资源简介

第二轮复习语法易错点总结1名词1、常见的以字母o结尾的名记号加es有：Negro, hero, tomato, potato2、 f 结尾，直接加s 的常见：roofs, chiefs, belief, 但handkerchief (s, ves) ,scarf(s,ves)都可以3、几个特殊复数：Germanschild-children mouse-mice ox-oxen4、单、复数形式一致的名词有：sheep, deer, fish, means, Chinese, Japanese，species等“三种动物两种人，加上物种和方式”5、下列名词要以复数形式出现，用作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式，如：trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, boots, shorts, pants, scissors, gloves, socksThe shoes were bought in Hualian Supermarket.但是如果用量词，则根据具体情况来定。如：The pair of gloves belongs to me.6、有些名词既用作“不可数名词”，也可作“可数名词”，意思不一样。如：room(空间) make room for 为...腾出空间→a room（一个房间）glass(玻璃)→a glass(一个玻璃杯) two glasses 二个杯子 two pairs of glasses二付眼镜chicken(鸡肉)→a chicken（一只小鸡） many chickens 许多小鸡paper(纸)→a piece of paper(一张纸)→a paper(一份报纸/文件/ 试卷)fish(鱼肉)→a fish(一条鱼)→two fish(两条鱼)→two fishes(两种鱼)tea(茶)→a tea(一份茶/一种茶)coffee（咖啡）→a coffee（一份咖啡/一种咖啡）7、people(人们)、police(警方)、cattle(牛群)没有复数形式，因为它们本身就是复数。作主语时，谓语动词用复数。The police are looking into the mysterious accident.试比较：30 people(30个人)→30 peoples(30个民族) ,a person 与a great people, 30 persons,30 policemen/women, a head of cattle , 5 head of cattle （5头牛）， five cows, six oxen /bulls8、经常使用的不可数名词有：advice (然而suggestions), fun, food, evidence, information, baggage,luggage, furniture, homework, housework, equipment, progress, weather,space, nature, news,luck, energy, knowledge, money, traffic ,experience(经验),success, failure,work(工作）,health, music,power,time(时间），water,wind,rain9、下列抽象名词与a(an)连用时表示具体的事物beauty(美丽)→a beauty(一个美人) cold(冷)→a cold(一次感冒)experience(经验)→an experience(一次经历)failure(失败)→a failure(一件失败的事/一个失败的人)success(成功)→a success(一件成功的事/一个成功的人)knowledge(知识)→a knowledge of(对…有所知)pleasure(乐趣)→a pleasure(一种乐趣) surprise(吃惊)→a surprise(一件惊喜)difficulty(困难)→a difficulty(一件难事) trouble(麻烦)→a trouble(一件麻烦的事)must(必须)→a must(一件必须的事) worry(担忧)→a worry(一件焦虑的事)work(工作) → a work (一件作品)10、性别名词作定语时变为复数须注意。two menteachers three women drivers 而：boy students girl friends11、有些和数词连用的单位名词，如：dozen, score, head, hundred, thousand, million, billion 等有数词及表示“一些”的单词或短语修饰，如：some,a few, several, a couple of, 此时，不需加s 变为复数。three dozen eggs, two dozen of the eggs, five score books, fifty head of cattle, six hundred students, seven thousand trees,而dozens of , scores of , hundreds of, thousands of, millions of, billions of， tens of thousands of , 等表示“多”的含义。12、名词的所有格A: 具有生命的名词所有格可以用“'s”或of来变如：Henry's phone number 或 the phone number of Henrythe cat's ears 或 the ears of the catB: 非生命名词一般通过of来构成所有格。the cover of the book the leaves of the treeC: 表示时间、距离、城市、国家、天体的非生命名词可以用“'s”构成所有格。China's agriculture ,the agriculture of China,, the Sun's temperature,the temperature of the sun,而：today's weather, fire minutes' walk， 100 kilometers’ ride注意复数名词加“'s”的规则，如：the students'hobbies, Children's Day , two hours' driving13、名词的双重所有格，构成如下：名词+of +名词所有格 如：a friend of my father's名词+of+名词性的物主代词 如：some friends of mine用名词的双重所有格时，名词前常有a, an, one, two , some, several, many, any, no等修饰，表示“部分”的概念。如：some students of Mr Ling's any toy of your son's注意：在以下场合，of所有格和双重所有格表示的意义截然不同。如：a bone of the dog's （一根狗背的骨头）a bone of the dog（一根狗骨头）a picture of the girl's （那女孩拥有照片中的一张）a picture of the girl (那女孩本人照片中的一张)a good many= many a great many friendsa great many of my friendsmany a/an + 单数名词 如： many a student 作主语时谓语动词用单数形式。Many a student comes from the countryside.quantities of + 复数名词/ 单数名词 ， 谓语动词都要用复数。Quantities of students here are very excellent.Quantities of food have been prepared for the poor.数词请记忆下列词汇： fifth ninth twelfth twentieth sixtieth ninetieth分数表示： “子基母序，分子大于一，分母加S ”。 one third= one in three= one out of threetwo thirds = two in three= two out of three 特殊分数：1/2 a half 1/4 a quarter主谓一致1、由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词用单数形式，但若表语是复数时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。What I bought were three English books.What I say is helpful to you.2、当主语由and连结,指同一人或同一物时,谓语动词用单数,and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.The League secretary and monitor was asked to make a speech at the meeting.The writer and artist has come.3、由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别no, each, every， more than a (an) , many a (an)修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。Every student and every teacher was in the room. No boy and no girl likes it.Many a student likes playing soccer.More than a student was late this morning.4、主语为单数名词，尽管后有with, together with， except, but, besides, including like, as well as, rather than, more than, no less than,等引起的短语，谓语动词仍用单数形式；若主语为复数，谓语用复数形式。如：Mr Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China.Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground.She, like you and Tom, is very tall.5、either, neither, each, every 或no +单数名词和由some, any, no, every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。Each of us has a new book. Either side of the street is crowed with people.Everything around us is matter(物质). Neither answer is right.Nobody was absent in the meeting. No student is allowed to smoke in the school.Something is wrong with his car.注意：若none of后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数；若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。None of us has (have) been to America.None of the water here has been polluted.6、在定语从句中，关系代词that, who, which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如：He is one of my friends who are working hard.He is the only one of my friends who is working hard.7、如果集体名词指的是整个集体(指集体这一物体)，它的谓语动词用单数；如果它指集体的成员们(从人的角度)，其谓语动词就用复数形式。这些词有crew, company, committee ,family, class, crowd, committee, population, audience等。如：Class Four is on the third floor.Class Four are discussing（人才能讨论） a maths problem.注意：⑴集合名词people, police, cattle等在任何情况下都用复数形式,因为他们本身就是复数。如：The police(警察们/警方) are catching the thief. The policeman is catching the thief.People of Kaili are friendly and intelligent.⑵works工厂，means方法， species物种，fish ,deer ,sheep，Chinese, Japanese”等名词单、复数同形，要从上下文判断其具体意义来决定单、复数。This works was(These works were) built two years ago . 这（几）家工厂是两年前修建的。② Every means has (All the means have) been tried . 各种办法都试过了。③The Chinese is Mr. Wang.④ There are 30 Chinese in the class.8、a lot of, lots of, plenty of, the rest of, the majority of + 名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语作主语，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。There are a lot of people in the classroom.The rest of the lecture is wonderful.50% of the students in our class are girls.注意： a number of“许多”，作定语修饰复数名词，谓语用复数；the number of“…的数量”，主语是the number，谓语用单数。The number of the students in Class 1810 is 57.A number of the studentsare fond of speaking English in public.9、在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如：There comes the bus.On the wall are many pictures.There is a big tree over there, Under which stands a boy.10、a lot of/ lots of，a large quantity of等 + 名词作主语时，谓语动词的单、复数由这些量词后的名词决定。如：A large quantity of peopleare needed here.Lots of airhas been polluted around the world.但large quantities of修饰可数或不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数。如: Large quantities of food / booksare on the table.11、what, who, which, any, more, all等代词可以是单数，也可是复数，主要靠意思来决定。Which is your bag Which are your bags All（一切） is going well. All（所有人） have gone to Beijing.12、表示“时间、重量、长度、价值”等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式，这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体。Thirty minutesis enough for the work.Three years in Kaili No.1 Middle School is in fact a short time for us.A hundred dollars is enough for the beautiful dress.A thousand kilometersis a long journey, so we’ll have to take some necessary food with us.13、若英语是书名、片名、格言、剧名、报名、国名等的复数形式，其谓语动词用单数形式。The Arabian Nights （一千零一夜）is an interesting story-book.14、算式中表示数目（字）的主语，其谓语动词采用单数形式。如：Twelve plus （加）eight is twenty.Fifty-six divided by（被…除） eight is seven.15、一些学科名词是以 s 结尾，如：mathematics, politics, physics 实际意义为单数名词，它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。如：I think physics isn’t easy to study.16、trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, 等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a (the) pair of等量词修饰时，谓语动词用单数。如：My glassesare broken. The pair of shoes under the bed is his.The pairs of shoes under the bed are his.17、“定冠词the + 形容词或分词”，表示某一类人时，动词用复数。但指个人时用单数。The Chineseare brave and hard-working.The Chinese over thereis Li Ming.18、the following作主语时,谓语动词的数与后面名词的数保持一致.例如:The following are good examples下面是一些好例子.The following is my advice.19、当两个主语由either … or, neither … nor, whether … or …(无论…还是…), not only … but also, not…but…连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语一致。Either the teacher or the students are our friends.Neither they nor he is wholly right.20、there be句型be动词单复数取决于其后的第一个名词。There is a desk and two chairs in the room.There lives an old man in the house.注意：Here引导的句子用法一样。21、主谓一致中的"表里不一"现象:"more than one +名词"作主语时,谓语动词常用单数.More than one teacher gets the flowers. 不止一个教师得到了花."many a +名词"作主语时,从意义上看是复数Many a student has been sent to plant trees. 很多学生被派去植树.all指人时,动词用复数;all指物时,动词用单数."All are present and all is going well." 所有人全部到场了,一切进展顺利what引导的主语从句,谓语动词可视表语而定:表语是单数名词时,动词用单数,相反,则用复数.What they want to get are a number of good books.他们想得到的是大量的好书.What we need are your suggestions.each作主语的同位语时, 谓语动词由主语来决定,与each无关.They each have a bike. 