使用Python解析MNIST数据集 |
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使用Python解析MNIST数据集
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正文共948个字（不含代码），2张图，预计阅读时间15分钟。 前言 最近在学习Keras，要使用到LeCun大神的MNIST手写数字数据集，直接从官网上下载了4个压缩包：  MNIST数据集 解压后发现里面每个压缩包里有一个idx-ubyte文件，没有图片文件在里面。回去仔细看了一下官网后发现原来这是IDX文件格式，是一种用来存储向量与多维度矩阵的文件格式。 IDX文件格式 官网上的介绍如下: THE IDX FILE FORMAT the IDX file format is a simple format for vectors and multidimensional matrices of various numerical types. The basic format is 1magic number 2size in dimension 0 3size in dimension 1 4size in dimension 2 5..... 6size in dimension N 7dataThe magic number is an integer (MSB first). The first 2 bytes are always 0. The third byte codes the type of the data: 10x08: unsigned byte 20x09: signed byte 30x0B: short (2 bytes) 40x0C: int (4 bytes) 50x0D: float (4 bytes) 60x0E: double (8 bytes)The 4-th byte codes the number of dimensions of the vector/matrix: 1 for vectors, 2 for matrices.... The sizes in each dimension are 4-byte integers (MSB first, high endian, like in most non-Intel processors). The data is stored like in a C array, i.e. the index in the last dimension changes the fastest. 解析脚本 根据以上解析规则，我使用了Python里的struct模块对文件进行读写（如果不熟悉struct模块的可以看我的另一篇博客文章《Python中对字节流/二进制流的操作:struct模块简易使用教程》）。IDX文件的解析通用接口如下： 1# 解析idx1格式 2def decode_idx1_ubyte(idx1_ubyte_file): 3""" 4解析idx1文件的通用函数 5:param idx1_ubyte_file: idx1文件路径 6:return: np.array类型对象 7""" 8return data 9def decode_idx3_ubyte(idx3_ubyte_file): 10""" 11解析idx3文件的通用函数 12:param idx3_ubyte_file: idx3文件路径 13:return: np.array类型对象 14""" 15return data针对MNIST数据集的解析脚本如下： 1# encoding: utf-8 2""" 3@author: monitor1379 4@contact: [email protected] 5@site: www.monitor1379.com 6@version: 1.0 7@license: Apache Licence 8@file: mnist_decoder.py 9@time: 2016/8/16 20:03 10对MNIST手写数字数据文件转换为bmp图片文件格式。 11数据集下载地址为http://yann.lecun.com/exdb/mnist。 12相关格式转换见官网以及代码注释。 13======================== 14关于IDX文件格式的解析规则： 15======================== 16THE IDX FILE FORMAT 17the IDX file format is a simple format for vectors and multidimensional matrices of various numerical types. 18The basic format is 19magic number 20size in dimension 0 21size in dimension 1 22size in dimension 2 23..... 24size in dimension N 25data 26The magic number is an integer (MSB first). The first 2 bytes are always 0. 27The third byte codes the type of the data: 280x08: unsigned byte 290x09: signed byte 300x0B: short (2 bytes) 310x0C: int (4 bytes) 320x0D: float (4 bytes) 330x0E: double (8 bytes) 34The 4-th byte codes the number of dimensions of the vector/matrix: 1 for vectors, 2 for matrices.... 35The sizes in each dimension are 4-byte integers (MSB first, high endian, like in most non-Intel processors). 36The data is stored like in a C array, i.e. the index in the last dimension changes the fastest. 37""" 38import numpy as np 39import struct 40import matplotlib.pyplot as plt 41# 训练集文件 42train_images_idx3_ubyte_file = '../../data/mnist/bin/train-images.idx3-ubyte' 43# 训练集标签文件 44train_labels_idx1_ubyte_file = '../../data/mnist/bin/train-labels.idx1-ubyte' 45# 测试集文件 46test_images_idx3_ubyte_file = '../../data/mnist/bin/t10k-images.idx3-ubyte' 47# 测试集标签文件 48test_labels_idx1_ubyte_file = '../../data/mnist/bin/t10k-labels.idx1-ubyte' 49def decode_idx3_ubyte(idx3_ubyte_file): 50""" 51解析idx3文件的通用函数 52:param idx3_ubyte_file: idx3文件路径 53:return: 数据集 54""" 55# 读取二进制数据 56bin_data = open(idx3_ubyte_file, 'rb').read() 57# 解析文件头信息，依次为魔数、图片数量、每张图片高、每张图片宽 58offset = 0 59fmt_header = '>iiii' 60magic_number, num_images, num_rows, num_cols = struct.unpack_from(fmt_header, bin_data, offset) 61print '魔数:%d, 图片数量: %d张, 图片大小: %d*%d' % (magic_number, num_images, num_rows, num_cols) 62# 解析数据集 63image_size = num_rows * num_cols 64offset += struct.calcsize(fmt_header) 65fmt_image = '>' + str(image_size) + 'B' 66images = np.empty((num_images, num_rows, num_cols)) 67for i in range(num_images): 