超实用的18个英语口译技巧(下)

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超实用的18个英语口译技巧(下)

2024-07-13 19:02| 来源: 网络整理| 查看: 265

译员一开始就强调了“平等”,重复leveled play field可以帮助译员争取时间更好地整理信息。

3、省略法

原文:在我国改革开放和现代化建设发展的关键时期,我们召开这样一个承前启后、继往开来的大会具有极为重要的意义。

译文:With China’s reform and opening up and socialist modernization drive at the critical stage, it is of extremely great significance for us to have convened such a congress that builds on the past and prepares for the future.

汉语讲究重复、对仗和韵律;英语则讲究简洁,避免用词重复、语义重叠。“承前启后”与“继往开来”在语义上差别不大,口译时只需译出其中之一,而不用啰嗦地译出inherits the past and ushers in the future, and builds on the past and prepares for the future.

4、直译法

原文:现在伊拉克的局势已经箭在弦上,一触即发。但是,只要有一线希望,就不应放弃通过政治方式解决的努力。

译文:Now with regard to the situation in Iraq, the arrow has already been placed on the bow, it is a touch-and-go situation. However, so long as there is a piece of hope, we will not give up our effort for a peaceful political settlement.

5、意译法

原文:时间很短,我长话短说。

译文:Time is very limited, so I will be very brief.

6、反译法

原文:只有让人民监督政府,政府才不会懈怠。只有人人负起责任来,才不会人亡政息。

译文:Only when the public are asked to supervise the government, the government cannot afford to slacken its efforts, and only when every person assumes his or her responsibility, can we ensure the vigor and vitality of government.

有时原文直译出来给人的感觉不好,这时反过来译会取得意想不到的效果。

7、补充背景资料

原文:您曾经说过,我们一定会走出历史上“黄宗羲定律”这个怪圈。请问您认为我们的税费改革怎么才能走出这个怪圈。

译文:You once said that China would definitely be able to break the vicious cycle of the law of Huang Zongxi, which means, in history, tax reforms aimed at reducing the farmer’s burden always ended up exacerbating their burden. I wonder how can we break the vicious cycle?

口译时要根据听众对话题的了解适当增补背景资料,方便听众理解。

十二、长句处理(Dealing with Long Sentences)

英语长句的特点是结构整?,逻辑缜密,为了避免重复使用同一个词,用who、which或that代替主语和宾语,翻译时要注意根据意群,将其拆解为简单句,再根据逻辑关系综合使用倒置、重组和合并等手段译成地道的汉语。而汉语长句的特点是“形散神不散”,需要译员根据句子内在的逻辑进行重组,尤其在处理典型的“包孕型”长句时,译员应使用分流等技巧。

1、句首分流法

原文:至于人民币的完全可自由兑换,也就是说在资本市场上面也自由兑换,这个按照我们预定的改革进程是要往后,需要一定的时间。

译文:With regard to when the full convertibility of RMB can be realized, that is to say, the convertibility of RMB also under the capital account, according to our set schedule, that would take some time.

汉语中有不少以“对于”、“关于”、“至于”等分流词引导出的结构,英语也有分流引导词,如With regard to…, With reference to…, As for…, On the question of…,等等。

2、尾部分流法

原文:If you have a lot of personal freedom, some people may abuse it. But if you are so afraid of personal freedom because of the abuse, that you limit people’s freedom too much, that you pay, I believe, an even greater price in a world where the whole economy is based on ideas and information and exchange and debate and children everywhere dreams and feeling they can live their dreams out.

译文:假如可以拥有太多个人自由,有些人也许会滥用这些自由。但是如果因为太过于担忧自由被滥用就对个人自由心怀恐惧,那么人类的自由就会被限制太多,付出的代价会更大,因为现在的这个世界,整个经济发展是建立在思想、信息、交流、辩论的基础上;在这个世界里,孩子们都心怀梦想,而且相信梦想都会实现。

3、重组法

原文:So today, I want to talk to you about what I believe has to be the agenda of a leader of any enterprise—business ,government agency, university, hospital, bank anywhere in the world—the agenda regarding this technology.

译文:所以,今天我想和各位谈一谈信息技术,我认为它必定已列入世界各地企事业机关领导人的议事日程,不管是企业、政府部门、大学、医院还是银行。

4、倒置法

原文:We have to choose between a global market driven only by calculations of short-term profit, and one which has a human face; between a world which condemns a quarter of the human face to starvation and squalor, and one which offers everyone at least a free-for-all in which we ignore the fate of losers, and a future in which the strong and successful accept their responsibilities, showing global vision and leadership.

