注：由于字数限制，分为上下两篇。另外一篇见下方。▼

- 2020 -

Ⅰ.Translate the following terms into Chinese. (15 points, 1 point each)

1. APRU

2. NDA

3. ETA

4. ERP

5. DTP

6. pediatrics

7. pentathlon

8. Internal Revenue Service

9. initial public offering

10. rheumatoid arthritis

11. Alzheimer’s disease

12. internal rate of return

13. departure lounge

14. general ledger

15. financial leverage

Ⅱ.Translate the following terms into English. (15points, 1point each)

1. 融媒体

2. 氨基酸

3. 真人秀

4. 狗仔队

5. 总碳水化合物

6. 供给侧改革

7. 中共中央政治局

8. 报复性关税

9. 文化事业

10. 精准扶贫

11. 民族地区

12. 非公有制经济

13. 共有产权住房

14. 非洲猪瘟

15. 农药残留

Ⅲ.Translate the following passage into Chinese. (60 points)

The cultural and religious crisis through which the Roman Empire was passing in the fourth century is one of the most significant events in the history of the world. The old pagan culture came into collision with Christianity, which received official recognition during the reign of Constantine at the beginning of the fourth century and was declared the dominant state religion by Theodosius the Great at the end of that same century. It might have seemed at first that these two clashing elements, representing two diametrically opposed points of view, would never find a basis for mutual agreement. But Christianity and pagan Hellenism did intermix gradually to form a Christian-Greco-Eastern culture subsequently known as Byzantine. Its center was the new capital of the Roman Empire, Constantinople.

The person who was chiefly responsible for the many changes in the empire was Constantine the Great. During his reign Christianity stepped for the first time on the firm ground of official recognition. From this time forward the old pagan empire gradually changed into a Christian empire.

The conversion of nations or states to Christianity has usually taken place during the early stage of their historical existence when the past has created no firmly established traditions, but merely some crude and primitive customs and forms of government. In such cases the conversion has caused no great crisis in the life of the people. But this was not characteristic of the Roman Empire in the fourth century. It already possessed an old world culture and had developed forms of government perfect for that time. It had a great past and an extensive body of ideas which had been assimilated by the population. 

This empire, changing in the fourth century into a Christian state, entered upon an era during which its past was contradicted, at times completely denied; this was bound to lead to an extremely acute and difficult crisis.

Ⅳ.Translate the following passage into English. (60 points)

程颢伦理学的最重要特点强调“识仁”。而“识仁”之所以重要，是因为“仁”对于个人的修养及其在社会活动中具有根本性的指导作用。他说：“学者须先识仁。仁者，浑然与物同体。义、礼、知、信皆仁也。识得此理，以诚敬存之而已，不须防检，不须穷索。”

相对于大程的“识仁”说，小程论仁的思想非常丰富，他仔细辨析了仁与博爱，仁与圣人，仁与幸、仁与心的异同，体现了小程子哲学思想的分析精神。

朱熹接受程颐的说法，将仁看作“爱之理，心之德”，认为“爱是恻隐，恻隐是情，其理则谓之仁。人之所以为人，其理则天地之理，其气则天地之气”。朱子特别强调“仁是温和之物”的特征，说道：“仁虽似有刚直意，毕竟本是个温和之物”。

在“求仁”的问题上，朱子不反对致知、格物、博学、审问、慎思、明辨、力行等多种途径。可见，朱子在“求仁”的问题上更看重主体之心的能动性。 

朱熹认为，当我讨论一座房子时，不能只说这座房子有多大空间，还应该具体讨论这座房子本身是由什么材料构成的。房子的材料构成才是房子之体，而房子的空间多大是房子的容量。因此，在讨论“仁”的问题时，要讨论“仁”本身的构成与性质，而不能只讨论“仁”的表现形式——与万物为一体。

到近代之初，谭嗣同在西方现代文化强大力量的冲击下，提出“仁以通为第一义”的新仁学思想，已经将古老的儒家“仁学”思想与近现代的人道主义思想结合在一起了，与其他戊戌维新之士一道，开启了中国现代思想的运动。

- 2019 -

Ⅰ.Translate the following terms into Chinese. (15points, 1point each)

