i

/

Indiana University Publications Graduate School

Uralic and Altaic Series

THOMAS

A.

SEBEOK,

Editor

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Nicholas Poppe (University of Washington), and Andreas Tietze (University

of California, Los Angeles), Consulting Editors

American Studies in Uralic Linguistics, Edited by the

Indiana University Committee on Uralic Studies (1960)

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(continued inside back cover)

t._._

BASHKIR MANUAL

Vt5f

~

H L9~1 AMERICAN COUNCIL OF LEARNED SOCIETIES Research and Studies in Uralic and Altaic Languages

BASHKIR MANUAL Descriptive Grammar and Texts

with

A Bashkir-English Glossary

Project No. 68

BASHKIR MANUAL

Nicholas Poppe

,.. cl

{University of Washington}

x.

by

This text was developed pursuant to a contract between the United States Office of Education and the American Council of Learned Societies and is published with the permission of the United States Office of Education.

-­

\.I)

by

Nicholas Poppe

Indiana University Publications Uralie and Altaic Series, Vol. 36

August, 1962 Published by

Indiana University, Bloomington

Mouton & Co., The Hague, The Netherlands

1964

J

INDIANA UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS

'I

II

PREFACE

Graduate School The present book is designed as a manual of the Bashkir lan­ guage. It consists of three parts. Part I contains a descriptive gram.mar written along the same lines as my Buriat Grammar (In­ diana University Publications. Vo1. I of the Uralic and Altaic Series. Bloomington. Indiana. 1960) which follows. in plan and method, the Hungarian Grammar by Robert A. Hall, Jr. (Vol. ZO, 4. Suppl. to Language. Journal of the Linguistic Society of America, Language Monograph #Zl, 1944). Although my sources on Bashkir are enu­ merated in O. Z., I wish to point out that I used mainly those listed under B. Grammars and D. Problems Morphology. The second part contains a nwnber of original Bashkir texts selected with the purpose of giving students of Bashkir material for reading and translation. The texts were taken from the latest pub­ lications. It should be emphasized that the whole modern literature of the Bashkirs and all the other peoples of the USSR is communistic in spirit and contains much propaganda. exaltation of the Soviet regime and vilification of everything that is not communistic, religion in general and particularly Islam. Therefore. the facts related in the texts or their interpretation should not be taken at their face value but the texts should be regarded only as material for language study. The inclusion of these texts can be justified. however. by the fact that they are typical of modern Bashkir literature and are specimens of Bashkir language as taught in Bashkir schools. not to mention the fact that it is practically impossible to find modern Bashkir pub­ lications free from communist ideas and propaganda. The texts are reproduced with the title pages of the books con­ cerned and. therefore, no bibliographic data need to be supplied here. The third part contains a glosDary which contains only such words which occur in the texts.

URALIC AND ALTAlC SERIES Volwne 36

Copyright @ 1964 by Indiana University No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means without the permission of the publishers

Composed at the

Indiana University Research Center in

Anthropology, Folklore, and Linguistics

All orders from the United States of America and from

Canada should be addressed to the Editor, Uralic and Altaic Series. Rayl House. Indiana Universitr. Bloomington, Indiana Orders from all other countries should be sent to Mouton &: Co., Publishers, The Hague. The Netherlands

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 63-64521 Printed in the United States of America

Seattle. Washington. May 1 Z. 1962

,, I

The vowel phonemes are:

[i]

la/

[a]

High - mid - low l.

2. 3.

High: Mid: Low:

Ii, ii, ul Ie, a, 0, i, la, al

0,

::>1 1301

Rounded versus unrounded

1. 2.

