自动化/控制工程专业英语整理第一弹——对“控制”的理解

eg.面试问题：“用英文解释一下什么是控制”在本文中就有答案~

一、相关词汇（干货，一定要熟悉）

disturbance                 n.扰动

parameter                   n.参数

modification                n.修正,修改

domain                       n.域,领域

open-loop                   n.开环

closed-loop                 n.闭环

discrete                      adj.离散的

multivariable               n.多变量

model                         n.模型;v.建模

linearization                n.线性化

hardware                    n.硬件

dynamic response           动态响应

transfer function              传递函数

frequency domain            频域

time domain                     时域

state variable                   状态变量

matrix algebra                  矩阵代数

differential equation         微分方程

difference equation          差分方程

performance criteria        性能指标

development system       开发系统

二、理解阅读

      The word control is usually taken to mean regulate，direct，or command. Control systems abound in our environment. In the most abstract sense it is possible to consider every physical object as a control system.

       In many cases，the design of control system is based on some theory rather than intuition or trail-and-error. Control theory is used for dealing with the dynamic response of a system to commands，regulations，or disturbances. The application of control theory has essentially two phases;dynamic analysis and control system design. The analysis pha-se is concerned with determination of the response of a plant (the controlled object) to commands，disturbances，and changes in the plant parameters. If the dynamic response is satisfactory，there need be no second  phase. If the response is unsatisfactory and modification of the plant is unacceptable，a design phase is necessary to select the control elements (the controller) needed to improve the dynamic performance to acceptable levels.

      Control theory itself has two categories : classical and modern. Classical control theory ,which had its start during World War III，can be characterized by the transfer function concept with analysis and design principally in the Laplace and frequency domains. Modern control theory has arisen with the advent of high-speed digital computers and can be characterized by the state variable concept with emphasis on matrix algebra and with analysis and design principally in the time domain. As might be expected，each approach has its advantages and disadvantages as well as its proponents and detractors.

      As compared to modern approach，the classical approach has the tutorial advantage of placing  less emphasis on mathematical techni-ques and more emphasis on physical  understand-ing.  Furthermore，in many design situations the classical approach is not only simpler but may be completely adequate. In those more complex cases where it is not adequate, the classical approach solution may aid in applying the modern approach and may provide a check on the more complete and exact design. For these reasons the subsequent articles will introduce the classical approach in detail.

翻译：

    “控制”一词通常用来指调节、指导或命令。控制系统在我们的环境中比比皆是。在最抽象的意义上，可以把每个物理对象看作一个控制系统。

    在许多情况下，控制系统的设计是基于某种理论，而不是直觉或试错法。控制理论用于处理系统对命令、规则或干扰的动态响应。控制理论的应用本质上有两个阶段；动态分析和控制系统设计。分析阶段涉及确定设备(受控对象)对命令、干扰和设备参数变化的响应。如果动态响应令人满意，则不需要第二阶段。如果响应不令人满意，并且设备的修改不可接受，则需要设计阶段来选择将动态性能提高到可接受水平所需的控制元件(控制器)。

    控制理论本身有古典和现代两大类。经典控制理论始于第三次世界大战，其特点是传递函数概念，主要在拉普拉斯和频域进行分析和设计。现代控制理论是随着高速数字计算机的出现而出现的，其特点是状态变量概念，强调矩阵代数，主要在时域进行分析和设计。不出所料，每种方法都有其优点和缺点，也有其支持者和反对者。

    与现代方法相比，经典方法的教学优势在于不太强调数学技术，而更强调物理理解。此外，在许多设计情况下，经典方法不仅更简单，而且可能完全合适。在那些不够充分的更复杂的情况下，经典方法解决方案可能有助于应用现代方法，并可能对更完整和准确的设计进行检查。由于这些原因，后续文章将详细介绍经典方法。

下一弹：拉普拉斯变换与传递函数