他们每人有一辆自行车."one and a half +名词"作主语时,谓语动词要用复数.One and a half apples are left on the table. 桌子上有一个半苹果.(1)第二轮复习语法易错点总结2形容词与副词1、good与wellgood只作adj用，意为“好的”“优质的”；而well作adj用，意为“健康的”，作adv用，意为“好”。eg: a good book, good EnglishI’m well, thank you.She can speak English as well as an English-speaker.The book is well worth reading.The lady is always well dressed.Einstein is well known to us all.2、farther, farthest与further, farthest(1)指“距离”时，两者都可用。a. I can’t go any farther/further because I’m tired out.b. What’s the farthest/ furthest distance （2）表示抽象含义“更进一步的”“更深入的”，只用furthera. We will have a further discussion about it.b. Tom will go to Cambridge to get his further study.c. Are there any further questions 3、不能使用双重比较，即加er后又用more.如：more better, most earliest 是错误的。4、要注意比较的对象(比较的对象要相一致)。a.The population of China is much larger than Japan.(×)The population of China is much larger than that of Japan.(√)b. My computer is more expensive than her. (×)My computer is more expensive than hers.(√)5、要注意比较的范围。China is larger than any country in Asia.(×)China is larger than any other country in Asia.(√)6、注意定冠词the在比较级中的使用，特指两者中“更…的一个”。a. The book is the more useful of the two.b. Mary is the more beautiful of the two sisters.7、用于“the+比较级…，the+比较级…”中，表示“越…，就越…”两比较级可以是同一个词，也可以是不同的两个词。a. The more you learn, the more you understand.b. The sooner, the better.c. The harder you work, the more progress you will make.8、用于“比较级+and+比较级”中，表示“越来越…”，此时两比较级是同一个词。wider and wider, better and better, more and more beautiful.9、原级比较的否定“A is not so/ as…as B”,表示前者不如后者。The tree isn’t so/as tall as the pole.这树没有那杆子高。10、可以修饰比较级的词（1）a bit, a little“一点”（2）rather/much/far/a lot/a great deal“…得多”（3）any“任何一点”（否定句或疑问句中）（4）still与even含有程度上的递进，意为“更”（5）数词（6）倍数a. Are you feeling any better b. The experiment was much easier than we had expected.c. Tom earns rather more thanhis father.d. This year, your son has grown still/even taller.e. She is three inches taller than I.She is taller than I by three inches.f. The road isthree times wider than that one.The road is wider than that oneby three timesI missed the last trainby two minutes.The bullet missed Tom by two inches.注：e、f两项表示相差的程度且后置用介词by。11、adj 最高级前须用the，adv最高级前可用可不用。但使用最高级时须有一定的范围。a. Of the three brothers（在这三兄弟中）, Tom is the tallest.b. He is the busiest man in the office.c. Among them, he studies (the) hardest.12、最高级前不用the而用a时，不表示“最”，而表示“极”，“非常”。It is a most important problem.She is a most beuatiful girl in our school.13、序数词可修饰最高级。Africa is the second largest continent.14、最高级的意义可以通过比较级表示出来。a. I’ve never seen a taller man than Tom.b. Mike is more intelligent than any other student in his class.c. Nothing is easier than this.15、more than与less thana.I am more than happy to tell you that I have won the champion.b. He is more than a father to her.c. That is more than I can tell you.d. She eats less than she should.e. In less than an hour he finished it.16、not+较级+than与no+比较级+than前者是字面上的含义,即不比.....怎么样。而后者应解释为“as+该比较级的原级的反意词+as”a.Tom is not thinner than John.汤姆不比约翰更瘦。Tom is no thinner than John. 汤姆与约翰一样胖。b. I have no more than five yuan. 我仅只有5元钱。I don’t have more than five yuan. 我的钱不超过5元。c. You are not more careful than he is.你不比他细心。You are no more careful than he is. 你和他一样粗心。17、以ly结尾的副词(1) adj变adv，一般通过加ly。highly, warmly, toughly,carefully，selfishly, excitedly（2）以字母e结尾加ly不去e。如：lately, completely, fortunately, extremely, immediately,widely, definitely,absolutely 只有true例外，即truly；另外：whole变为 wholly。（3）以ble/ple/tle结尾的去e加y。如：simple, gentle, possible, probable, comfortable, unbelievable,（4）以辅音字母加y结尾，改y为i，再加ly。如： busily, luckily, easily, happily, merrily, …etc但是：gay 变为：gaily day变为 daily18、有些加ly的词仍是adj，如：daily, friendly, lovely, lively, likely, deadly, lonely, ugly, brotherly, weekly, monthly…etc19、有些名词通过加ed构成adj.如：gifted, talented, detailed, middle-aged, limited, warm-hearted, cold-blooded, near-sighted, short-sighted, one-eyed, three-legged, bad-tempered, bare-footed...etc20、加字母y 构成adj,的有：rain （雨水）→rainy （多雨的）wind （风）→windy （多风的，风大的）cloud （云）→cloudy （多云的，阴天的） snow （雪）→ snowy （多雪的）sun （太阳）→sunny （多阳光的，明朗的）luck （运气）→ lucky （幸运的） noise （嘈杂声）→noisy （嘈杂的，喧闹的） health （健康）→healthy （健康的）wealth→wealthy smog→smoggy(雾霾的）mist→misty(薄雾的）fog→foggy(浓雾的）21、名词加上ous 构成形容词的有：poison---poisonous danger---dangerous fame---famous ambition---ambitiouscaution---cautious religion---religious ...etc22、名词加上en 构成形容词的有：wool---woolen wood---wooden gold---golden ...etc既是adj，又是adv的词汇，常见（1）、closeA: adj，(1)接近的； (2)密切的, 亲密的my close friends.He is close to the door.B: close adv. 接近 He stands close to me.C: closely adv. 密切地A isclosely related to BD: close v. 关闭closed adj. 