多年来，虽然纳米材料的广泛应用并没有给人们的生活带来便利，但人们越来越关注其安全性。最近，人们非常重视探索纳米粒子的毒性机制。目前建立的毒性机制包括氧化应激、炎症反应、自噬和 DNA 损伤。近年来，内质网应激（ERS）作为纳米材料的另一种毒性机制引起了广泛关注。众所周知，内质网 (ER) 是蛋白质合成的重要场所，而脂质和 Ca +储藏，对身体机能的正常运转起着至关重要的作用。当机体的内部环境受到破坏时，内质网的结构和功能遭到破坏，导致一系列称为内质网应激（endoplasmic reticulum stress，ERS）的生物反应。本文综述了内质网在纳米材料相关毒性中的作用机制。简要介绍了ERS过程及其相关的未折叠蛋白反应，总结了影响纳米颗粒诱导ERS能力的因素，阐述了纳米颗粒暴露后ER形态的变化。最后，综合分析了ERS在不同纳米颗粒作用下的具体作用和分子机制，包括ERS与炎症、氧化应激、脂质代谢和细胞凋亡的关系。

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Over the years, although the broad application of nanomaterials has not brought convenience to people's life, growing concern surrounds their safety. Recently, much emphasis has been placed on exploring the toxicity mechanism of nanoparticles. Currently established toxic mechanisms include oxidative stress, inflammatory response, autophagy, and DNA damage. In recent years, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) has gained widespread attention as another toxic mechanism of nanomaterials. It is widely acknowledged that the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an important site for protein synthesis, and lipids and Ca+ storage, playing an esseential role in the normal operation of the body functions. When the body's internal environment is damaged, the structure and function of the endoplasmic reticulum are destroyed, leading to a series of biological reactions called endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS.) This paper reviews the mechanism of ERS in nanomaterial-associated toxicity. The process of ERS and its related unfolded protein response were briefly introduced, summarizing the factors affecting the nanoparticle ability to induce ERS and expounding on the changes of ER morphology after exposure to nanoparticles. Finally, the specific role and molecular mechanism of ERS under the action of different nanoparticles were comprehensively analyzed, including the relationship between ERS and inflammation, oxidative stress, lipid metabolism and apoptosis. This review provides a foothold for future studies on the toxic mechanism of nanoparticles, and provides novel insights into the safe application of nanoparticles and the treatment of diseases.