译文: 我们是要一个由短期利润估算来驱动的全球市场,还是要一个富有人情味的全球市场?我们是要一个使世界四分之一的人口处于饥饿境地和恶劣环境,还是要一个为每个人提供致富机会和健康环境?我们是愿意现在陷于一场无视失败者命运的自私的混战之中,还是在未来成为高瞻远瞩、具领袖风范、勇于承担责任的强者和成功者?这一切都需要我们做出抉择。

5、合并法

原文: In recent history, China, as a nation, and we, as a people, have been through days of glory and times of despair. We have lived through days of hope, prosperity and glory. We have lived through days of despair, humiliation and hopelessness. The lesson is clear: the most precious possession of any nation or any people is the ability to chart one’s own future, to be the master of one’s destiny.

译文: 中华民族的近代历史经历了荣辱兴衰,这里的教训是明确的:一个国家一个民族最可贵的是能够规划自己的未来,掌握自己的命运。

6、概括法

原文:第二点,我们在香港回归以后,一直希望香港能早日走向繁荣。现在香港已经受到东南亚金融危机影响了。这样,港元在维持联系汇率。人民币贬值,对港元联系汇率将是很不利的,香港能顶得住吗?如果香港再下来以后,那么对我们整个大陆的经济又将发生什么影响呢?所以为了香港的经济稳定,人民币不能贬值,这是第二个影响。

译文:Second, we have always hoped that Hong Kong will move towards prosperity as quickly as possible after its return. Now Hong Kong is hit by the financial crisis and it is trying to maintain a pegged exchange rate. The devaluation of RMB is very unfavorable to the pegging. If Hong Kong collapses, the impact on the economy of the mainland areas will be huge. Therefore, RMB should not be devalued for the stability of Hong Kong.

十三、熟语和引语(Idioms and Quotations)

口译时常碰到发言人颇有文采地(或为融洽宾主关系)引用对方国家的古典诗词和经典佳句。此时如果译员平时不注意提高自己的文学素养就可能陷入困境。所以培训时要在不断提升双语水平的同时,学习一些常用熟语和引语的同时,培养根据上下文语境进行准确而灵活的、解释性翻译的能力。

熟语翻译

心照不宣:Give it an understanding but no tongue.

画蛇添足:to paint the lily

好高骛远:to aim at the moon

捡了芝麻,丢了西瓜:Penny wise, pound foolish

塞翁失马,焉知非福:a blessing in disguise

一个不成熟的想法:a green thought

引语翻译

有朋自远方来,不亦乐乎:It is such a delight to have friends coming from afar.

生于忧患,死于安乐:(As the ancient motto goes,) one prospers in worries and hardship, and perishes in ease and comfort.

在我当总理以来,我心里总默念着林则徐的两句诗:“苟利国家生死以,岂因祸福避趋之”: I will do whatever to serve my country at the cost of my life regardless of fortune and misfortune.

说起台湾,我就很动情,不由得想起了一位辛亥革命的老人、国民党元老于右任在他临终前写过的一首哀歌:“葬我于山上兮,望我大陆,大陆不见兮,只有痛哭。葬我于山上兮,望我故乡,故乡不可见兮,永不能忘。山苍苍,野茫茫。山之上,国有殇。”:When Taiwan is mentioned, lots of feelings well up. I can’t help thinking of the late Mr.Yu Youren, a founding member of Guo Ming Dang, and participant of the revolution of 1911. He wrote a poem to express his grief over national division. He wrote such a poem: bury me on the highest mountain top so that I can get a sight of my mainland, mainland I see none, tears of sorrow cascade; bury me on the highest mountain top so I can get a glimpse of my hometown, hometown I see none, but it lived forever in my mind. The lofty sky is deeply blue, the vast openness not seen through, oh, boundless universe, would you hear me, and this elegy of this nation?

十四、技术性话题(Interpreting Technical Speeches)

译员常被戏称为“万金油”,意指什么领域都懂一点,但又不是专家。这也表明了译员必须涉猎广泛,在很短的三五天里通过上网搜索、阅读相关材料从而达到相当于演讲者的知识水平。其实,译员并没有什么天才基因,可以在短时间内掌握“863”计划顶尖技术或三聚氢胺的分子构成,只不过他们知道发言人和听众都是“心有灵犀”的业内人士,需要的只是一些连接术语的逻辑关系而已,这样译员在了解相关背景知识以及工作程序后,也能很好地起到桥梁作用。当然,应该鼓励学生最好尽量熟悉话题,有条件的还应该选择一个方向作深入研究获推荐有专业背景的人来做这一话题。例如:

原文:

1、中医认为,阴与阳存在于人体内,相互作用,互为依存。根据中医的哲学观,阴阳两者对立制约,互根互用,消长平衡,相互转化。阴阳平衡是健康的要素,阴阳失衡会影响健康,导致疾病。因此,中医十分重视调节阴阳以保平衡。

2、We were aboard two US Air Force craft that flew at night from the United Kingdom to Israel, then back through the Azores to Florida. The path allowed us to observe the meteors—some no bigger than a grain of sand—from an altitude of 11-and-a-half kilometers. Images of the meteors were fed through infrared spectrographic-instruments that can detect the unique chemical fingerprints of complex organic molecules of the type that may have seeded life on earth.