关着的 open 开着的(2)、lateA：adj，晚的，迟的，in the late 1990s She was late for school this morning.B：adv, 迟，晚 He got up late this morning.C: lately adv，最近 =recentlyWhat have you been doing lately (3)、deepA: adj, 深的 a deep lakeB: adv，很深地 He pushed the stick deep into the mud.C: deeply adv,深深地（抽象含义）We were deeply moved by the film.（4）highA: adj, 高的 a high mountainB: adv，高高地 The plane was flying high.C:highly adv,高度地（抽象含义）I think highly of your opinion.（5）wideA：adj,宽的 a wide riverB：adv, 宽阔地 He opened the door wide.She opened her eyes wider and wider.C：widely adv, 广泛地 English is widely used in the world.（6）freeA：adj,自由的、免费的， a free filmWe are free now.B：adv,免费地 You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.C：freely adv,自由地， You may speak freely; say what you like.（7）hardA：adj,坚硬的、坚苦的live a hard life a hard stoneB：adv, 努力地; 大 work hardIt is raining hard/ heavily.C：hardly adv, 几乎不（8）nearA：adv. 在近处;在附近;She took a step nearer to me.As we drew near, I saw that the thief was stealing something. .B: prep. 接近;（表示位置）靠近;Don't come near meC: adj. 近的; near neighbors in the near futureD：nearly adv，几乎；将近（主要修饰时间）It is nearly seven pm.（9）early adj,早的 an early busadv. 早get up early（10）straightadj,笔直的a straight streetadv. 笔直地 Go straight ahead, and you will find the school.（11）fast adj,快的 fast food a fast trainadv, 快 run fastworldwide adj. 世界范围的 adv.在世界范围需要加s 变为副词的词汇常有：upstair 楼上的 upstairs 在楼上 downstair---downstairsindoor 室内的 indoors在室内 outdoor---outdoors25、表语形容词afraid, alone, awake, asleep, alive, alike, ashamed, well, ill, worth…etc表语形容词一般用作表语，如：I am afraid of my class teacher. I am alone at home, but I’m not lonely.The baby is awake/ asleep. My grandma is still alive.The twins are quite alike. I feel ashamed.I’m quite well these days. He is ill today.The book is well worth reading.注意：(1)上述表语adj可以用作补足语。We found the snake still alive.(2) alive, alone, awake常可用作后置定语He is the greatest writer alive.The man alone in the room is Jon.五、代词1、作表语常用宾格，在独词句中用宾格。a.—Who is knocking at the door ——It’s meb. He is a student in this school. And me, too.2、it 指无生命的事物、婴儿、以及who、someone等不名身份的人。eg: a. —Who is outside？ —It is meb. Someone has entered the house. Itmust be a thiefc. The baby is very lowly. It was born half a year ago.3、反身代词可用作①宾语②表语（表示“健康”的含义）③同位语（作主语同位语，可以放在主语后面，或后置; 如果作宾语同位语，则放在宾语后面）eg: a. Mr Black can’t express himself in Chinese. b. I am not quite myself today.c. She herself opened the door.She opened the door herself.d. You’d better ask Mr Smith himself about it.4、指示代词this, that用于电话用语中。—Who’s that (speaking) —It/This is Tom (speaking) 5、this/that 修饰adj/adv. 表示“这么”“那么”的含义,相当于so 。a. Oh, the girl is not that foolish.b. I can only promise you this much.c. We didn’t expect that the weather in Tongren was that hot.6、it、that、those、one、the ones的指代区别。1）it指上文提到的同一事物或整句话的内容。a. “Do you want the watch ”“Yes , I wantit.”b. He warned his son not to play computer games again, but it didn’t help.2）that常用来指代同名异物的不可数名词a. The population of China is much larger than that of any other country in the world.b. The weather in Kaili is much better than that in shanghai.3）those或the ones 用来指代上文提到的复数名词。a. Watches made in China are just as good as those/ the ones made in Switzerland.b. The books are better than those you bought yesterday.4) one指代同名异物的某个单数名词，如果特指就用the one.a. I want to buy a Mp3. Do you need one b.Here are enough apples . Each of you can get one.c. I don’t like this dictionary. I prefer the one on the shelf.7、both、either、neither的用法a. Both of them are right （主语）Both the brothers/ Both of the brothersare at college.（定语）b. Neither of the answers is / are correct.（主语）Neither seat is taken .（定语）c. You can take either of the dictionaries.（宾语）Flowers are planted on either side of the street.（定语）8、none、all 的用法a. All has been done.（作主语，表示“所有事”谓动用单数）All are present . （作主语，表示“所有人”谓动用复数）b. None of the girls in our class like/likes football.注意：在回答what/who 问句时，用nothing/nobody;而在回答how many/How much……问句时用none.Who is in the classroom Nobody. What is in your hand Nothing.How much money do you have None.9、every、each的使用1）every只能修饰名词，而each既可修饰名词，也可作名词使用。eg: every day、each classroom、each of the student2）在单独作主语、同位语、宾语时只用each.a. Here are enough glasses. Each of you can get one.b. We each should listen to the teachers carefully.3）every能表达“每隔”的含义，而each则不能。every three days 每3天、每隔2天 every few years每隔几年every other day /week/line每隔1天/1周/1行4）every与one连用，可用of修饰( 要分开写）。every one of us 我们中的每一人 eachof us我们中的每一人every one of the books 这些书中的每1本eachof the books这些书中的每1本10、some与any1）表示“一些”含义时，some用于肯定句中，any用于否定、疑问、条件句中，都可以修饰可数名词或不可数名词。a. I have some questions to ask you.b. Do you have any trouble in learning English If any, do ask me for help.