition and proportion of polysaccharides. Overall, present work will provide help and reference for production, development, and structure-function investigation of polysaccharides based on their monosaccharide.