高考冲刺：推理判断题型阅读解题技巧

题型介绍

推理题即要求考生在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，做出一定的判断和推理，从而得出文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理判断题属于主观性极强的高层次阅读理解题，做这类题目时，要严格依据作者所陈述的细节、事实以及作者的措词、态度和语气，找出能够表露作者思想倾向和感情色彩的词语，然后利用自己已获得的相关知识进行推理判断，从而得出符合逻辑的结论。此时应特别注意：当问及作者的看法、意图与态度时，不要误认为是在问“你”(考生)的想法切忌主观，要通过文章内容推断作者的意图，即作者本人在字里行间所表述的观点。

解题技巧

要通过文章的措辞、上下文关系以及文章的文体结构等来理解作者的意图和态度，领会作者的言外之意。不能用主观臆断代替文中作者的观点，不能以事实代替推理，不能以具体代替抽象、以现象代替实质。要特别注意那些描写环境以及反映作者情感、态度的语句。

正确选项的特点 【高清链接】不是文中直接或明确说明的内容, 是间接表达出来的，除符合文章主旨外，还符合逻辑，让考生有推敲的余地。另外，正确选项大多含义深刻,不是常识选项。注意不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点；推理的根据一定来自于上下文。

干扰项的特点

1. 夸大事实：对于原文中的细节或论断的某方面程度进行了夸大处理。

2. 无中生有：捏造原文并不存在的信息，并以此作为依据进行推理。

3. 掺入常识：根据考生已有的常识是正确的,但是却不是基于文章。

4. 推理过头：引申过度，使结论过于绝对化。◆

推理短文出处

提问方式

推理判断题

1 隐含意义的推断

2 因果推断题

3 作者意图，目的推断

4 人物性格，态度，观点推断

5 文章出处推断题

推断文章出处的设题形式有：

The passage is most likely to be taken from______.

Where would this passage most probably appear?

The passage is most likely a part of______.

解题技巧

这类问题应从文章的内容或结构来判断其出处：

1. 报纸：前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称。

2. 广告：因其格式特殊，容易辨认。

3. 产品说明：器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式，而药品的服用说明会告知服用时间、次数、药量等。

You may think that sailing is a difficult sport, but it is really not hard to learn it. You do not need to be strong. But you need to be quick. And you need to understand a few basic rules about the wind.

First, you must ask yourself,...

Let’s start with the wind blowing from the behind. This means...

If the wind is blowing from the side, it is blowing across the boat. In this case, you must...

Sailing into the wind is not possible. If you try, the sail will flap and the boat will stop. You may want to...

48. Where can you probably find the text?

A. In a popular magazine. B. In a tourist guidebook.

C. In a physics textbook. D. In an official report.

A。帆船运动是普通的一种体育运动，因此，本文很可能从流行杂志中节选。

推断写作意图

  提问方式

  考查整篇文章的写作目的

  The writer writes this passage in order to _____.

  The writer’s purpose of writing this passage is to _____.

  What is the purpose of writing this article?

  In writing the passage, the author intends to _____.

  考查某处细节的写作意图

  The writer uses the example of…to show that _____.

  The writer uses the two questions at the beginning of the passage to _____.

   …are mentioned in the first paragraph to _____.

技巧点拨 

推断作者写作目的和意图题的解题方法：

1 记叙文的特点，此类文章有时是单纯地讲述某个有意义或者令人深刻的经历以娱乐读者，但更多的时候会在首段或者末段呈现出高度概括性的语言，且往往有一定的哲理性，所有叙事都是围绕该哲理展开的。

2广告类应用文特点：里面有对某物品或者某项目详细的介绍，并充斥着明显支持倾向的煽动性语言。

3议论文结构：提出观点---进行论证--得出结论（提出解决问题的方法），阅读这类文章要特别注意最后一部分，因为作者的意图和观点往往就隐含其中。

4说明文的特点，内容涉及广泛，有时候就是说明一种新技术的特点，有时介绍一中社会文化，有时是谈论一项研究的发展及成果。这类文章的写作目的有赖于文章主题的把握，阅读时找准文章的主题句，或很好的对主题加以归纳。

写作意图通常可以概括为以下四种：报道（report），警告(warming)，阐述(explain 概念、原理等)，辩论（argument）.