Rounded: Iii, 0, u, 0, ::> I Unrounded: Ii. e, a, a, i. al

The phonemes Ie, :;,1 occur only in loan words from or through Russian and, therefore. when discussing the native vowel phonemes, they will be omitted. The vowel phoneme Iii has no correlate in the series of back vowel phonemes, and this is responsible for the assymetry of the system of the Bashkir native vowel phonemes:

Iii I

[=1

/01

Ie]

l"if

fa]

high-front, unrounded, rather close to Eng­ lish ea in beat: Ibir I "give!" mid-(rather mid-high) front, unrounded, classified as mid-mixed-narrow in Turcologic literature, lax, acoustically resembling the English unaccented e in a syllable preceding an accented syllabI;: e. g., electric: lasl I ?as] "work"; Ibal! [ball "know!" low-front, unrounded, acoustically resembling English ai in hair: lalal "now": Itanl "hu­ man body"; Itai5ral "window". high-front, rounded, centralized, acous­ tically resembling Swedish or Norwegian ~ in hus "house": liilanl "grass"; Ikiii51 "eye". between =id (mid-high)-wide-round and high­ front-wide- round, centralized, lax. reduced. somewhat resembling '3.coustically the Eng­ lish unaccented e before r. e. g., 101051 "part, po-;'tion"; 16lpol "bunch"; Ikonl "day". mid (mid-high)-back. wide, lax. reduced, being the back correlate of lal in the system;

Bashkir Manual

8

Phonology \"

lal

[i)

[a]

acoustically resembles the Russian hl but differs from the latter in that it is a mid (mid-high) and back vowel, whereas Russian IiI is a centralized unrounded vowel and higher than Bashkir /'i /; being greatly reduced. Bashkir IiI sounds like Russian !I: or .£ in a syllable following or pre­ ceding an accented syllable, e. g .• like Rus­ sian XOJIO,u "cold": /l6 I "soot"; lir'i61 "happiness"; 1'i6111 "smoked" (e. g .. fish). 1 o. low-back, wide, slightly rounded, re­ sembles somewhat English !I: in all; occurs

in the first syllable (open or closed) and in closed non-first syllables, becoming less and less rounded the farther from the first syllable: latl [?£t'] "horse"; Ibariql [blW~q] "fish"; la'Yasl [£'Y!l.s] "tree"; 2 low-back, wide, unrounded, res embling English a in father; occurs in open non-first syllable;: Ibulal [buJ..a] "he is"; laral [?ll.ra] "interval" . high-back, close, more or less identical with English 00 in book: lutinl [?ut'~n] "wood" (as fuel); ltunl [t'un] "fur coat". mid (mid-high), wide, rounded, greatly re­ duced; the position of the tongue is the same as when articulating [l;)] but the position of the lips is that when articulating [u]: 10101 [616] "great"; Itotjl (t'6tj] "salt". Q.

luI

[u]

101

[6 ]

1. 3.

The Consonant Phonemes.

Ipl

[p']

Ibl

[b)

voiceless fortis. impulsive, aspirated bilabial pressure-stop identical with English .E in~; occurs in all positions: Ipart>'al "curtin"; lapayl "aunt"; Iqapl "sack". voiced lenis, unaspirated bilabial simple stop; its articulation is weak due to the fact that the lips do not produce a complete closure. the consequence being that, in fast speech. the resulting allophone makes the acoustic impression of a bilabial fricative [13]. The phoneme Ibl does not occur in

Iml

Iwl

If I

,) Ivl

161

1t>1

It I

'f Idl

~

~

9 syllable- or word-final position: Ibasl "head"; Ihabanl "plough". [m] voiced bilabial nasal identical with English m in man: Imayl "butter"; Ikomosl "silver"; /qoml "sand". [w] bilabial "semi-vowel" identical with English w: Iwaql "fine"; lawall "at the beginning"; Itawl "mountain", Notes 1 o. In syllable- and word-final position the allophone [w] is often tran­ scribed as []:!]: Wi'll "mountain".

