课程视频链接 https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Ux411g7iB

中国的历史、文化、经济、社会

六级为180—200个汉字

从句，非谓语动词

1、 通读原文，确定时态

2、 寻找主干，确定句型

3、 核对信息，避免遗漏

三、汉译英的基本技巧

汉译英时，为了充分传达原文含义，有时候必须增补词语，句意才完整。

【例题】三个臭皮匠，胜过诸葛亮

【译文】Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang, a mastermind.

中文句型达意，逻辑不明显，所以译文要加逻辑词（连词）

【例题】虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。

【译文】Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.

英汉的列举例子的方式差异

【例题】北京是中国的政治、文化中心。这里你可以游览万里长城、故宫、颐和园等。

【译文】Beijing is a political and cultural center that offers some scenic attractions: the Great Wall,  the Forbidden City, the Summer Palace etc.

【例题】为驱厄运、迎好运，家家户户都会进行大扫除。

【译文】It is also traditional for every family to thoroughly clean the house in order to sweep away ill fortune and to bring in good luck.

中文的无主句，在翻译时候要适当的加上形式主语或there be 句型

【例题】保护我们赖以生存的环境至关重要。

【译文】It is essential to protect the environment we are living in.

汉译英时，为了行文要求，在不影响译文的准确度的情况下适当的删减内容。

中文中有很多量词、助词和语气词，而英语中很少。

量词：两张桌子 two desks

动量词：歇一会儿 take a rest

助词：那个录像我看过了。

I've seen that video show.

副词：那些样品很有用。

The samples are useful.

【例题】对也罢错也罢，当妈的总是向着儿子

【译文】Mother is always on the side of her son, right or wrong.

一些广告公司 advertisers

许多大学生    college students

种种制度        systems

东部各州        the eastern states

这些外宾        the foreign guests

约翰逊一家     the Johnsons

【例题】全球化肯定会损害发展中国家的穷人的利益。

【译文】Globalization will sure hurt the poor in developing countries.

【例题】中美两国在政治、商务、教育、文化、国防和科技等领域的交往成倍地增加了。

【译文】Sino-America links have multiplied in politics, commerce, education, culture, defense and technology.

英语为了避免重复，往往使用一些代词或其他手段来代替前面所提到的人、物或动作。

【例题】你什么时候有空，就什么时候来我办公室。

【译文】Come to my office whenever you are free.

【例题】如果你自认为打败了，你就真的给打败了。

【译文】If you think you are beaten, then you are.

多个杂碎的汉语句子可以合译为英语的单句，使译文紧凑、简练。

【例题】母亲在谈到她的孩子时，也许有自豪感， 这是可以理解的。( 形容词）

【译文】The mother might have spoken with understandable pride of her child．

【例题】夜里冷风飕飕，那是十一月初，天下起了毛毛细雨，令我倍加难受.（名词）

【译文】The night was chilly—it was early November. A light drizzle added to my discomfort.

【例题】因为他没有遵守安全规则，机器出了故障。 （名词短语）

【译文】His failure to observe the safety regulations resulted in an accident to the machinery．

【例题】那个声音响个不停，我几乎没法工作。（中文通常把重点放在后面，英文通常放在前面）

【译文】I can hardly work with that noise going on.

【例题】她已试了好几次，要帮他们另找一所出租的房子，结果并未成功。（不定式短语）

【译文】She had made several attempts to help them find other rental quarters without success．

长句会使译文冗长、累赘、意思表达不清楚，所以采用分译使译文简洁、易懂、层次分明。

英汉双语的表述的习惯，主语的差异

【例题】众所周知,中国在2003年成功地发射了第一艘载人宇宙飞船。（中文习惯用人/国家做主语，英文习惯用事情/事物做主语）

【译文】As is known to all, 2003 saw/ witnessed the successful launching of China’s first manned spaceship.

【例题】昨晚在晚会上演奏莫扎特作品的是珍妮。（中文强调在后面，英文在前面）

【译文】It was Jane who played Mozart at the party last night.

前置定语：形容词、名词

后置定语：-Ing短语、-ed短语、 to短语、介词短语、形容词短语、定语从句。

英语顺线性延伸（在后面无限延伸）：

It  is a cat .

It is a cat that killed rats.

It is a cat that killed rats that ate malts.

It is a cat that killed rats that ate malts that lay in the house.

It is a cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in the house that was built by Jack.

汉语逆线性延伸（在前面无限延伸）：

好好的

照顾的好好的

把一切照顾的好好的

竟然把一切照顾的好好的

他竟然把一切照顾的好好的

没想到他竟然把一切照顾的好好的

的确没想到他竟然把一切照顾的好好的

她的确没想到他竟然把一切照顾的好好的

例：

Most of the people singing are the students．

What’s the language spoken in thatarea?