注意：1）some表示“一些”时，可用于“征求意见”“提出建议”的疑问句中。a.—Would you like to have some ice cream —No.—How about some water —Yes, please.2）some后接单数可数名词时表示“某一”的含义。相当于“a certain.”some day 将来某一天 some kind of animals某一种动物3）some 可以和数词连用，表示“大约”的含义。The story took place some forty years ago.4）any如果表示“任何”含义时，可以用于肯定句中。Here are three novels. You may read any.11、one……the other、another、other+复数名词、others、the other+复数名词、the others1)当前提只有两个时，表达“一个，另一个”用one……the other，此时the other作名词用。I have bought two books. One is a dictionany, the other is a story book.2)当前提有3个或以上时，表达“另一个”用another或“a(n)+序数词( 序数词的选择要根据语境来）”表示。Please show me another book.I have stayed in Kaili for a week, but I still want to stay here for a second week.注意：如果是“一段时间”或“一笔钱”时，可以用another。此时虽然是复数的形式，但它是单数含义。a. We need another three days to finish the work.可以替换为：three more days threeother daysb. Sorry, your money is not enough. You need to pay another 10 dollars10 more dollars10 other dollars3)other（adj）+复数名词或others（n）表示除去一部分外剩余的某一部分，前面常有特征词some.a. Some people are against you, but others/other people may agree with you.b. I don’t like this shirt. Have you got any others？4）the other（adj）+复数名词或the others(n)表示除去一部分外剩余的全部，一般都要有一定的范围。There are 70 students in the class. Some are from the USA and the others/ the other students / the rest are from China.12、little、a little、few、a few的使用1）little“几乎没有”修饰不可数名词 There is little water in the desert2）few“几乎没有”修饰可数名词的复数形式。Few people like him.3）a little“一点，一些”，修饰不可数名词。 There is still a little soup in the bowl.a few“一些，几个”修饰可数名词的复数形式，相当于some、several, a couple ofI bought a few books yesterday13、many与 much的使用1）much+不可数名词 much water/ information/ pleasure…etc2）many+复数名词 = a good /great many+复数名词作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。然而： many a(n)+单数可数名词，如many a student, 作主语，谓动用第三单形式。14、疑问代词What、which、who、whom、whose、how many/much、how soon、how often、how long、etc、(1)、在句中作主语、宾语（含介词宾语）、表语且指sth.用what, 另外：表示“是。。。什么样子”也用what.a. —What’s your name —My name is Peter.b. —What is on your desk c. What’s the weather like today d. What does your father look like e. My hometown is not what it used to be 10 years ago.(2)、在句中指人且作主语，用who；如果指人作宾语，可以用who/whoma. Who’s in charge of your class b. Who/Whom did you meet yesterday (3)、指人且在句中作定语，用whose。注意相应的名词要紧跟whose。a. Whose father is a teacher b. Whose bike did you lose yesterday (4)、当表示“哪一个/ 哪一些”含义时用which，相应的名词也要紧随其后a. Which dictionary do you like b. Which students will be chosen to be volunteers (5)、提问数目时用how many(much)，可数名词用how many，不可数名词用how much。注意相应的名词也要紧随其后，如果问的是“钱”或“某种程度”时,how much后常不接名词。a. How many people are there in your class b. How much vegetable did you buy this morning c. How much did you spend on the house d. How much do you like the dictionary (6)、在将来时中表示在一段时间后“用介词in+时间”， 含义为：....之后。提问则用how soon(多久以后）.The road will be completed in two years.How soon will the road be completed (7)、how often用来提问频率。He went back home twice a month last year.How often did he go home last year (8)、how long 用来提问“for+一段时间”通常指(1)到目前为止，且在现在完成时中。(2) 将要做某事长达一段时间。They have been married for five years.→How long have they been married I will stay in my college for 4 years. → How long will you stay in your college 15、全部否定与部分否定1）both/every/all与not连用表示部分否定。Not every student is from the UK=Every student is not from the UK.Both of them are not from Guiyang.= Not both of them are from Guiyang.Not all of us study hard.= All of us don’t study hard.2）either……not、any……not、neither、none、nobody、nothing、each……not都表示全部否定。a. Either of the two brothers is not a student.=Neither of the two brothers is a student.b. Any of them doesn’t like to dance.None of them likes/like to dance.c. Nobody is absent.d. Nothing does good to you.e. Each of the students doesn’t want to go with you.(1)第二轮复习语法易错点总结3一、时态1、表示客观事实、客观真理。He told us that the earth movesaround the sun and the moon moves around the earth.2、一般一些含有运动含义的不及物动词（主语常为交通工具）等”用一般现在时形式表示计划、安排的将来动作，主语常为事物。它们是：come、go、leave、arrive、fly、return(返回)、start、begin。The plane arrives at two this afternoon. The train leaves at 8am tomorrow.The film begins at 7:30 this evening.3、一些含有运动含义的动词用现在进行时表示按计划、安排将要发生的动作，主语常为某人。它们常有:come、go、leave、arrive、move、begin、start等。a. When are you going back to school b. Mr White is coming here next week.c. They are leaving for England tomorrow. d. The visitors are arriving tomorrow.4、have been to 某地（如为heve, there, home则不用to）：“去过某地”；have gone to某地；“去了某地（还未回来）”have been in +某地+ for some time:在某地已经多久了。a. I have been toDalian.b. She has gone to the shop. She will be back soon.c. We have been in kailifor around two years.5、瞬间动词用现在完成时，不可与表示一段时间的状语连用（如for, how long, since）。