娱乐读者的写作目的常见于故事类的文章。

说服读者的写作目的常见于广告类的文章。在这样的文章中，作者或是要推销一种产品﹑一种服务（to sell a product or a service），或是要通过对旅游景点﹑报刊杂志﹑影片﹑电视节目等的介绍来达到他的写作目的：吸引更多的游客﹑读者或订户﹑观众等。

科普类﹑新闻报道类﹑文化类或社会类的文章多为阐述某种概念、原理，或就某观点进行辩论，或就某现象提出警告，了解这类文章的写作目的有利于对文章主题的正确把握，阅读时有必要找准文章的主题句，或较好地对主题加以归纳．

Eating too much fatty food, exercising too little and smoking can raise your future risk of heart disease. But there is another factor that can cause your heart problems more immediately: the air you breathe.

Previous studies have linked high exposure (暴露）to environmental pollution to an increased risk of heart problem, but two analyses now show that ...

The authors of both studies stress that these risks are relatively small for healthy people and certainly modest compared with other risk factors such as smoking and high blood pressure. However, it is important to be aware of these dangers because everyone is exposed to air pollution regardless of lifestyle choices. So stricter regulation by the EPA of pollutants may not only improve environmental air quality but could also become necessary to protect public health.

56. The author’s purpose of writing the text is most likely to        .

A. inform     B. persuade    C. describe     D. entertain

A。本文是一篇说明文，主要意思是说明人们所呼吸的空气和心脏病的发病率之间的关系，由此可知作者的写作目的是告知人们一个事实。

推断作者态度

提问方式  

The writer’s attitude toward… is______.

The writer thought that ______.

According to the author, ______.

 干扰选项

此类试题的干扰项通常具有以下特点：或是自己的某种看法或观点，或是社会的一种普遍的倾向，或是与本文无关或与作者相反的观点或看法等。

 解题技巧

When Frida Kahlo's paintings were on show in London, a poet described her paintings as “ a ribbon （丝带）around a bomb”. Such comments seem to suggest Kahlo had a big influence on the art world of her time. Sadly, she is actually a much bigger name today than she was during her time.

Born in 1907 in a village near Mexico City , Kahlo suffered from polio（小儿麻痹症）...

Unfortunately, her works did not attract much attention in the 1930s and1940s, even in her home country....

What is author’s attitude toward Kahlo?

A. Devotion       B. Sympathy       C. Worry      D. Encouragement

B。态度推理题，bomb, sadly和Unfortunately告诉我们这是一个悲剧，a ribbon告诉我们主人公很积极乐观，说明作者是同情的态度。

推断结论

提问方式  

结论推断题常以infer, imply, suggest, conclude, learn, intend等词提问，提问中往往含有表示推测的情态动词，如can, could, would, should等以及其他表示可能性的词probably, most likely等。例如：

From the test, it can be inferred that _______.

The passage suggests that _______.

Which of the following best describes...?

 解题技巧

要求考生根据语篇关系， 推断具体细节， 如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根据短文提供的信息， 或者借助生活常识进行判断推理。

推断细节题的方法

1）寻读，首先通过寻读找到相关的信息点。

2）研读，不但要理解相关信息的字面意义，而且要由表及里，由浅入深的分析推理，在文中提供的信息为依据，结合语境和尝试，在字面意义的基础上进行符合逻辑的推断，从而理解作者的言外之意。

（2015年天津卷B篇）While household robots today do the normal housework, social robots will be much more like companions than mere tools. For example, these robots will be able to distinguish when someone is happy or sad. This allows them to respond more appropriately to the user.

41. How are social robots different from household robots?

A. They can control their emotions.  

 B. They are more like humans.

 C. They do the normal housework.  

 D. They respond to users more slowly.

首先根据题干的信息“social robots different from household robots”，定位文章“much more like companions than mere tools”，结合后面例子中的等内容，可以判断出答案为B。 A项提到情感，但没有提到“控制情感”，理解有偏差；C项没提到差别；D项appropriately和slowly有区别。

真题再现

【链接高清】

1. For those who are tired doing the laundry, Samsung has found an answer: a washing machine that can tell you when your laundry is done via a smartphone app (application).

Strange though it may seem — “my wife already does that” was a common response among attendees viewing the device when it was introduced at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) this week — Samsung is just one of many appliance makers racing to install (安装) a large number of internet-connected features in machines in an effort to make them “smart”.

