主要题型

1.识记

词汇是语言的三大基本要素。每个单词都有其发音与书写形式，表示一定的意义。音、词、义是一个单词的三要素，掌握一定量单词的正确发音、词形和基本词义是正确运用语言的基础。“词汇替换”中，词汇“识记”是重点测试内容之一。从该类题的构成特征来看，题干句子一般结构简单，选项中单词词形和词义差别较大，只要识记了这些单词，结合意就能够选出正确选项。

2.理解

很多单词存在一词多义现象。对单词的“理解”意味着不仅要掌握其词形与词义，而且能够判断该词在具体语境中的词义。在 CATTI词汇测试部分，该类题目涉及的单词多为高频词，考生需根据题干提供的语境，选择被测单词的具体词义。

[真题示例]选自2016年(上)第23 题

Yahoo news says that January 17 is commonly known as the day when New Year's resolutions are ditched, and some psychologists believe many people give up even faster.

A.amended

B.abandoned

C.altered

D.affected

3.综合应用

“综合应用”类的考题要求应试者在掌握单词的词形和词义的基础上，能够结合题干内容，准确抓取题干的关键信息点，理解句意要旨。该类题目所涉及的考点一般更复杂，千扰选项有较大迷惑性。

[真题示例]选自2017年(上)第40题

As an American songwriter, singer, artist and writer, Bob Dylan has been influential in popular music and culture for more than five decades. and many of his songs chronicled social unrest.

A.indicated

B.recorded

C.mirrored

D.protested

测试重点

一、测试重点分析

同义词辨析能力是“词汇替换”测试的重点，应试者应对常用词汇的词汇聚合关系有较为深入的认识。通过对 2016 年(上)至2018 年(上)真题中“汇替换”题型要点的分析，发现基本特征如下：

1.同义词辨析的基本类型与特征

单纯词义辨析:四个选项中，仅有一个选项与画线单词意思相近，其他三个单词词形完全不同，词义相差甚远。

形近词辨析:四个选项的单词词形相近，有相同词缀或者单词部分字母组合相同但词义差别很大。

近义词辨析:四个选项有两至三个选项的词义相近，但在语体或搭配等方面有别。

2.选项词汇辨析类型出现频次

从以上数据可以看出，“词汇替换”测试重点为应试者对词汇的概念意义(conceptual meaning)或认知意义 (cognitive meaning)的掌握，而词汇的蕴含意义、情感意义以及联想意义等不是本部分测试要点。

二、测试重点解读:词汇学视角

“词汇替换”与“词汇选择”相似，也是考查学生的词汇量、词汇知识和综合运用能力，基本内容可参见第一章相关讲解，在此从词汇学视角对“词汇替换”测试内容进行解读,简略说明词汇考点背后的词汇学基础知识,说明“鱼”与“渔”二者的关系。

1.词汇测试内容类型

词汇知识主要有词汇形式(包括发音与拼写)、词义(既包括单词的基本含义，也包括词义关系)、搭配与构词法。从“词汇替换”真题的特征分析可以看出，词汇形式的测试主要体现为词形辨析，包括单纯的词义辨析与形近词的辨析；词义测试主要体现为近义词辨析，也隐含了对词汇搭配和构词法知识的考查。

2.积极词汇与消极词汇

词汇量是评价学习者语言水平的可比性参数之一，因而词汇量测试也是 CATTI笔译综合能力试题重要内容。一个人词汇掌握情况具有层次性，一般而言，所能辨识的词汇数量远远多于能灵活运用的词汇量。人们在读到某个单词时能大概猜出它的意思，却不一定能够说出或拼写。从语言学角度，词汇量的掌握类型可作如下分类：

在CATTI笔译综合能力测试中，近义词辨析等题目为积极词汇的测试，要求应试者能够正确拼读和使用，掌握该词汇的语法功能、搭配用法和文化含义等，而单纯词义辨析和形近词辨析为消极词汇测试，要求应试者辨认、理解基本词义即可。因而在词汇学习中不仅应扩大词汇的数量，也要注重提高词汇量的类型层次。既要重视词汇积累，将陌生单词变为消极词汇量的一部分，同时也应重视高频词汇的理解与掌握在辨认词形和掌握常用词义的基础上灵活运用。

那么，在浩瀚的词汇海洋里，哪些词汇是 CATTI三级笔译水平的学习者应该掌握的呢?在诊断性测试和学业测试中，词汇测试内容相对明确，被测词汇可从相关的教学大纲或课程要求得知，但是水平测试旨在考查受测者词汇量是否能使其胜任未来的相关行业的工作和学习。CATTI考试属于水平考试，因此词汇测试内容相对灵活。

一门语言中一些词的使用频率比另一些词高，一些使用频率高的词却只分布在为数甚少的语言环境中，就是说整体覆盖率较小。一般来说，如果一个单词的使用频率越高，覆盖率越高，那么它就越重要。CATTI三级笔译考试大纲要求考生词汇数量在5000以上，是以使用频率较高、覆盖率较高的词汇为测试主体。

3.词汇基础知识

有些单词在词汇学习中常被列为高难词汇，但从构词法角度或是词源知识等角度看，该类词汇的理解与运用并不太难。词汇学是语言学的重要分支，是关于词汇的系统性知识。CATTI二级考生有必要掌握词汇学基础知识，这是扩大词汇量、提高词汇理解与运用的途径之一。在此简要介绍构词和词源基础知识，在“解题思路”与“解题步骤”以及本单元的“词汇替换”题型练习中也将结合这些内容进行解析。

(1)英语构词基础知识

英语单词由词素构成，词素是构成单词的原子。复杂词是由词根和一个或多个词缀组成。英语词汇的构词方式如下表所示:

（2)英语词源基础知识

英语中的单词不是字母的简单堆积。很多单词都有它的“前世与今生”,有着历史变迁的印记。词源知识是了解英语词汇历史的重要门径，在此仅从 CATTI三级笔译综合能力测试要求出发，简略说明英语词汇的成分构成，介绍来自拉丁语、希腊语和法语的常见词根与词缀。

英语经历了古英语、中期英语和现代英语三个发展阶段，历时约 1500 多年，很多单词的词形、读音与词义在历史长河中发生了变化。英语在演变过程中也吸收了大量欧洲以及殖民地国家语言的词汇，形成非常复杂的词汇来源。英语词汇的词源成分主要为盎格鲁·撒克逊语言、法语、拉丁语、希腊语、斯堪的纳维亚各族语系成分、意大利语、汉语和日语等。盎格鲁·撒克逊语言是古英语的主要词汇来源，后来大多数古英语单词被法语和拉丁语的词汇代替，但保存下来的古英语单词多为高频词，涉及社会生活诸多方面的表达，例如 time，winter，ship，cock，book，all，about，alive和 write 等。下面介绍几种重要的外来语成分。

解题步骤

“词汇替换”重点考查词汇识记，同时也间接考查考生对于句子结构的快速辨识能力。通过对 2016年(上)到 2018 年(上)真题的分析可以看出，“词汇替换”的题干句子结构相对简单，蕴含的语法知识点均为基础知识。与“词汇选择”相比，“词汇替换”的题干为完整句，提供了明晰的语境，应试者仅需找出与题于画线词的同义表达即可，解题步骤如下。

一、提炼句意，判断画线词含义

只有理解题干语境才能确定画线单词的词义，因此需要浏览题干，领会其关键信提炼句子大意，在此基础上重点观察画线词在句中的词性与搭配，判断其词义。

[真题示例]选自2016年(下)第27题

Not one to be easily frightened, the corporal remained composed while the opposing army pressed toward his troop's position.

A.calm

B.cross

C.cozy

D.casual

二、浏览选项，找出同义替换项

由于“词汇替换”题是同义替换，考生在明确画线单词或短语的意思之后，接下来需找出选项中的同义替换项。选项词汇常见情形一般可分为三种。

1.干扰项为形近词

[真题示例]选自2017年(上)第37 题

The study of the properties of numbers, Plato tells us, habituates the mind to the contemplation of pure truth, and raises it above the material universe.

A.modification

B.meditation

C.maintenance

D.mediation

2.干扰项为近义词

[真题示例]选自2016年(下)第23 题

Clara Brodeur tried hard to pull herself away from her famous mother, the renowned photographer, whose towering reputation rests on the nude portraits she took of her young daughter.

A.notable

B.apparent

C.conspicuous

D.prominent

[真题示例]选自 2018 年(上)第 31 题

Despite the objection of his parents, he left home quietly and moved to a village situated at the southern tip of a little island.

A.prong

B.end

C.nib

D.part

解题技巧

一、直接查找画线词的替换项

由于答题时间有限,对于句子结构简单、语境明晰的题目,应试者直接查看画线词然后粗略浏览题干，就可从选项中筛选出需要的同义词。

[真题示例]选自2018年(上)第34题

The police have got the evidence to sue him, which was shot with a miniature camera.

A. digital

B.portable

C.tiny

D.secret

二、利用构词或词源知识筛选

[真题示例]选自2018年(上)第 22题

Leading politicians in the campaign to pull the UK out of the European Union are changing fast on a number of pledges, particularly over extra money for health care.

A.backlashing

B.backpedaling

C.backfiring

D.backsliding

三、依据逻辑词和关键信息的提示

[真题示例]选自2016年(下)第22题

Because their roots are external and their leaf bases clasp, palm trees are rigid and upright, yet elastic enough to bend in strong winds.

A.eligible

B.fexible

C.thin

D.soft

四、依据语境推理

[真题示例]选自2017年(上)第 32题

When the boss asked me if I wanted my own column, I immediately said yes, although I had no idea how I was going to pull off this column. But I was convinced that it should somehow be about me and my friends.

A.accomplish

B.postpone

C.submit

D.fulfill

专题练习

1. Everyone has devised a smart mcthod of handling our dark side.

A.perceive

B.conceived

C.deceived

D.conceded

2. A way of avoiding that would be to feed new gas from Turkmenistan into Southern Gas Corridor. But renewed American sanctions on Iran preclude this option. Thcy also hinder the development of rich gas resources in Iran, which could have otherwise been exported to the EU.

A.accelerale

B.expedile

C.impede

D.promote

3.Restraint of instinctive impulse may lead to psychological problems.

A.Inhibition

B.Inheritance

C.Inhabitant

D.Inhibitor

4.They use games and drawings to illuminate their subject.

A.pacify

B.purify

C.clarify

D.crucify

5.His intelligence was great, his power of reasoning impressive, but his emotional nature was meager.

A.slanted

B.shackled

C.scandalous

D.scant

6.Mr. Lukashenko never embraced free markets and democracy, or privatised Belarus's state factories. Instead, he guarantees full employment, at the cost of stifling productivity.

A.hug

B.reject

C.accept

D.include

7.The late Chantal Akerman, a Jewish filmmaker from Belgium whose family was ravaged in the Holocaust, was a frequent visitor to and occasional resident of the United States.

A.demolished

B.undermined

C.destroyed

D.breached

8.The Electronics Show wanted to show off its software powered by artificial intelligence that it embeds in its products.

A.advertises

B.inserts

C.upgrades

D.promotes

9.Trade-war clouds begin to disperse. Tax cuts and looser monetary policy in China start to stimulate private-sector spending. That stirs other Asian economies.

A.gather

B.scatter

C.float

D.darken

10. It is necessary to make some considerable modification to the existing pension system.

A.alternate

B.alteration

C.anteriority

D.antenna

11. There are no known biological hazard of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) because, unlike X-ray, MRI uses radiation in the radiofrequency range which is found all around us and does not damage tissues as it passes through.

A.jeopardy

B.calamity

C.damage

D.venture

12. As the German rich mingle with plutocrats elsewhere and their companies have globalised, they are starting to become a little less diffident.

A.temperamental

B.confident

C.bashful

D.arrogant

13. They had been forced to uproot their vines and plant wheat.

A.abdicate

B.dedicate

C.radicate

D.eradicate

14. Dealers grew concerned over the sliding dollar and gloomy prospects for economic recovery.

A.receding

B.daunting

C.delightful

D.promising

15. One of the first papers to explain these ideas was published in 1972 by Armen Alchianand Harold Demsetz.

A.exceed

B.elucidate

C.execrate

D.elevate

16. The economist raises the alarm about the apparently parlous state of America' public finances. The subject gripped Washington in 2010s but has since been mostly disregarded.

A.prominent

B.perilous

C.prosperous

D.preceding

17. The goals included a halt to new coal mines in countries that still supported the industry, backing for research on issues facing the region and increased funding to help poor countries prepare for extreme weather.

A.swap

B.stoop

C.swoop

D.stop

18.Yet his name had once meant almost nothing. He was illegitimate, and his mother, obliged to conceal his father, had meant to call him “Zeffiretti", little breeze, after a Mozart aria.

A.compromised

B.compelled

C.compiled

D.comprised

19.Many of the traits that our culture associates with boyhood - things like achievement, adventure and risk - are not inherently harmful cultural constructs. They are innate characteristics that must be shaped, molded and channeled to virtuous ends.

A.beliefs

B.visions

C.prospects

D.perspectives

20.Eighteenth-century portraits are full of well-groomed animals. But never have so many people kept pets, nor have they fawned over them as much as they do now. For better or worse, an almost global pet culture is emerging.

A.flattered

B.fattened

C.flashed

D.flared