1. EQ

2. CBD

3. CIO

4. OTC

5. UPU

6. pentathlon

7. dopamine

8. adversity quotient

9. certificate of origin

10. no loitering

11. financial statement

12. national treatment

13. pyramid scheme

14. induction cooker

15. interim provisions

Ⅱ.Translate the following terms into English. (15 points, 1 point each)

1. 自拍

2. 网络空间

3. 健身教练

4. 剁手党

5. 水陆两栖飞机

6. 吃瓜群众

7. 政府采购

8. 暂行规定

9. 报复性关税

10. 文化事业单位

11. 司法行政机关

12. 科技创业板

13. 疏导公众情绪

14. 大道至简

15. 上海自由贸易试验区

Ⅲ.Translate the following passage into Chinese. (60 points)

Major global trends, such as population growth, urbanization, uneven economic growth, increasing inequality, sudden or protracted political transitions and climate change suggest that humanitarian caseloads will continue to increase. Already, the consequences of disasters for national and regional development, as well as economic growth, have led many Governments to bolster national capacities for disaster management. People affected by emergencies also increasingly use technology to articulate their needs, to seek resources from their own communities, neighbors and Governments. Humanitarian actors can leverage technology to distribute assistance more quickly and cost-effectively and to map hazards for better coordination and planning. It will be essential to support innovation in the sector and for humanitarian organizations to harness the opportunities technology can provide.

Member States and humanitarian actors are still better at responding to the crises than at preventing or preparing for them. Recognizing this, the United Nations brought resilience to the forefront of the humanitarian agenda in 2012 through closer collaboration between humanitarian and development agencies to manage risks and address the underlying vulnerabilities. Increased synergies between disaster risk reduction, including preparedness, and climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts will be needed.

Given the changing humanitarian landscape, we must continue to adapt and update the international humanitarian system, making it more inclusive and interoperable, connecting and convening all actors who can and want to contribute to different aspects of preparedness, response, resilience and recovery. We must put a greater premium on evidence, innovation and partnerships, as well as on enhanced capacity, especially at the local level. More must be done to engage affected countries. Preparations are under way for a World Humanitarian Summit in 2016 to take stock of the changing environment, agree on how to adapt and make humanitarian action fit for future challenges.

Ⅳ.Translate the following passage into English. (60 points)

越来越多的有识之士认为，人类文明正处于深刻转型之中，正走向一个新时代。有人认为新时代将是信息文明新时代，有人认为新时代将是生态文明新时代。相应地产生了两种新哲学—信息哲学和生态哲学。二者都批判笛卡尔的心物二元论和康德的人与非人事物之截然二分。但信息哲学有强烈的计算主义和还原论倾向，因而走向了一元论，并有支持完全可知论的可能。而生态哲学以量子物理学和蕴含生态学的复杂性科学为依据，提出了生机论世界观、谦逊理性主义知识论和超越物质主义的价值观。生态哲学将为生态文明新时代凝练时代精神的精华。

农业文明的绿色发展是低技术的绿色发展。工业文明的发展是“黑色发展”，但生态文明的绿色发展是高科技的绿色发展。以高科技为技术支撑的绿色发展是生态文明的根本特征。生态文明的绿色发展亦然，它既不是单一的物质财富增长，不是单一的经济增长，也不是单一的科技进步，而是包含技术进步、政治进步、文化繁荣、精神提升的综合发展。

- 2018 -

Ⅰ.Translate the following terms into Chinese. (15points, 1point each) 

1. Universiade 

2. Ethereum 

3. AIIB 

4. CDM 

5. COP 

6. INDC 

7. graphene 

8. demographic dividend 

9. on-board infotainment 

10. majority ownership 

11. flipped classroom 

12. private equity 

13. human-machine interaction 

14. AI 

15. UI

Ⅱ.Translate the following terms into English. (15points, 1point each) 

1. 行政审批 

2. 民主集中制原则 

3. 要有大局意识 

4. 中共中央军事委员会 

5. 名胜古迹 

6. 小康社会 

7. 上市公司 

8. 共享单车 

9. 造林工程 

10. 论语 

11. 员工福利 

12. 表情包 

13. 社会主义核心价值观 

14. 食品添加剂 

15. 译制片 

Ⅲ.Translate the following passage into Chinese. (60 points)

A survey of rural in- and out-of school young people towards agriculture, based on field-work in two regions in Ethiopia, is remarkably rich and insightful. Life as a farmer was tied to life in a village which most respondents saw as hard and demanding. Yet there was considerable heterogeneity in the views of the young. Participants in both regions concurred that agriculture has changed significantly over the last decade. The introduction and adoption of agricultural inputs such as improved seeds, fertilisers and better farming methods have produced significant increases in productivity and earnings. 