2 o. The semi-vowel Iw I merges with the preceding Iii or lal to [il] or [a] respectively: Ihiwl [hill "water"; luq'i.-I "to read" + I-wi results in [uqii} or [uquw}; Ibaya- I "to dance" + I -w I results in [bay{i] or [bayiiw]. voiceless dentilabial fricative identical with English occurs only in loan words: Ifalanl "somebody"; Ifilosofl "philosopher". [v] voiced dentilabial fricative identical with English~; occurs only in loan words in the speech of educated people and is commonly replaced by Ib/: Ivagonl "railroad car"; Isovetl "Soviet". [~ ] voiceless dental fricative ($lit) identical with English th in thin; does not occur initially: Ibaal "squeeze! to; IbafJiml "pressure"; loetall "table". [tj] or [0'] voiced dental fricative (slit) identical with English It> I th in they; does not occur initially: Ihatjl "you"; lotjonl "long". [t'] voiceless fortis, slightly aspirated alveolar simple stop, more or less identical with English t in tin: ltunl [t'un] "fur coat"; Itotl [t'at'] "hold! "; lutinl [?ut'anJ "wood" (as fuel). [d] voiced lenis, unaspirated alveolar simple stop. more or less identical with English d in door; occurs initially and medially in Tnte~lic position and after 1m. n, L r, g/: Idurtl "four"; lidaral "rule"; Ikildal "he came".

Bashkir Manual

10

Icl

[c]

lsI

[s]

Izl

[z]

/11

[1]

[1-]

Inl

[n]

/rl

[r]

leI

[i]

lsI

l'il

[;]

[i]

11

Phonology

€i)

voiceless dento-alveolar affricate. slightly palatalized; occurs only in loan words and is commonly replaced by /sl [s]: lcikll "'cycle". voiceless alveolar fricative, identical with English ~ in sun: Isiisl "hair"; Iqasanl "when ?"; /a'Yasl "tree". voiced alveolar fricative identical with Eng­ lish z in zone; occurs only in loan words: Izar! "'sadness"; Ikiiziil "goat"; Iyaw'izl "evil. ferocious". 1 o. voiced light alveolar lateral. more or less identical with German 1 in Leben; occurs in the vicinity of front vowels: Ilii'Yniitl [lii'Yniit'] "curse. malediction"; liliikl [?iliik'] "sieve"; Ibf)ll [bf)ll "know!" 0 2 • velarized (dark) alveolar lateral, more or less identical with Russian [1-] in pa1-ka "stick": occurs only with back vowels: Iyul/ [yu1-] "way, road"; Ibalal [b£loa] "child"; lall [?&1o] "pink". voiced alveolar nasal, identical with the Eng­ lish ~ in nose; occurs in all positions, in­ cluding that before a velar consonant phoneme: Inuqtal "'halter"; lunl "ten"; /qanatl "wing"; Iqan'Yal "'to the blood": Iqanl "blood" + I-'Yal dative. alveolar trill identical with Italian or Russian ::: Irael "true, genuine"; Ibar/ "is"; laral "'interval" . voiceless alveopalatal affricate. greatly pal­ atalized. the stop element of which is weak due to the incomplete closure, the consequence being that it is often replaced by Is I. i. e .• a slightly palatalized alveopalatal fricative; occurs only in loan words: leanl "'wooden vat" • voiceless, slightly palatalized alveopalatal fricative: /SartI "'condition"; lasl "'food"; lasal "over". voiced, slightly palatalized alveopalatal fricative; occurs initially and finally (=

.,..

in loan words: Izurnall "journal"

Iyl

[y]

/kl

[k']

Igl

')

Ixl

[x]

[xl lUI

[UI

Iql

[q]

I'YI

['Y]

f

~

L

Bashkir Manual

12

I?I

[?1

..

glottal stop identical with the Arabic .~; has a phonemic value only in medial position in borrowings from Arabic: Ita ?sirl "in­ fluence" . voiceless glottal fricative, frequently a simple aspiration in syllable-initial position: Ihlwl [hu.1 "water"; Ihuml "ruble"; Ihaqall "beard"; Igonahl "sin".

Ihl

[h1

1.4.

Occurrence of Phonemes.

V

1. 42.

liil "but"

laql "white"

lurtl "fire" (only fire set to old grass)

Idal "also" (particle)

Ikut51 "eye"

Ikurkl "beauty"

Ibl Ibayl "rich"

Iml Imayl "butter"

Iwl (semi-vowel): Iwaql "fine, consisting of small particles"

If I IfaFanl "somebody"

It I Itur I "the honor place where guests are seated"

Idl Idilrtl "four"

lsi Isaql "time"

Izi Izarl "sorrow"

/11

•

Occurrence o f vowels.