I have a lot of work to do today.

People in the world play basketball.

英文中几乎所有的词语都可以有词性变化，所以英语句式变化多端。

【例题】可以十点完成么？

Is it possible to finish it by 10?

Is there any possibility for finishing it by 10?

Can we possibly finish it by 10?

非谓语动词结构，介词短语结构，定语从句结构，分词作状语结构，用and连接

【例题】京剧中的其中一角色是生，代表着正义男英雄。

Sheng is one of the roles in Peking Opera, which symbolizes a male positive hero.

Sheng is one of the roles in Peking Opera, symbolizing symbolizes a male positive hero.

there be句型，被动语态，形式主语（It is + adj+ to do…）

无主句的例句：

下雨了（it is）

花园里种了很多花 （there be）

教室有很多人（there be）

据说他是骗子（被动语态）

没有安定的政治环境，干什么都不成

Nothing can be accomplished without a stable political environment.

【例题】现在必须采取措施来保护环境。

It is essential to adopt measures to protect the environment.（形式主语）

There is necessity to adopt measures to protect the environment.（there be 句型）

Measures should be taken to protect the environment.（被动）

It is high time that we protected the environment.（虚拟语气）

如：

我们的社会是一个和谐的社会（英文用one代替）

家家户户都会进行大扫除（each family）

方法：

代词替代，动词替代，分词替代，省略

【例题】我们的民族不再是一个被人们侮辱的民族了

【译文】Our nation is no longer one subject to insult and humiliation.

【例题】我们提倡和平共处的原则，这项原则目前在世界上已经越来越得人心。

【译文】We have advocated the principle of peaceful coexistence, which is now growing more and more popular in the world.

用诸如do so, do it, do that this, do the same等词语来替代。

【例题】你不愿意落后，他也不愿意落后。 

【译文】You don't want to lag behind, neither does he.

【例题】美国人已经在开始削减国防开支，我觉得俄国人也会这么做。

【译文】Americans are cutting the defense expenditure this year, I  think the Russians will do too.

【例题】你没有搞好，我是不满意的，得罪了你就得罪了你。

【译文】You have done a poor job and I am not satisfied, and if you feel offended, so be it.

【例题】人们认为美国队将赢得这场足球比赛， 彼得也是这么想的，我却认为并非如此。

【译文】People believe that the American team will win the football game, Peter thinks so,  but I believe not.

【例题】为了进一步推动中美关系的发展，中国需要进一步了解美国，美国也需要进一步了解中国。

【初级】To promote the development of the China- US relations, China needs to know the US better and the US also needs to know China better. 

【高级】To promote China-US relations , China need to know the US better, and vice versa.

主谓一致原则：

时态，人称，数的一致；注意There be 句型

清华大学有超过5千名留学生学习中国文化。

Tsinghua University have more than 5000 foreign students learning chinese culture.

There are over 5000 overseas students learning chinese culture in Tsinghua University.

汉语是一种意合性的语言，偏重于语意；英语是一种形合性的语言，偏重于形式

多年来秦始皇陵共计出土了约5000多件重要文物。

Over the years, about 5000 important cultural relics were unearthed altogether in Qinshihuang’s tomb.

【例题】When a representative exceeds his allotted time, the President shall call him to order without delay.  

【改进】(如果)代表发言超过规定时间，主席应督促他遵守规则。   

汉语用主动表被动，比如由让、给、由、据等词语；英语更喜欢使用被动语态，特别是在正式的书面文体。

【例题】要发展经济应当组织使用各种各样的人才。对那些真正有本事的人，在工资级别上可以破格提高。

【译文】To develop economy, different kinds of talented people should be organized. People of real ability should be especially promoted and given raise.

【例题】这些石材加工机器是为新建工厂而从意大利引进的。

【译文】These stone processing machines have been introduced from Italy for the newly established factory.

【例题】耶鲁大学以悠久的发展历史，独特的办学风格，卓越的学术成就闻名于世。

【译文】Yale is known worldwide for its long history, unique running style, and outstanding academic achievement.

英语 “先果后因”，即重心在前；汉语 “先因后果”，即重心在后。“循序渐进”顺序原则。

【例题】史密斯先生自己还不知道犯了什么罪，人家就把他逮捕了。 

【译文】Mr. smith was arrested when he himself was not aware that crime he had committed.

【例题】However, government intervention has been found necessary from time to time to ensure that economic opportunities are fair and accessible to the people, to prevent flagrant abuses, to dampen inflation and to stimulate growth. 