如果要与他们连用，须挽为表示状态的系表结构。常见的瞬间动词有：die, arrive, leave, go, come, begin, join等。转挽形式：die→ be deadarrive→ be in （某地）leave→be awaybegin→be onjoin: be in （某组织）He has died (正确)b. He has died for 5 years (错句)He has been dead for 5 years.(正确)He has been dead since2012.(正确)He died 5 years ago.(正确)It is 5 years since he died.(正确)6、瞬间动词的现在完成时的否定式可以与表示一般时间的状语连用。a. I haven’t met him for ages. b. She hasn’t come/returnedhome since 1900.7、在与up to now/ up to present, by now, so far, during/in/over the past (last) three years 连用时，须用现在完成时。a. In the last two years, our country has changed a lot.b. So far Bill has been a great success.8、当一个动作先于另一个动作发生，先发生的动作用完成时。a. I don’t understand what you have said to me.b. When I got there, they had finished the work.9、在此句型This/ It is the first (second, third…) time that 从句中，我们常用现在完成时表示第几次做某事。a. This is the third time(that) they have visited China.b. It is the first time I have been late for school.10、have been doing sth 一直在做某事a. All these years he has been working hard at English.b. We have been waiting for you , Where have you been 11、过去进行时：表示在过去的某一时间点（如：4 p.m yesterday）或某一时间段（如：yesterday morning）正在进行的动作。a. I was cleaning our classroom at 4 p.m yesterday.b. My mother was cooking when I got home yesterday.c. Shirley was writing a book about China last year, but I don’t know whether she has finished it.比较：Last night Mary wrote a letter to her parents.(动作昨晚就结束了）From 9:00to 11:00 this morning the teachers were having a meeting.（这一时段正在做）He said that he was coming to China this year.（过去进行时表示将来）12、过去完成时：过去的两个动作，如强调发生的先后，先发生的用过去完成时，即“过的过去 ”had done sth已做了某事a. when he reached the shop, it had already closed.b. They had finished planting the trees before this morning.注意：1）、by, by the end of , by the time 接表示过去的时间，须用过去完成时。a. By the time I got home, my mother had finished cooking.b. By the end of 6 months, Marx had learnt English quite well.2）、表示原计划、原打算、原希望、原认为等含义，但终未发生的事时，用过完成时来表示。这类动词常有：want, mean(打算), plan, hope, think, suppose(认为)，expect(期望)，etc.a. I had expected that he would come to visit us.b. I had meant to help you, but I was too busy.c. We had thought we could catch the bus, but we were too late.3）、在no sooner…than(一…就)或hardly…when（一…就）句型中，要用过去完成时。I had no sooner finished my homework than the light went out.→I had hardly finished…when the light…No sooner had I finished my homework than the light went out.→Hardly had I finished…when the light…13、当after, before, as soon as（the moment, the minute, the second, the instant, immediately, directly) 引导时间状语从句时，先发生的动作没必要用过去完成时，只需一般过去时就行。a. The train left before he got there.b. I played basketball after I finished my homework.c. As soon as /The moment/ Immediately he came back, he gave us some help.14、be to do sth ，beabout to do sth可以表示将来。a. It’s to rain soon. b. You are to stay at home.c. Have more patience. We’re about to leave soon.15、当主句用了一般将来时，时间或条件状语从句要用一般现在时的形式来替代一般将来时。a. If it rains tomorrow, we will have to stay at home.b. When she visits me, we shall /will play computer games together.c. Please give me a phone call when you arrive in Beijing.（祈使句隐含了将来时）d. If it is fine this weekend, we can go out for a picnic.（情态动词隐含了将来时）16、表示在将来某一时间之前将已经完成的动作。will have done.将已做了某事a. We will have finished the work by tomorrow afternoon.b. According to the plan, they will have planted all the trees before 5 p.m tomorrow.主动表被动1.下列实义动词作系动词时用主动结构表被动意思,常见的有:look, sound, smell, taste, feel, prove等The story proved （to be) true.This material feels soft.2.“ sth is (well) worth doing”结构中,doing 即为：主动表被动。The novel is worth reading again.比较：The novel is worthy to be read/ of being read again.当need/want/require意为“需要”用v-ing形式，也可以用to be done①My watch needs repairing（＝to be repaired）.②The house wants painting （＝to be painted）.4.某些与can’t, won’t等连用的不及物动词,如move,lock, shut, open,start 等,用主动结构表被动意思,e.g.①The stone can’t move.②The door won’t shut.5.某些可以和well, easily, smoothly等副词连用的动词如read, write, wash, clean, draw, burn, cook, sell, lock, open, shut,且主语是sth,用主动结构表被动意思,e.g.①This kind of book sells well.②The pen writes smoothly.③ The cloth washes well.④The poem reads smoothly.6. 不定式作定语，如：“sb. has sth. to do”结构, 用主动结构表被动意思, 此时主语与to do 存在逻辑主谓关系, 。 to do 与宾语存在逻辑动宾关系，如果该动词为不及物动词，注意添加相应介词。①He has many problems to solve.（solve the problems)②White has lots of things to do.(do the things)③I have a room to live in.(live in the room)④She has found a hotel to stay at. (stay at the holel)⑤Please lend me a pen to write with.(write with the pen)7. “sth is adj.＋to do”结构, to do 与sth.存在逻辑动宾关系,也用主动结构表被动,这些表语形容词有hard, difficult, easy, necessary,dangerous,comfortable, good, delicious，fit 等，如果该动词为不及物动词，也要注意添加相应介词。①The problem is hard to solve.