What can be inferred from the common response of the attendees at the CES?A. The machine will be a big success.B. their wives like doing the laundry.

C. The machine is unrelated to their life.

D. This kind of technology is familiar to them.

2. As a young boy, I sometimes traveled the country roads with my dad. He was a rural mill carrier, and on Saturdays he would ask me to go with him. Driving through the countryside was always an adventure: There were animals to see, people to visit, and chocolate cookies if you knew where to stop, and Dad did…..

 It can be inferred from the passage that the writer regarded his travels with Dad as ______.

A. great changes to help other people

B. happy occasions to play with baby chickens

C. exciting experiences with a lot of fun

D. good opportunities to enjoy chocolate cookies◆

3. Prof. Baker’s publish has stated that this new book will soon take the place of all the old standard works in this field: in view, however, of both the style and content of Prof. Baker’s book, I find this claim most difficult to accept. (2015天津高考)

What is the writer’s attitude towards Prof. Baker’s book?

  A. Positive                            B. Praiseful

  C. Negative                 D. Ironic

4. ...But he was also a mystery. In spite of many invitations, he would always decline to visit Oxford. So in 1897， Murray finally decided to travel to Crowthorne himself. When he arrived, he found Minor locked in a book-lined cell at the Broadmoor Asylum for the Criminally insane.

Murray and Minor became friends, sharing their love of words. Minor continued contributing to the dictionary, sending in more than 10,000 submissions in 20 years. Murray continued to visit Minor regularly, sometimes taking walks with him around the asylum grounds.

In 1910, Minor ...

Minor died in 1920, seven years before the first edition of the Oxford English Dictionary was completed. The 12 volumes defined 414,825 words, and thousands of them were contributions from a very scholarly and devoted asylum patient.

Which of the following best describe Dr. Minor?A. Brave and determined    B. Cautious and friendly C. Considerate and optimistic   D. Unusual and scholarly

5.                Make Up Your Mind to Succeed

What does the author think about the present generation?

A. They don’t do well at school. B. They are often misunderstood.

C. They are eager to win in sports. D. They are given too much praise.

6.  Inside the pleasingly fragrant cafe, So All May Eat(SAME) in downtown Denver, the spirit of generosity(慷慨)is instantly noticeable: A donation box stands in place of a cash register. Customers here pay only what they can afford, no questions asked.

A risky business plan, perhaps, but SAME Café has done one unchangeable thing in the Mile High City for six years: Open only at midday, the restaurant provides poor local people with healthy, delicious lunches six days a week. Those unable to pay for their meals can instead volunteer as waiters and waitresses, and dishwashers, or took after the buildings and equipment for the cafe.

“It’s based on trust, and it’s working all right” , says co-owner Brad Birky, who started the café in 2006 with his wife Libby. Previously volunteering at soup kitchens, the Birkys were dissatisfied with the often unhealthy meals they served there.

“We wanted to offer quality food in a restaurant where everyone felt comfortable, regardless of their circumstances,” Birky says. SAME’s special lunch menu changes daily and most food materials are natural and grown by local farmers. The café now averages 65 to 70 customers (and eight volunteers) a day. And the spirit of generosity behind the project appears to be spreading. In early 2007,one volunteer who had cleared snow for his meals during the long winter said goodbye to the Birkys,” He said he was going to New Orleans to help with the hurricane clear up,” says Birky.

The author’s attitude towards running such a café is_______.

A. unfavorable     B. approving         C. doubtful     D. cautious

7. ... “I truly believe we're at a golden age of agriculture. Global demand is at an all-time record high, and global supplies are at all-time record lows,” said Matt Rush, director of the Texas Farm Bureau.” “Production costs are going to be valuable enough that younger people are going to have the opportunity to be involved in agriculture”...

According to Matt Rush, American agriculture will provide opportunities for younger people because__________.

A. the government will cover production costs

B. global food supplies will be even lower

C. investment in agriculture will be profitable

D. America will increase its food export

8.  ADDISABABA, Ethiopia —One of the world’s most famous fossils (化石) — the 32 million-year-old Lucy skeleton(骨骼) unearthed in Ethiopia in 1974 —will go on an exhibition our abroad for the first time in the United States, Officials said Tuesday.

    Even the Ethiopian public has only seen Lucy twice. The Lucy....

The author writes this text mainly to _______.