译文:

1、The TCM science maintains that yin and yang, (the two opposing and complementary principles in nature,) exist in human body, mutually functional and dependent. According to the philosophical view of TCM, the two aspects of yin and yang are mutually promoting, proportionally changing with the decrease of one resulting in, or from, the increase of the other, and mutually transformational. The balance of yin and yang is essential for the maintenance of good health. And if the balance is upset, health will be hurt and illness will develop. Therefore, TCM pays close attention to the effort of regulating yin and yang and maintaining an appropriate balance between the two.

2、我们乘坐两架美国空军的飞机,晚上从英国飞往以色列,然后经过亚速尔群岛,飞回佛罗里达,这条航线使我们能够从11500米的高度观察流星雨,有些流星微小如沙。流星颗粒被摄入红外线摄谱仪,它能探测到那种可能在地球上播种生命的复杂有机分子的独特化学痕迹。

十五、顺译(Interpreting Similar Word Orders)

顺译是指尽可能按照句中概念或意群出现的先后顺序将原语整体意思译出。

英汉两种语言在语序和词序上有很大差异,顺译可以减轻记忆的压力,但是将切分开的意群在尽可能减少移位的前提下连贯起来则需要一定的技巧。在以下例句中,斜线表示断句处,“+”表示补充信息,可以采用顺译法处理:

1、There are still 10 minutes/ before we call it a day.

还有10分钟,我们就下课。

2、My visit to China comes on an important anniversary, as the Vice President mentioned.

我对中国的访问,正逢一个重要的周年纪念,这正如副主席刚才说的那样。

3、The conference will resume/ at 6 p.m./ after the board has met privately.

会议六点继续进行,董事会在此之前先要碰个头。

4、Prof. Smith asked us not to be afraid of mistakes/ in practicing interpreting.

史密斯教授叫我们不要害怕出错,尤其是在练习口译的时候。

5、对于外界称我为“中国的戈尔巴乔夫”也好,“经济沙皇”也好,我都不高兴。

Whatever the foreign media call me, either “China’s Gorbachev” or “economic czar”, or anything else, I am not happy about that.

6、Please allow me to say something/ on behalf of/ my colleagues of ABC Organization.

请允许我说几句话,来代表我们ABC组织的同事们表达我们的心意。

7、The answer to the question of/ whether we should continue to hold the meeting as planned depends in part on when the epidemic disease is curbed.

问题的答案在于,我们是否可以继续按计划举行会议,部分地取决于什么时候那种传染病会得到控制。

以上各句的译文听起来虽然不是那么顺畅,但是在视译和同声传译等特定的场合却是译员必不可少的翻译技能。

十六、视译(Sight Interpretation)

在正式场合,发言人谨慎起见进行念稿发言,因为事先准备的讲稿语言华美,逻辑严密,不像即席发言那么容易理解和记忆,再加上速度较快,译员很难跟上发言人的速度、准确无误地传递原语意思。这时一般要求译员作视译,也就是译员一边看着发言人手中同样的发言稿,一边快速地翻译。译员除了灵活运用上一课讲述的顺译技巧外,好要注意发言人的速度,最好做到发言人话音刚落,翻译的声音也随即停止。翻译时还要留神发言人是否临时插入讲解或例子,届时还需作无稿翻译。

十七、灵活应变(Dealing with Unexpected Situations)

1、遇到听不懂的词怎么办?

翻译时,最怕遇到听不懂的词。克服这一障碍的唯一办法是口译人员应培养自己的猜测和预测能力。当然,事先充分了解必要的背景材料和知识是十分重要的。这样做,译员就能心中有数,知道讲话人要谈到什么方面的内容。译员在这个基础上进行翻译,即使遇到个别不会的词,根据上下文,根据对整个讲话精神的体会,也可以将全句内容猜测出来。千万不能被一个词卡住,而不能将翻译任务继续下去。

遇到生词例子:

原文:Another terrible environmental event took place in the United States in 1993. 400,000people in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, became sick from the drinking water. More than fifty people died. An organism in the water called cryptosporidium was to blame.

