1.     论点的三个部分 

论点的第一部分是陈述，即对论点的内容进行简短的阐释。第二部分则是论据，用以支持陈述。论据分为经验论据（empirical warrant）与分析论据（analytical warrant）两种。经验论据包括客观真理，示例，统计数据（evidence）。而分析论据则是一种逻辑上的论述。

论点中的影响要解释“为什么提出这个论点很必要”，或“为什么评委要关注这个论点？”为了做到这点，影响需要具备两个特质：尽量凸显论点影响之大，建立与基本框架的联系。

2.     反驳技巧

（1）     积极的认真的听你的对手的论点

（2）     补全所有的论证要素

a)       论证要素包括：结论、理由、前提（隐含）、证据、影响

b)      例：

结论：救命药物的专利系统造成了我国救命药物的价格太高

理由：专利作为一种法律允许的壁垒使得专利持有人避免了自由竞争，形成了垄断

前提（隐含）：我国对救命药物采取专利体系

证据：跟据xxxxxxxx的研究显示中国石油市场的垄断导致了油价高于国际平均水平

影响：造成了很多我国生命垂危的病人用不起药

（3）     不要反驳的2种情况

a)       跟辩题无关/该论点对辩题没有影响no impact

b)      你之前做过研究对方说的是对的，或者反驳起来太花时间：把时间用在对手漏洞最多的点上

（4）     质疑前提premise

（5）     对证据的反驳：割裂证据与理由之间的关系或提出相抗证据

（6）     举出反例并且讲述反例的普遍性

（7）     削弱对手论点的影响

Ways of rebuttal speech:

Structure of an argument (2 ways)

1.     ARE—argument, reasoning, evidence

2.     CWI—claim, warrant, impact

3 ways to describe impact

1.     Magnitude

a)       Money, human lives, effectiveness, morality, etc.

b)      Compare

2.     Risk: how likely something is going to happen

3.     Timeframe: our team’s contention is more urgent than our opponents. Sense of urgency. We need to act now.

Offensive argument & Defensive argument

a.      Offensive: you propose a contention that is opposite to the opponents.

a)       E.g. opponents: video games hurt your eyesight; respond: your eyesight can be effectively improved

b.     Defensive: defend the argument, why you do not loose

Link turn: “cause”, steal opponent’s argument (the opponent’s argument is supporting our side)

Impact turn: turn the opponent’s impact exactly the opposite

Remember to compare the impact of to sides in the summary/final focus speech

Summary/final focus speech

1.     No new arguments, unless it is responding to a rebuttal

2.     Introduce new evidences is OK

Ways:

1.     Comparative Worlds

a)       Comparative framework (1 min their world+1 min our world)

b)      Framework: 30sec

c)       Remaining time: why our team is superior

2.     Rebut the rebuttal

a)       Go over our team’s contention one by one and rebut opponent’s rebuttal

General notes:

1.     Concise.

2.     Use things in crossfire against them.

3.     Explain logical fallacy.

4.     Be clear about your constructive speech.

5.     Be offensive.

6.     Don’t panic.

Framework:

Telling the judge why we should win thee round

Get away biases from the judges

1.     definition

Do definitions to set up other arguments.

e.g. talk about the definition of gene editing if con, not including food which can crash pro’s food argument.

We need source for the definitions.

Merriam-Webster/oxford dictionary

For gene-editing debate, BETTER USE A MEDICAL DICTIONARY.

2.     criteria: the most important issues of the debate

(we do not need criteria for gene editing topic)

3.     types of framework:

a)       comparative framework]

b)      utilitarianism (care about the results): Greatest amount of good for the greatest amount of people (related to impact); there will be people not getting benefits or getting harmed, but more people will be benefited

c)       deontology (care about what you do)

                   i.           problem: might be unrealistic, right does not means good

d)      interpretive framework: narrows the topic using specific framework

4.     categorical imperative

a)       universal moral law

b)      if people are not moral, law should be moral

c)       autonomy

Note:

1.     framework can be rebutted. If the opponent’s framework narrows the topic way too much or loose the educational benefits, we can win the debate by framework.

2.     All arguments should be related to the framework, especially the impact.

Crossfire:

1.     FACE THE JUDGE, NOT THE OPPONENT. STRONG BUT POLITE.

2.     The questions should be short, 10 seconds or so. Directly ask a question.

3.     Don’t state a fact and say “Do you know that?” If the opponent said this, say “It is not a question!”

4.     Types of questions:

a)       Clarification

b)      Source check [Is the source biased? If it is a think tank (center… foundation… project)]

c)       Set up your own arguments

d)      Attack

5.     Answer Questions:

a)       Answer questions directly (not allowed: my partner will explain the question later)