There were competing narratives on whether agriculture was becoming more desirable to young people as a result. Participants felt that these developments were making agriculture more and more profitable and therefore more appealing. But they felt that there was a huge obstacle in engaging in it – scarcity of land. Although the dominant view was that young people are disinterested in agriculture, some participants pointed out that this was not always the case. 

A slightly more positive attitude towards agriculture was evident among young people who had left school, either failing to complete high school for various reasons or to qualify for higher level education. Although this group of respondents were equally aware of the grimness of traditional agriculture and the life of the common farmer, many were not dismissive of agriculture as a possible future livelihood, while a few even saw it as a preferred livelihood option, under improved conditions. 

Ⅳ.Translate the following passage into English. (60 points)

北京园依山而建、占地1.3公顷，由三进庭院组成，融汇了皇家园林的精华，包括幽雅的宫廷园、富丽大气的山水园、含蓄内敛的山地园，处处彰显了皇家园林富丽典雅的气质。 

步入北京园的第一进院，是个四合院式的宫廷园林，依景种植松石、翠竹，还有以白色花卉为主的牡丹、玉兰、海棠，体现了幽静、典雅的宫廷氛围;第二进院是自然与人工交汇的山水园，突显堂皇大气，是全园景观的经典;第三进院则是 一处既含蓄又内敛的皇家山地园，北京园的主要建筑万象昭辉就坐落于此。

万象昭辉是北京园的最高点，拾阶而上，登上高处，园内的方池、书楼、廊榭、亭台、石桥，尽收眼底；放眼园外，可看见京石铁路上的高铁列车飞驰而过，仿佛预示着繁荣的过去与快速发展的今天。

- 2017 -

Ⅰ.Translate the following terms into Chinese. (15points, 1point each) 

1. UNICEF 

2. RSVP 

3. FYI 

4. R.I.P 

5. LAN 

6. European Council 

7. probability theory 

8. capital flight 

9. notary office 

10. listed company 

11. nuclear proliferation 

12. trademark registry 

13. livestock tax 

14. mortgage loan 

15. chemical castration 

Ⅱ.Translate the following terms into English. (15points, 1point each) 

1. 秋衣裤 

2. 选美比赛 

3. 磁悬浮列车 

4. 重型运载火箭 

5. 杂交水稻 

6. 东坡肉 

7. 签署国 

8. 印花税 

9. 首付 

10. 公务员考试 

11. 利益共同体 

12. 激励制度 

13. 打车软件 

14. 上善若水 

15. 有容乃大 

Ⅲ.Translate the following passage into Chinese. (60 points)

Beauty is a curious phenomenon, one of permeable, shifting boundaries. We may think we understand it, since we sense it effortlessly. In fact, it is a bundle of mysteries researchers are still uncovering. 

Consider the ancient proverb: beauty is in the eye of the beholder. Until about 30 years ago it seemed too obvious for scientists to bother with. When they finally tested it, their results startled them. 

On the one hand, the maxim is false. Facial beauty is the same throughout the world. In every tribe and culture, individuals will consider Marilyn Monroe, say, an attractive woman. It goes further. Males can identify good-looking men, and females charming women. Old and young, rich and poor, learned and ignorant, all agree on who is beautiful. So do people of every class and personality type. 

We don’t learn this response. We’re born with it. In one recent study, babies just 20 hours old recognized attractive faces and preferred them. So beauty is in our DNA. The eye of the beholder doesn’t matter. 

On the other hand, and this is where it gets interesting, the facial shell is just the foundation of beauty. We see the self in the face, every day, all the time, and we can’t distinguish the two. 

This blurring means that we gift the attractive with a large number of virtues. They seem more competent, likeable, happier, blessed with better lives and personalities. In one experiment, people predicted happier marriages and better jobs for them, and rated them lower on only on aspect: their caliber as parents. Another study found people consider them more amiable, happy, flexible, pleasure-seeking, serious, candid, outspoken, perceptive, confident, assertive, curious and active. They exert more control over their destiny, subjects felt, while the homely endure the world’s sudden change. 