译文:另一次可怕的环境污染事件发生在1993年。美国威斯康星州弭尔沃基市40万人因饮用水污染生病,50多人死亡。水中一种有机物是罪魁祸首。

这里cryptosporidium的专业术语是“隐性担孢子”,可以用音译的方法直接读出,也可以用一个笼统的描述性词语“有机物”来说明一下。

2、如何在现场纠正传译中的错误?

译员工作中面临巨大的精神压力,尤其是知道又懂双语的停滞或负责监听翻译质量和录音录像人员在场时,再加上较长时间集中注意力以求快速和准确地传译,难免发生漏译和误译。如何大大方方地在现场纠正错误也是一门技巧。译员发现自己译错后,如果是小错,只要是不影响大局的,则不必纠正,可在接下来的译语中自然地换用正确的词语;如果发现自己的内容出现了大的错误,则必须立即纠正,可以明确地说:“刚才这点翻译错了,应该译为……”千万不能顾及自己的面子而给会议造成损失。

轻度误译

原文:In terms of the question of what to do to prevent you from becoming infected by the SARS virus, I notice that many people wearing masks outside.

译文:关于刚才提出的怎样预防感染SARS病毒的问题,我想说的是我注意到这个房间外面的人也是戴着口罩的。(许多人在户外也戴着口罩)

承认错误

原文:I’d like to add one thing to the question about whether SARS can be avoided in Shanghai. I think it’s really an important question. I think obviously the only way to really avoid it is to build a wall around Shanghai from anybody into Shanghai.

译文:刚才有记者提到是否上海可以避免这个SARS,我想要做的评论是上海已经开始一场战争,而这场战争现在还没有结束。

在座的记者们纷纷指正,译员立即道歉道:Excuse me, I didn’t catch you.于是发言人理解地重述刚才的讲话The only way to avoid SARS , truly ensure that no SARS coming into Shanghai, is to build a wall around Shanghai from anybody coming into Shanghai.

重译:如果上海想彻底避免SARS的话只能建一堵墙把所有人挡在外面。

漏译后的补充

原文:您刚才提到了一季度的工业增长情况。

译文:Just now you mentioned the progress that has been made in the first quarter of this year, in terms of the growth rate of industrial production.

3、碰到发言人讲话速度过快怎么办?

遇到这种情况时,译员可以请发言人讲得稍慢些。但有的人讲话快已成习惯,很难克服。这时译员一定要稳住,不能着急,要仔细分析整段的内容,紧紧抓住中心思想译出即可。这种情况进一步说明了平时概括能力训练的重要性。

十八、熟能生巧(Practice Makes an Interpreter)

高级译员在大型国际会议上的又一表现不是一蹴而就的,每一次精彩的传译,每一次成功的谈判,都凝聚着译员平时将持不懈的训练和积累。口译工作之复杂,对译员的要求之高,也并非三言两语就可悉数,所以学员应该自觉地进行课后练习。就像飞机驾驶员在训练中必须有一定的“飞行小时”才可以正式上岗一样,译员也必须练够1000“磁带小时”才会有较大的提高。

影子练习:

多观摩优秀译员的场上表现,如中国领导人的新闻发布会,听完发言人讲话后,试着跟译员一起做口译;平时看电视或听收音机时也可做跟读练习,训练各种话题的跟述和理解。

磁带小时:

除了课堂练习外,每天花约两个小时对各种与课文有关题材的讲话或报刊、电视节目,如CCTV-9的Dialogue节目,进行复述和口译练习,并进行录音,之后对录音的练习进行分析,不断总结和提高。

用心积累:

平时生活中也要做一个有心人,注意收集新词汇,新表达法,激发自己对任何事物进行描绘和口译的兴趣。

现场实践:

另外i,有条件的学校还可以渐渐地安排学生跟着职业译员到口译现场去感受真实的工作环境,这种真实的体验和经验积累是课堂培训最好的补充。学生们在同时体验译员和听众双重身份后,更容易吸收培训的理念,更积极地投入到紧张有序的自我训练中去,从而打破“译员是天生的,而不可能后天培养出来的(Interpreters are born, not made)”的神话。总而言之,“冰冻三尺,非一日之寒”,对口译训练也不例外,熟能生巧,只要我们勤学苦练,就定能攻破口译难关。

编者语:本人花一周总结了高等教育出版社出版的《英语口译实践》上介绍的18个口译技能,希望它能对广大口译爱好者的学习有良好的指导作用。返回搜狐,查看更多



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