恩格斯认为，在野蛮时代低级阶段，氏族“人口是极其稀少的。分工是纯粹自然产生的；它只存在于两性之间。男子作战、打猎、捕鱼，获取食物的原料，并制作为此所必需的工具。妇女管家，制备衣食——做饭、纺织、缝纫。男女分别是自己活动领域的主人：男子是森林中的主人，妇女是家里的主人。男女分别是自己所制造的和所使用的工具的所有者：男子是武器、渔猎用具的所有者，妇女是家内用具的所有者。家户经济是共产制的，包括几个、往往是许多个家庭。凡是共同制作和使用的东西，都是共同财产。”

Engels believed that in lower stage of barbarism, “The population is extremely sparse; it is dense only at the tribe’s place of settlement, around which lie in a wide circle first the hunting grounds and then the protective belt of neutral forest, which separates the tribe from others. The division of labor is purely primitive, between the sexes only. The man fights in the wars, goes hunting and fishing, procures the raw materials of food and the tools necessary for doing so. The woman looks after the house and the preparation of food and clothing, cooks, weaves, sews. They are each master in their own sphere: the man in the forest, the woman in the house. Each is owner of the instruments which he or she makes and uses: the man of the weapons, the hunting and fishing implements, the woman of the household gear. The housekeeping is communal among several and often many families. What is made and used in common is common property - the house, the garden, the long-boat.”

恩格斯所指出的这一概念，是氏族社会的一般特征，也是野蛮时代初级阶段的特征。在这个时代，人类社会的劳动分工仅存在于男女之间，也只存在于家族内。真正的社会范围内的大分工还没有开始。

He stated common features of gens society and lower stage of barbarism. In this stage, labor specialization happened between genders, and only within families. The whole-society labor specialization had not started yet.

后来，由于人类种族的繁衍，活动范围的扩大，对食物的需求增加，食物的种类和获取食物的方法日趋多样化。于是，人类社会发生了更大的变化。首先，人类在偶然间产生了剩余的生产生活资料时，体会到了储存积蓄的重要性。而为了无论严寒酷暑都能得到足够的、新鲜的食物，人类逐渐发现可以饲养和繁殖的动物——家畜的好处。于是，畜牧业得到了推广和发展，为此必须种植一些野生的植物作为饲料，其中的一些很快被当作人类自己的食物。因此，农耕就成了人类社会的有一种专门职业，最终促成了畜牧和农耕的大分工。

Afterwards, due to the reproduction of human beings and the extension of activity range, gentes needed more food and more methods to obtain food. Thus, a huge change of human society began. In the first place, when people produced surplus food and tools by accident, they noticed the importance of savings. To obtain enough fresh food in any seasons, they found some kinds of animals were culturable. As the result, animal husbandry was promoted and improved, and people should cultivate some wild plants as fodder, some of which were soon used as food for humans. Gradually, peasants became a professional occupation and led to the specialization of animal husbandry and agriculture in human society.

这一人类社会最初的劳动分工发生在野蛮时代的低级阶段，完成于野蛮时代的中级阶段，并大大推动了人类的发展。氏族组织也因为这一人类社会劳动大分工和社会大进化而达到了鼎盛。

The first specialization started at the lower stage of barbarism and completed at its middle stage. It promoted the development of human society, while bringing the gens organization to the top.

第一次大分工完成后，人类聚落便开始分为农耕与游牧两种部落。游牧部落生产了较多的食物和其他皮、毛等原料，逐渐产生了与其他游牧部落和农耕部落互通有无的需求，由此诞生了物物交换的原始买卖形式，家畜则起到以物易物时的货币的作用。这种部落间的贸易成为此后商业与货币的起点。

After that, clusters gradually evolved into agrarian and nomadic forms. As nomadic tribes produced more food and materials like fur and feather, they had a growing need to interact with other tribes. Barter appeared with livestock acting as currency.

由于大量的商品交换，畜牧业、农业、制造业得到长足的发展，于是对劳动力的需求也大幅增加了。又因为人口的增加，部落需要更广阔的牧场和耕地来提供食物，各部落间的战争变得更加频繁。在战争中所俘虏的其他部落或种族的人口，在更早的时候是要杀掉或吃掉的，但此时为了增加劳动力，便把俘虏们编程奴隶，用于日常生产。

Due to the prospering barter, animal husbandry, agriculture and manufacturing industries developed considerably, leading to the larger demand of labor. For feeding more labor force, tribes needed wider pastures and arable land. However, ownerless land is limited, which means more inevitable wars. In early warfare, captives were killed or eaten. But for more labor force, they were enslaved to the winning side and forced to work.

于是，奴隶制度和针对妇女的掠夺便从此开始了。

From then on, slavery and pillage on women started.