It is called the “beautiful is good” stereotype, and it grants the attractive a parade of boons. Teachers consider them smarter and give them higher grades. Bosses promote them faster. In one tale in One Thousand and One Nights, a thief steals a coin-bag, and when the victim accuses him, people protest: “No, he’s such a handsome youth. He wouldn’t steal anything! ” In fact, attractive people can shoplift with greater ease, since witnesses are less likely to report them. And when they do stand before the court, juries acquit them more readily and judges give them lighter penalties. 

Ⅳ.Translate the following passage into English. (60 points)

现存的长城是明朝修建的，用于抵御蒙古和女真族的侵扰。明朝统治者十分重视长城的修筑。公元1368年至1620年，长城共修建过8次。明长城东起鸭绿江，西至嘉峪关，全长超过5000公里。但鸭绿江至山海关一段城墙修建较差，一般认为山海关是明长城的东起点。明代长城的修建技术已经有了很大进步，所以长城的防御能力也大大提高。

直到明朝，长城的建设才告一段落。因为康熙皇帝激烈地谴责了秦始皇在这个大项目上耗费了巨大的人力物力，最终却没能阻止秦朝的灭亡。康熙采用了新的方法，通过在热河建立避暑行宫来缓和和蒙古、西藏贵族的关系。长城是一项巨大的防御工程。长城由三个部分组成：关口、城墙、烽火台。关口设立在长城的重要位置，设有碉堡，城墙、城楼和陷阱。有的还有女儿墙和护城河。关口一般都有军队把守。山海关被誉为“天下第一关”。 

- 2016 -

Ⅰ.Translate the following terms into Chinese. (15points, 1point each) 

1. AKA 

2. RSVP 

3. GUI 

4. CIF 

5. TPP 

6. Grand Prix 

7. life expectancy 

8. payable at sight 

9. No Loitering 

10. World Anti-Doping Agency 

11. cholesterol 

12. national treatment 

13. Interpol 

14. insurance policy 

15. displaced people 

Ⅱ.Translate the following terms into English. (15points, 1point each) 

1. 和平共处五项原则 

2. 阅兵 

3. 华侨 

4. 21 世纪海上丝绸之路 

5. 抗日战争 

6. 佣金 

7. 人民币离岸市场 

8. 传销 

9. 川菜 

10. 转基因玉米 

11. 电磁炉 

12. 农药残留 

13. 不可抗力 

14. 天下为公 

15. 消防通道 

Ⅲ.Translate the following passage into Chinese. (60 points)

Human history is the story of a species so skilled at exploiting and altering its environment that it now has the power to create new life forms genetically or destroy life on a vast scale and extinguish many species. As builders, colonists, and conquerors, humans have shown an astonishing capacity to invent, transform, and lay waste. "Wonders are many, but none is more wonderful than man," wrote the Greek playwright Sophocles. "Cunning beyond fancy's dream is the fertile skill which brings him, now to evil, now to good." 

Humans owe their phenomenal ability to alter the world for good or ill to a process of evolution that began in Africa more than four million years ago with the emergence of the first hominids: primates with the ability to walk upright. Early hominids stood only three or four feet tall on average and had brains roughly one-third the size of the modern human brain, which limited their capacity to reason or speak. But their upright posture and opposable thumbs (used to grip objects between fingers and thumb) allowed them to gather and carry food and process it using simple tools. 

Ⅳ.Translate the following passage into English. (60 points)

孔子是中国古代最著名的思想家、教育家、哲学家，儒家学派创始人。对中国思想文化的发展有极其深远的影响。孔子的祖先本是宋国的贵族，后因避宫廷祸乱而迁居鲁国。孔子的父亲是一名武士，虽跻身于贵族之列，但地位很低。孔子三岁时，父亲便去世了，他跟着母亲过着贫困的生活。他年轻时做过管理仓库和掌管牛羊畜牧一类的小官，鲁定公时，孔子曾任主管司法，政治生涯到了顶峰。孔子55岁退出政坛，离开鲁国去周游列国，宣扬自己的政治主张。晚年回到鲁国一心一意讲学和整理古代文献资料，并根据鲁国史官所记修订了《春秋》。 

END