英文文法: “to have”, “to having” and “to be having”(prepared by: alexcwlin; edited by: Adam Lam)

一个读者问下面三个例句那一个文法有问题:

1. The new recruit is assumed to have university education.

2. The new recruit is assumed to having university education.

3. The new recruit is assumed to be having university education.

Alexcwlin 答案：

全部三句都文法正确，但意思稍有不同。

第一和二句意思是 “那新聘用职员假定已经有大学教育”。

第三句意思是: “那新聘用职员假定将会有大学教育”

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文法分析：

1. The first sentence “to have university education” is an Infinitive Phrase, with the marker “to” followed by the Verb “have” in its base form.

The Noun Phrase “university education” is the Object of the Verb “have”.

Here the Infinitive Phrase “to have university education” serves as an Adverbial Phrase (or Adverbial Complement) in completing the meaning of the Verb “assumed”. In other words, it gives meaning to the Verb “assumed”.

2. The second sentence “to having university education” is a Prepositional Phrase, with the Preposition “to” followed by the Noun Phrase (or Gerund Phrase) “having university education”.

You probably remember that a Prepositional Phrase is always formed by having a Preposition followed by a Noun or Noun Phrase, and the function of a Prepositional Phrase serves as a modifier (i.e., Adjective or Adverb).

Similar to #1, here the Prepositional Phrase “to having university education” serves as an Adverbial Phrase (or Adverbial Complement) in completing the meaning of the Verb “assumed”. In other words, it provides information to the Verb “assumed”.

3. The grammatical structure of third sentence is very much similar to #1, i.e., it is an Infinitive Phrase with the marker “to” followed by the Verb “be” in its base form.

The Noun Phrase “having university education” is the Object of the Verb “be”.

Similar to #1, the Infinitive Phrase “to be having university education” serves as an Adverbial Phrase (or Adverbial Complement) in completing the meaning of the Verb “assumed”. In other words, it gives more information to the Verb “assumed”.