英语阅读细节类文章的五大类型

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英语阅读细节类文章的五大类型

2024-05-08 04:06| 来源: 网络整理| 查看: 265

4、正话反说。把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项(适用于寻找错误选项的题目)。

干扰项也是以文章中的某个细节设题,若不仔细辨别,很容易把它当成正确选项。干扰项有以下特征:

1、将原文内容扩大或缩小。把原文中的限定词去掉或替换,使该选项看似正确,实际上却是错误选项。

2、把未然当已然。改变文中某句话的时态,如把将来时变成现在时,把未发生的事情当成已发生的事情。

3、无中生有。即选项内容是根据主观想象或推测得出的结论,而文中并未涉及。

4、偷换概念。把原来做该事的“张三”换成“李四”,所述细节确实与原文一致,一不小心就会误选。

5、文不对题。这类题最不容易辨别,选项中的描述与原文完全一致,确属原文中的一个细节,这时要回到题干,看该选项是否能回答题干所提的问题。

下面结合最新高考试题,对细节题的不同类型加以解读。

1、直接信息题

对此类题型,考生可以首先从问题中找到关键词,然后以此为线索,运用略读及查阅的技巧在文中迅速寻找这一细节,找到后再把这一部分内容仔细阅读一遍,仔细比较所给选项与文中细节的细微区别,在准确理解细节的前提下,最后确定最佳答案。

【考例】

(2009湖南卷,B篇)61. How long does it take the battery to charge up an iPhone?

A. 15 minutes. B. 30 minutes. C. 1.5 hours. D. 3 hours.

【解析】A。直接信息题。快速查找题干中的关键词How long,charge up,iPhone,由第一段第一句Just plug RichardSolo 1800 into your iPhone once or twice a day, for fifteen minutes, and keep your iPhone charged up.可以得出答案为A。

(2009陕西卷,B篇)46. Edmonds entered the world of politics first as ________.

A. news secretary for a congressman

B. a speechwriter for President Clinton

C. news secretary in the White House

D. a speechwriter for Secretary Donna Shalala

【解析】A。直接信息题。快速查找题干中的关键词the world of politics,在第三段第二句话找到相关信息:He joined the world of politics as news secretary for his congressman (国会议员) from Baltimore During Bill Clinton’s presidency…因此答案为A。

2、间接信息题

做这类题目时,考生需要对原文信息进行加工处理,然后再进行进一步的推理或鉴别,这是介于事实细节题和推理判断题之间的一种题型,对考生来说有一定难度。

【考例】

(2009山东卷,A篇)57. Which of the following is true of the Hatches?

A. They had their children during the Great Depression.

B. They left the family farm to live in an old house.

C. They gave away their possessions to their neighbors.

D. They helped their neighbors to find jobs.

【解析】C。间接信息题。第四段第一句话说Hatch夫妇是在大萧条时期出生的(Children of the Great Depression, Ish and Arlene were known for their habit of saving.),而不是他们在大萧条时期有了孩子,排除A;第三段提到他们的老房子位于他们家的农场里,B错误;第二段提到他们帮助有困难的邻居们,但未提及帮助他们找工作,D项错误。C项说Hatch夫妇把他们的钱全都赠给了他们的邻居们,符合文意。

3、数字计算题

数字计算题也是近几年高考中常考的内容,此类试题是在文章中直接表现出来细节事实,有的要经过具体的计算才能够得出正确的答案。具体的计算题可以是对年代的计算、月份的计算或比例的计算等。文章中经常会出现许多数字,它们对解题产生一定的影响。解答此类试题的方法是先来理解文章的大意,然后经过对比、分析、计算等就能够得出正确的答案。

【考例】

(2009福建卷,B篇)61. The foreign drivers who break the traffic law and do not pay on the spot are likely to be fined up to _______.

A.£60 B.£300 C.£900 D.£980

【解析】D。依据文章第一段可知,这种罚款可高达900英镑(Foreign drivers will have to pay on-the-spot fines of up to£900 for breaking the traffic law to be carried out next month.),再依据第二段If they do not have enough cash or a working credit card, their vehicles will be clamped(扣留)until they pay — and they will face an additional fee of£80 for getting back their vehicles.可知本题选D,即当场不能交罚款的外国司机罚款的费用是900+ 80=980英镑。

4、排列顺序题

这种试题要求考生根据事件发生的先后顺序和句子之间的逻辑关系,找出事件发生的正确顺序。做这种题时可采用“首尾定位法”,即最先找出第一个事件和最后一个事件,迅速缩小选择范围,从而快速选出正确答案。

【考例】

(2009湖北卷,D篇)64. Which order of steps is followed in carrying out the project?

A. Assessment — Prototype — Design — Construction.

B. Assessment — Design — Prototype — Construction.

C. Design — Assessment — Prototype — Construction.

D. Design — Prototype — Assessment — Construction.

【解析】D。请看文章第二段:

Gerner manages school facilities(设施) for Clark County, Nevada, a district roughly the size of Massachusetts. By 2018, 143,000 additional students will enter the already crowded public-education system. Gerner needs 73 new schools to house them. Four architecture teams have nearly finished designing primary school prototypes(样品); they plan to construct their schools starting in 2009. The district will then assess how well the schools perform, and three winners will copy those designs in 50 to 70 new buildings.

根据第二段的描述,工程的实施应按照“设计—提供样品—评估—建设”的程序。其它程序都不符合标准的建筑要求。

(2008福建卷,A篇)59. What’s the right order of the events related to Tanni?

a. She works as a coach.

b. She took up athletics.

c. She won four gold medals in Barcelona.

d. She competed in her first Paralympic Games.

e. She achieved a victory in her first London Wheelchair Marathon.

A. b, d, c, e, a B. a, d, b, c, e

C. a, d, c, e, b D. b, d, a, e, c

【解析】A。排列顺序题。本题要求判断各个事件的先后顺序。观察文章的2~6段,注意几个表示时间的词(组):1984,1988,1992,in the same year,2007,可帮助考生迅速找到答案。

5、图表图画题

在有图表图画的阅读理解中,有的图表图画出现在阅读理解文章中,有的出现在选项中,这些图片的出现增加了试题的直观性,同时也暗含着和文章内容相关的信息。在解答此类试题的时候,一定要把握图表图画中所暗含的信息,特别是有些事实是通过图片来叙述的,我们可以采用按图寻找正确答案的方法。

【考例】

(2009安徽卷,D篇)71. The chart shows that from 2005 to 2008, ________.

A. the percentage of the Spanish families with a computer rose 35 points

B. the percentage of the White families with a computer remained unchanged

C. the number of the Black families with a computer was on the decrease

D. the number of the Asian families with a computer showed the sharpest increase

【解析】D。请看原文中的柱形图:

由柱形图可以清楚地看出,拥有电脑的亚洲家庭的数量急剧增加,其他三项表述都与图表不符,故D项正确。

(2007江苏卷,C篇)65. The package fee does NOT cover the cost of _______.

【解析】A。所给的四幅图画分别代表了“住宿”、“交通”、“游览”和“餐饮”。根据文章中“All Fee’s Included. No Hidden Cost.”可知这次游览的费用都包含在“Package Fee”里面,没有其它暗含的费用。但是由于这是一个总共5.7小时的游览,下午乘飞机返回还不耽误吃晚饭和看日落(in time for dinner and sunset)可知是不需要住宿的,因此“住宿”的费用不包含在整个费用之内。

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