A. introduce a few U.S. museums         B. describe some research work

C. discuss the value of an ape-man   D. report a coming event

9.  There was a message to telephone the police in California. There would be an autopsy; they suspected suicide. In the room where my father died, the police told me on the telephone, were many empty liquor bottles and empty barbiturate pillboxes. Much later the police told me that the general squalor of the scene—my father lying on his stomach naked, his head under a chair, “legs and feet together pointing eastward” in the language of the death report—combined with the awful smell in the dank, tiny room to argue, even to case-hardened cops, hopelessness. This suicide was no mystery. It made sense to me. I thought my father had every reason to welcome death, and I had always assumed he would try to control his history to the very end. It’s nothing. But the autopsy a few days later revealed a death from congestion of his arteries; probably, when he died, he wanted to live forever...

We can infer from the passage that _______.

A. the writer lives in California

B. the writer hates policemen

C. the writer is a Catholic

D. the writer’s father was living alone when he died

10.  Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since. A man who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can still swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water. He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away. He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son. A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" or remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears.

One explanation is the law of overlearning, which can be stated as follows: Once we have learned something, additional learning trials(尝试)increase the length of time we will remember it. In childhood we usually continue to practice such skills as swimming, bicycle riding, and playing baseball long after we have learned them. We continue to listen to and remind ourselves of words such as “Twinkle, twinkle, little star” and childhood tales such as Cinderella and Goldilocks. We not only learn but overlearn.

The multiplication tables(乘法口诀表)are an exception to the general rule that we forget rather quickly the things that we learn in school, because they are another of the things we overlearn in childhood.

The law of overlearning explains why cramming(突击学习)for an examination, though it may result in a passing grade, is not a satisfactory way to learn a college course. By cramming, a student may learn the subject well enough to get by on the examination, but he is likely soon to forget almost everything he learned. A little overlearning, on the other hand, is really necessary for one's future development.

(T1) According to the author, being able to use multiplication tables is _______.

A. a result of overlearning    B. a special case of cramming

C. a skill to deal with math problems  D. a basic step towards advanced studies

(T2) What is the author's opinion on cramming?

 A. It leads to failure in college exams.   B. It's helpful only in a limited way.

  C. It's possible to result in poor memory.  D. It increases students' learning interest.

答案与解析

1. C。根据文章第二段中的… “my wife already does that” was a common response…可以推断，大多人对于这种新型洗衣机不大感兴趣，因为衣服大多是妻子洗，认为洗衣机跟他们的生活没多大关系。

2. 定位：Driving through the countryside was always an adventure.

C。根据adventure判断那是一段充满乐趣和刺激的冒险经历。答案C符合文意。

3. C。寻读到文章这一段之后发现，第一句提到优点，但随之用一个however引出作者的态度“difficult to accept”，因此答案为C，不要仅仅根据第一句“take the place of all the old …”就选定答案A。

4. D。从文章的最后一句话可以推断Minor很博学，对做学问很投入，但他同时又是一个精神病人。因此用devoted, scholarship, unusual等描述他最贴切。

5. D。根据第一段中的“professor Carol Dweck, PhD, calls them ‘the overpraised generation.’”可知：他们被表扬的太多了。

6. B。通读全文可知，透过所做标记的那些词，可以看出作者对这种经营模式是赞同的。

7. C。根据第五段中“Global demand is at an all-time record high, and global supplies are at all-time record lows”可推断Matt Rush认为，全球对农业的需要达到了最高，而全球的供应则达到了最低，故在农业上投资肯定会获利，即C项正确。

8. D。这是一篇新闻报道，作者写这篇报道的目的就是：报道埃塞俄比亚的古老化石去美国展出的事件。故选D。

9. D。A项不对，如果作者住在加利福尼亚，就没有必要专门提及加州；B项不对，因为文中没有提到作者恨警察；C项不对，如果作者是天主教徒，就会反对自杀。D项正确，正因为作者的父亲独居，才是警察发现尸体。

10.  (T1)A。根据文章第四段“because they are another of the things we overlearn in childhood.”可知，乘法口诀仍然是儿童过度学习的结果。

(T2)B。根据文章的最后一段中的“By cramming, a student may learn the subject well enough to get by on the examination, but he is likely soon to forget almost everything he learned.”可判断作者的态度：突击学习只在有限的方面有帮助。所以B正确。