Ralstonia solanacearum is a very harmful plant pathogenic bacterium, and the plant bacterial wilt caused by it seriously affects the healthy production of tomato and potato crops. It has broad host varieties and can acquire new virulence through horizontal gene transfer and gene recombination to extend the host range. The pathogenic mechanism of R. solanacearum is complex, type Ⅲ secretion system (T3SS) is the key pathogenic factor, and the type Ⅲ effectors (T3Es) secreted by it play important roles in the pathogenic processand inhibit innate immune response of hosts at different levels. Moreover, plant hosts can recognize R. solanacearum effectors and activate effector-triggered immunity (ETI) to achieve disease resistance. In this review, the virulence and avirulence mechanisms of R. solanacearum T3Es were discussed and summarized, providing insights for further understanding the pathogenesis of R. solanacearum and the mechanisms of plant resistance to bacterial wilt.