* Corresponding authors

a Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA E-mail: [email protected]

b Department of Physics, Applied Physics, and Astronomy, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA

c Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA

d Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA

e Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA

f Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA