The high-grade pathogenic microbiological laboratory is the highest level of biosafety protection (level Ⅳ), as well as an important technical platform for the detection and scientific research of highly pathogenic microorganisms. It is also a barrier to protect staff working in the laboratory and the external environment from infection and pollution. Recently, severe infectious diseases caused by strongly pathogenic microorganisms spread throughout the world. In order to satisfy all major biological defense demands, various countries have started to intensify efforts to build high biosafety level laboratoreis for the study of dengerously pathogenic microbes. This article is an overview of the scientific progress of high-grade pathogenic microbiology laboratories in key technologies, equipment development, as well as the construction of national level Ⅳ laboratory in China.