（solve the problem）②I find the baby difficult to take care of.(take care of the baby)8.“sth./sb ＋系动词＋ to do”结构,主要用于sth.is to rent/let/blame e.g.①The taxi is to rent.②Whoever is late for class is to blame.9.在带疑问词which/who/what的不定式中要求用主动形式表示被动含义,如果该动词为不及物动词，注意添加相应介词。Who do you think can tell us what to do.They each want to borrow my book,so I really don’t know who to lend it to.10.一些动词常错误使用被动语态，如：end,begin,happen,occur,take place, come about, break out, suffer(from),belong to, consist of,last,spread,come true, come up, come out, come to an end,cost ,run out,give out , change, develop, improve, increase, decrease, reduce等。I’m suffering from a bad back. She suffers a lot of pain.The accident happened last week. The house belonging to the Greens has been sold.My English has improved a lot. Kaili has changed greatly in the past 10 years.A good plan came up this morning. My book came out last week and I was very happy.I am tired of the meeting lasting 3 three hours.三、一些动词不要添加副词而出现意义的重复。return 返回、归还 ，不要加‘back’如： return back home （错误 ） return the book back（错误 ）repeat 重复 ， 不要加 again, 如： repeat my words again （错误 ）一些动词注意不要添加介词，因为它们本身就是及物动词。dress sb, face sth/sb , consult sb, contact sb, benefit sb, harm sb, visit sb, handle sth, limit sth, offer sth, raise sth, respect sb, satisfy sb, share sth, marry sb, interest sb, affect sb, serve sb, enter the room, shoulder sth,非谓语动词1、stop、try、go on、regret、remember、forget、mean、be used to、can’t help等接动名词或不定式时含义完全不同，要特别注意。①stop to do sth /doing sth ②try to do sth /doing sth③go on to do sth/doing sth ④mean to do sth /doing sth⑤be used to do sth /doing sth⑥remember/ forget to do sth/doing sth/ having done sth⑦regret to say/tell/inform sb./doing sth/having done sth⑧can’t help to do sth/doing sth can’t help but do sth2、形容词如happy、glad、pleased、excited、sure、ready、eager、free、afraid、anxious、willing sad、angry、disappointed、frightened、shocked、moved、encouraged……etc后接不定式时，表示具有这种心理活动的原因。3、介词只有but和except要接不定式作宾语，如果前面谓语部分有动词do/does/did该不定式要省略“to”。a. He had nothing to do but/except stay at home.b. We had no choice but/except to learn English well for our future.4、need、want、require作“需要”含义时，主语是物体，用动名词doing sth形式表示被动含义。也可以用不定式被动形式“to be done”。5、动名词作表语用来解释主语的内容。a. My job is teaching. b. Our task is studying hard.不定式作表语,强调具体的，一次性的或未来的动作，而动名词则表示泛指的概念。My goal is to go to Tongji University.b. Our task today is to discuss the problem.6、分词作表语,说明一个“状态”，它们相当 于adj用。a. The glass is broken.b. We found that our English was too limited.c. Africa is connected with Asia.d. She found that her necklacewas gone/lost/missing.e. Around 71% of the surface of the earth is covered with water.其他如：be furnished with get/be engaged to sb. be admitted to/ intobe equipped with get/be married to sb. be filled withbe armed with be devoted to sth/ doing sth be used/accustomed to doing sthbe occupied with be determined to do sth be absorbed inbe addicted to sth/ doing sth be satisfied withbe pleased with be content with be content to do sthbe full of be fond of be tired of be surprised/ excited…atbe proud of be famous for be famous in be strict with sb.be strict in sth be furnished with be dressed in be seated in/onbe faced with8、常用具有“使……”含义的动词作表语，ing形式为‘令人...的’，ed‘感到...的’please、delight、excite、encourage、inspire、discourage 、depress、disappoint、frustrate、surprise、astonish、amaze、shock、interest、move、touch、confuse、puzzle、frighten、scare、terrify、tire、exhaust、bore、worry、satisfy、embarrass、annoy……etca.The film is moving, and I was moved to tears when I watched it.b. After a tiring Sunday, Mary felt tired.9、动名词作定语表示用途，studying materials，a swimming pool teaching buildings10、不定式作定语：一般放在中心词之后作后置定语。从时间的角度看 不定式的动作发生在主要动词之后（含有一种将来的含义）。 不定式是不及物动词时，注意加上相应的介词。a.She has a letter to write.Do you have enough paper to write on b. The family have a small house to live in.I have found a comfortable hotel to stay at.注意1）there be 句型中，可用to do或to be done作定语，表示将来的动作。There is a meeting to attend/to be attended.表示现在的，则用ing 形式。There is a man standing on the middle of the road.表示已经完成的被动动作，用ed 形式。 There is a stadium built near the office building.表示正在进行的被动动作，用being done 形式。 There is a teaching building being built next to our classroom.11、单个分词作定语（前置定语）。A：主动且进行，用现在分词→主动但完成了，用过去分词the rising sun/the risen sun developing countries/developed countriesfalling leaves/fallen leavesboiling water/boiled waterB：具有“使……”含义的动词，中心词是人用过去分词，是物体则用现在分词。The moving story/the moved peopleThe interesting film/the interested students而：a frightened look（感到恐惧的表情）、an excited expression（感到激动的表情）C:单纯的被动含义则用过去分词， written English、spoken English、smoked meat、broken glass、a wounded boy12、分词短语作定语（后置定语）A．