68if (i + 1) % 10000 == 0: 69print '已解析 %d' % (i + 1) + '张' 70images[i] = np.array(struct.unpack_from(fmt_image, bin_data, offset)).reshape((num_rows, num_cols)) 71offset += struct.calcsize(fmt_image) 72return images 73def decode_idx1_ubyte(idx1_ubyte_file): 74""" 75解析idx1文件的通用函数 76:param idx1_ubyte_file: idx1文件路径 77:return: 数据集 78""" 79# 读取二进制数据 80bin_data = open(idx1_ubyte_file, 'rb').read() 81# 解析文件头信息，依次为魔数和标签数 82offset = 0 83fmt_header = '>ii' 84magic_number, num_images = struct.unpack_from(fmt_header, bin_data, offset) 85print '魔数:%d, 图片数量: %d张' % (magic_number, num_images) 86# 解析数据集 87offset += struct.calcsize(fmt_header) 88fmt_image = '>B' 89labels = np.empty(num_images) 90for i in range(num_images): 91if (i + 1) % 10000 == 0: 92 print '已解析 %d' % (i + 1) + '张' 93labels[i] = struct.unpack_from(fmt_image, bin_data, offset)[0] 94offset += struct.calcsize(fmt_image) 95return labels 96def load_train_images(idx_ubyte_file=train_images_idx3_ubyte_file): 97""" 98TRAINING SET IMAGE FILE (train-images-idx3-ubyte): 99[offset] [type] [value] [description] 1000000 32 bit integer 0x00000803(2051) magic number 1010004 32 bit integer 60000 number of images 1020008 32 bit integer 28 number of rows 103 0012 32 bit integer 28 number of columns 104 0016 unsigned byte ?? pixel 105 0017 unsigned byte ?? pixel 106 ........ 107 xxxx unsigned byte ?? pixel 108 Pixels are organized row-wise. Pixel values are 0 to 255. 0 means background (white), 255 means foreground (black). 109 :param idx_ubyte_file: idx文件路径 110 :return: n*row*col维np.array对象，n为图片数量 111 """ 112 return decode_idx3_ubyte(idx_ubyte_file) 113 def load_train_labels(idx_ubyte_file=train_labels_idx1_ubyte_file): 114 """ 115 TRAINING SET LABEL FILE (train-labels-idx1-ubyte): 116 [offset] [type] [value] [description] 117 0000 32 bit integer 0x00000801(2049) magic number (MSB first) 118 0004 32 bit integer 60000 number of items 119 0008 unsigned byte ?? label 120 0009 unsigned byte ?? label 121 ........ 122 xxxx unsigned byte ?? label 123 The labels values are 0 to 9. 124 :param idx_ubyte_file: idx文件路径 125 :return: n*1维np.array对象，n为图片数量 126 """ 127 return decode_idx1_ubyte(idx_ubyte_file) 128 def load_test_images(idx_ubyte_file=test_images_idx3_ubyte_file): 129 """ 130 TEST SET IMAGE FILE (t10k-images-idx3-ubyte): 131 [offset] [type] [value] [description] 132 0000 32 bit integer 0x00000803(2051) magic number 133 0004 32 bit integer 10000 number of images 134 0008 32 bit integer 28 number of rows 135 0012 32 bit integer 28 number of columns 136 0016 unsigned byte ?? pixel 137 0017 unsigned byte ?? pixel 138 ........ 139 xxxx unsigned byte ?? pixel 140 Pixels are organized row-wise. Pixel values are 0 to 255. 0 means background (white), 255 means foreground (black). 141 :param idx_ubyte_file: idx文件路径 142 :return: n*row*col维np.array对象，n为图片数量 143 """ 144 return decode_idx3_ubyte(idx_ubyte_file) 145 def load_test_labels(idx_ubyte_file=test_labels_idx1_ubyte_file): 146 """ 147 TEST SET LABEL FILE (t10k-labels-idx1-ubyte): 148 [offset] [type] [value] [description] 149 0000 32 bit integer 0x00000801(2049) magic number (MSB first) 150 0004 32 bit integer 10000 number of items 151 0008 unsigned byte ?? label 152 0009 unsigned byte ?? label 153 ........ 154 xxxx unsigned byte ?? label 155 The labels values are 0 to 9. 156 :param idx_ubyte_file: idx文件路径 157 :return: n*1维np.array对象，n为图片数量 158 """ 159 return decode_idx1_ubyte(idx_ubyte_file) 160 def run(): 161 train_images = load_train_images() 162 train_labels = load_train_labels() 163 # test_images = load_test_images() 164 # test_labels = load_test_labels() 165 # 查看前十个数据及其标签以读取是否正确 166for i in range(10): 167print train_labels[i] 168plt.imshow(train_images[i], cmap='gray') 169plt.show() 170print 'done' 171if __name__ == '__main__': 172run()原文链接：https://www.jianshu.com/p/84f72791806f
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