【译文】然而，为了确保人人均可获得平等的经济机会，防止公然的不正当行为，抑制通货膨胀并刺激经济增长，人们发现政府的干预常常是必要的

汉语讲求词语的均衡与对称

英语省略不重复; 且英语结构严谨，可以允许省略

所以，在英译汉时，一定要注意英汉各自的用词习惯。

【例题】我白天不时想到那个噩梦，晚上临睡时也会想到它。  

【译文】I kept going back to the nightmare at odd times during the day, then at night when I was being put to bed.  

英语同一意思有多种表达，比如：我认为/……..很重要？ 

汉语一般多重复

【例如】这只猴子最了不起的成就是学会驾驶拖拉机。到九岁的时候，这只猴子已经学会了单独表演驾驶拖拉机了。

【译文】The monkey's most extraordinary accomplishment was learning to operate a tractor. By the age of nine, the monkey had learned to solo on the vehicle.

【例如】他厌恶失败，他一生中曾战胜失败，超越失败，而且藐视别人的失败。

【译文】He hated failure; he had conquered it all his life, risen above it, and despised it in others.

又如：

一篇外文杂志描述《老友记》当中的主角。

Jennifer Aniston, Jennifer, Aniston, the former Friends star, the actress, and 45-year–old star…

中文：多用动词，句短简练，生动活泼，表面松散

英文：英语常用施动性的名词代替动词。句式多变，结构紧凑、逻辑性强。

天下起了毛毛细雨，令我倍加难受.（名词）

A light drizzle added to my discomfort.

【例】He was a clever man；a pleasant companion; a careless student；with a great propensity for running into debt，and a partiality for the tavern．

【译文】他是个聪明人，很好相处，可是学习不肯用功; 他老是东挪西借, 又喜欢上酒店喝酒。

进入耶鲁大学的校园，看到莘莘学子青春洋溢的脸庞，呼吸着书香浓郁的空气，我不由回想起40年前在北京清华大学度过的美好时光。

Entering the Yale university,  seeing the students’ young faces, and feeling the great academic atmosphere, I couldn’t help recalling my wonderful time  spent at Tsinghua University in Beijing 40 years ago.

汉语重人重主观，英语重物重客观。因此汉译英时，常将“人”的主语改为“物”的主语。

【例】为了探测月球的表面，人们一次又一次地发射火箭、卫星和飞船。

【译文】To explore the Moon's surface, rockets, satellites and airships were launched again and again.

【例】随着现代科学技术的迅速发展，我们能把各种各样的信息传到世界各地。

【译文】With the rapid development of modern science and technology, information can be sent to every part of the world.

表示主要的，重要的

primary, major, main, chief, important, essential, significant

表示充足的

enough, sufficient, plenty, abundant

表示适当的 

appropriate

表示提升，改善，加强

enhance, improve, strengthen

表示合法

valid, legal, lawful, rightful

表示卓越不凡

extraordinary, excellent, uncommon, remarkable, outstanding.

表示很有名气

well-known, noticeable, famous

表示义务，有责任去做

compulsory, required, obligatory

表示积极，主动

positive, proactive 

表示合理

sound, rational, correct, sensible, logical, reasonable

表示英勇

brave, bold, valiant, heroic, courageous, fearless

表示巨大

huge, large, giant, vast, enormous

表示牢固稳定

sturdy, strong, firm, tough, stable, hardy

表示声誉

reputation, fame, prestige

表示巅峰、顶点

tip, top, peak,climax

表示发现、探索

discover, seek, search, explore

表示增加

increase, enlarge, multiply, expand, raise, accelerate, broaden, magnify

表示减少

reduce, decrease, decelerate, lessen, debase, abate, diminish, decline, discount, subtract, deduct

表示转变

convert, change, transform, switch

表示提供、提交

offer, supply, provide, furnish, contribute, submit

表示构成、组成

constitute, consist, organize, form, erect, establish, compose, comprise

加快人才培养

accelerate the training of professionals

与……建立关系

establish relationship with

在……取得进步

make progress in/breakthough

发挥……的作用

play (central, crucial, decisive, essential, fundamental, important, key, leading, major, primary, prominent, significant, vital) role in doing…

共赢 all-win situation

双赢 win-win situation

互利共赢 mutual benefits and win-win situation

加强合作与交流 strengthen cooperation and exchanges

扩大内需 expand domestic demand

面对挑战 face challenge/ in face of challenge

越来越大的市场 ever-expanding market

提升竞争能力 strengthen the competitiveness

主办2008年奥运会 host the 2008 Olympic Games 

具有中国特色 with Chinese characteristics

抓住时机 seize the right opportunities

占百分之(10%) account for （10%）/ take up

达到（10%）reach (10%)

增长/降低百分之（10%）increase/decrease by/ to 10%

高速增长 develop at a high speed

保护环境 protect the environmentimprove living standards

改善环境质量 improve environmental quality

防止空气污染 prevent air pollution

重视环境保护 attach more importance to environmental protection

对……有重大影响 have great influence on

(旅游业)随时代进步而不断发展 (tourism) has been developing all along with the progress of the times.