现在分词doing表示主动或主动进行的含义。Tell the children (playing there)not to make so much noise.B．过去分词表示被动，完成的含义。注意，如果表示被动进行，则用being done 形式；如果表示被动，将来则用to be done形式。This is the building (built last year).The building (being built there)is our library.There is a building (to be built next year).13、不定式一般只用作目的状语，结果状语（only to do sth）原因状语。a. We come to Kaili No.1 Middle school to/ in order to /so as to study.b. To catch/In order to catch the train, we arrived there earlier.c. We arrived at the station a little late, only to find/ only to be told the train had left.d. She isn’t old enough to go to school.e. He is too short to be a volleyball player→而I’m too glad to help you./ He is too clever to work out the problem.f. Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle.g. He is such a fool as to do such silly things.h. John was very pleased to be given the job.i. He looked happy to hear the news.14、分词作状语a. Every day they stood there, begging.b. Led by the Party, we’ve won great success.c. We entered, followed by some children.d. The man died, leaving nothing to his wife and children.分词用作时间状语时，其前可以保留when或while，作条件状语时，可以保留if, 让步状语时可以保留 though/ although/ even if, even though等。a. When/while walking there, I met Jon.b. If heated, water will change into steam.其中，注意on/upon doing sth 中的doing为动名词，此形式相当于as soon as的含义。On/Upon hearing the bad mews, the woman burst into tears.15、having done一般用作状语，表示时间、原因，相当于because、after引导的原因、时间状语从句，强调分词的动作先于主句谓语动作。主动情况用having done， 被动情况用having been done，后者 经常用一个简单的过去分词done来替换。a. Having learned (=After he learned)English about four years, he went to America for further study.b. Having failed(=Because she had failed)several times, she didn’t want to try again.c. Having been a nurse for many years, she is very experienced.16、注意，当分词的逻辑主语不是主句主语，而是带上它自己的逻辑主语时，逻辑主语+分词(ing或ed)就叫分词的独立结构。此结构只作状语。a. Winter coming, it gets colder and colder.b. The signal given, the train pulled out of the station.c. The key lost, she couldn’t enter the room.d. Weather permitting, they will go for a picnic.17、试比较不定式的复合结构和动名词的复合结构。不定式的复合结构即：for sb to do sth 常用于It’s+adj of /for sb to do sth.句型。如果表示“某人做某事是……的 ”则用for；如果说表示“某人是……的，所以某人做某事”则用of （此情况常涉及的adj 如：good、nice、kind、clever、stupid、silly、foolish、wrong、right、careless、careful……etc）。a. It is difficult _______me to finish the book in two days.b. It is selfish（自私的）___________you to think of yourself only.c.It’s clever__________the boy to find his way home.d. It’s very necessary_____________us to learn English well.动名词的复合结枸当动名词的动作发出者不是主语，而有它自己的动作发出者即逻辑主语。此时，该逻辑主语+动名词就叫动名词的复合结构。该结构作主语 时，用one’s doing形式，其他用one’s/one doing形式。a. The teacher’s coming here will help a lot.b. Would you mind my/me opening the window c. They insisted on our/us staying here a bit longer.18、with短语也同看作一种独立结构（作伴随状语，原因状语以及定语）。with sb/sth doing主动进行With nobody helping me, I have to do it myself.With winter coming on, it’s time to buy warm clothes.with sb/sth done被动、完成With nothing solved, he had to ask for more help.With sth being done 被动，进行With the road being repaired, we must choose another way.with sb/sth to do 表将来(可含有主动表被动的含义)With a lot of problems to settle, he feels much stress.19、一些动词习惯用不定式作宾补，eg: ask sb to do sth.这类动词有：want、wish、expect、ask、tell、 order、beg、allow、advise、persuade、force、forbid、help、get……etc.a. He asked the driver to stop the animal.b. We aren’t allowed to smoke here.注意：hope sb. to do/ demand sb. to do/ suggest sb. to do是错误的表达式，不能使用。20、感官动词如feel（感觉）、hear、listen to 、see、watch、notice、observe、find等后接宾补的情况。①感官动词+宾语+原形动词如hear sb. do sth.此时，宾语和宾补是主动关系，该宾补的动作强调已完成的整个动作或一个尚未发生的动作，变为被动语态时“to”要还原。如；see sb. do sth——sb. is seen to do sth②感官动词+宾语+doing sth此时，宾语和宾补是主动关系，而且强调该动作正在进行。a. We found him.b. We noticed a man.c. The boy was seen .③感官动词+宾语（+done）此时，宾语和宾补是被动关系。I noticed my wallet ,so I went to the police station for help.C 使役动词have、make、let也可类似（如上）的用法。My father had me help him with the farm work.He was made to clean the classroom for a week as the punishment for his being late for school.The teacher made us laughing all through the class.I will have/get my watch repaired to morrow.然而：The boy had his leg broken in the match.The farmer had his house blown away in the hurricane.21、非谓语动词的否定式。不定式的否定，只需在to前用not，即：not to do sth动名词的否定①not doing sth ②not having done③one’s/one not doing现在分词的否定①not doing sth②not having done过去分词的否定not donea. He told me not to play in the street.b. Not knowing how to do it, he asked me for help.c. Not allowed to go in, he had to wait outside.d. The boy made her mother angry by not taking the medicine.e. Do you mind my/ me not telling you it d. Not having finished my work, I was told to stay behind.(1)

展开更多......

收起↑