和……展开合作 develop cooperation with

中国是一个历史悠久的文明古国，也是一个充满生机的东方大国。

As a country with a long civilized history, China is also one big oriental country full of modern vitality.

在……取得丰硕的成果 fruitful results have been achieved in

提高生活水平 improve living standards

造成/防止/应对污染 cause/prevent/tackle pollution

中华文明 Chinese civilization

文明摇篮 cradle of civilization（发祥地birthplace）

华夏祖先 the Chinese ancestors（华侨overseas）

明清两代 Ming and Qing dynasties

中国古代四大发明 the four great inventions of ancient China

火药 gunpowder

印刷术 printing

造纸术 paper-making

指南针 the compass

汉字 Chinese character

单音节 single syllable

汉语四声调 the four tones of Chinese characters

阳平 level tone

阴平 rising tone

上声 falling-rising tone

去声 falling tone

四书 the Four Books

《大学》 The Great Learning

《中庸》 The Doctrine of the Mean

《论语》 The Analects of Confucius

《孟子》 The Mencius

《春秋》 the Spring and Autumn Annals（Spring and Autumn period春秋战国时期）

《史记》 Historical Records

《诗经》 The Books of Songs;

《三字经》The Three-Word Chant

《三国演义》 Three Kingdoms

《西游记》 Journey to the West;

《红楼梦》 Dream of the Red Mansions

五言绝句 five-character quatrain

七言律诗 seven-character octave

八股文 eight-part essay;

重要文化遗产 major cultural heritage（非物质文化遗产Intangible Cultural Heritage）

优秀民间艺术 outstanding folk arts

文物 cultural relics

中国画 traditional Chinese painting

书法 calligraphy

水墨画 Chinese brush painting;

中国结 Chinese knot（结婚tie the knot）

旗袍 Cheongsam

中山装 Chinese tunic suit

唐装 Tang suit

文人 men of letters

雅士 refined scholars

高雅艺术 refined art

表演艺术 performing art

现代流行艺术 popular art, pop art

电影艺术 cinematographic art

京剧人物脸谱 Peking Opera Mask

生 the positive male role

旦 the positive female role

净 a supporting male role with striking character

丑 a clown or a negative role

马戏 circus show

单口相声 monologue comic talk, standup comedy

特技表演 stunt

相声 comic cross talk

杂技 acrobatics

皮影戏 shadow play;

说书 story-telling

武术 martial art

功夫 kung fu

武术门派 styles or schools of martial art

习武健身 practice martial art for fitness

气功 qigong, deep breathing exercises

拳击 boxing

篆刻 seal cutting

工艺, 手艺 workmanship

卷轴 scroll

泥人 clay figure

唐三彩 Trio-colored glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty

文房四宝 The four stationery treasures of the Chinese study --- a writing brush, an ink stick, paper and an ink stone

民间传说 folklores

寓言 fable

传说 legend

神话 mythology

对对联 matching an antithetical couplet

阳历 solar calendar

阴历 lunar calendar

天干 heavenly stem

地支 earthly branch

闰年 leap year

春节 the Spring Festival

元宵节 the Lantern Festival

清明节 the Pure Brightness Festival

端午节 the Dragon Boat Festival

中秋节 the Moon Festival

重阳节 the Double Ninth Day

古为今用, 洋为中用：

make the past serve the present and the foreign serve china

风水：Fengshui; geomantic omen

春运：the Spring Festival travel

把中国的汉字“福”字倒贴在门上(听起来像是福到)预示新年有好运：

turn the Chinese character for luck (fu) upside down to make “dao”(which sounds like arrival) and put it on your door to bring in good fortune for the new year

庙会：temple fair

爆竹：firecracker

年画：New Year painting

压岁钱：New Year gift-money/ lucky money

舞龙：dragon/ lion dance

元宵：sweet sticky rice dumplings

花灯：festival lantern

灯谜：lantern riddle

四合院：Siheyuan/ Quadrangle

亭/阁：pavilion/attic

剪纸：Paper Cutting

书法：Calligraphy 

针灸：Acupuncture

太极拳：Tai Chi

儒家文化：Confucian Culture

孟子：Mencius

人才流动：Brain Drain/Flow

红白喜事：Weddings and Funerals

天坛：Altar of Heaven in Beijing

故宫博物馆：The Palace Museum

敦煌莫高窟：Mogao Caves

小吃摊：Snack Bar/Snack Stand

北京烤鸭：Beijing Roast Duck

门当户对：Perfect Match

春卷：Spring Roll(s)

铁饭碗：Iron Bowl

莲藕：Lotus Root

火锅：Hot Pot