101

lagall "light" (opposite of heavy); Ihatsl "you"

lat5ar/ "ready"; Isa'Yatl "hour"

I ill am I "death"; Ikull "lake"

lonl "voice"; Ikoll "cinder, ashes"

/lei "soot"; Isiqtal "halter"

laql "white"; Iqaral "black"

luql "arrow"; Itu'Yit51 "nine"

lonl "flour"; Itoqom I "posterity"

1. 43.

Inimal "what"

Ikildal "he carne"

I oylo I "having a house"

I alt'i I "six"

Iqaral "black"

10101 "great"

Ilayiql "deserving"

Ina'Yis I "embroidered pattern"

Irael "true"

Isaqmaql "cube"

lya'Yal "collar"

Ikilll "lake"

Igoll "flowers"

Ixalql "people"

Iqaral "black"

/'Yaw'Yal "noise"

Iha't5l "you"

All native consonants, with the exception of Idl, occur medially in intervocalic position:

liganl "crops"; Iminl "I"

Only the following vowels occur finally and in the non-first syl­ lables in general:

lal lal 10 I /11 lal 101

Inl Ir I lsi Iyl Ikl Igl Ixl Iql Ihl

There are no native words with adjacent vowels.

All vowels occur initially and medially in the first syllable:

Iii lal lal lui 101 III lal

13

Excluding modern loan words, only the following consonants occur in word-initial position.

1. 41. The syllable is the smallest unit of word- structure. The following types of syllable- structure occur in native words (V = vowel; e = consonant):

ve vee ev eve evee

Phonology

•

Occurrence o f consonants. ~

I

~

Ibl Iml Iwl If I lei /'151 It I Is I III Inl Ir I 151 Izl Iyl Ikl

lapayl "elder sister, aunt" (younger sister of the father or mother)

Ibabayl "old man"

Ikomosl "silver"

,Iawanl "obedient"

lofol "Ufa, the main city of the Bashkir Republic"

Ika8al "pocket"

lit5all "large river"

latal "father"

Iqasanl "when?"

lalal "motley, spotted"

lanai "there!" laral "interval" lasal "over" Ibazal "the husband of the sister of Ego's wife" layaql "foot" Itakal "male of certain animals, buck"

Bashkir Manual

14

Igl Ixl IIJI Iql Iryl Ihl

ligrml "crops"

laxir I "end"

IUIJay I "convenient, profitable"

Iyaq'inl "near"

Iyaryal "collar"

Itah1rlaw I "to make noise"

r I

•

The following consonant phonemes occur in final position:

Ipl Iml Iwl 191 1'151 It I lsI III Inl Irl Is/ Iyl Ikl IIJI Iql

Ikiipl "much"

Iqoml "sand"

Itawl "mountain"

la91 "ermine"

la'l5l "little" (opposite of much)

latl "horse"

1051 "end"

Ikiill "lake"

lunl "ten"

Ibarl "is"

Ibasl "head"

Ibayl "rich"

Ikiikl "blue"

laIJI "sense"

laql "white"

•

The following geminate consonant phonemes occur:

Ippl : Imm/: 1'15'151 Ittl Issl 1111 Ikkl Iqql

lapparyiml "my beloved, darling"

Itamma91 "does not drip"

la'l5'15'ir-1 "to demoralize"

I attanl "from the dog" laryassal "in the manner of a tree" I aHa I "I do not know" Ikiikrakkal "to the breast" luqqal "to the arrow"

The following consonant clusters have been found in native words and borrowings:

Ipm/: Iptl Ipsl Ipll Iprl Ipsl Ipkl

Itapmal "malaria fever" /taptil "he found" ItapsIql "chip" I qaplanl "tiger" Iyapraql "leaf" Itapsirmal "commission" liipkal "lung"

, L_ I

\, ~

l

15

Phonology

Ipql : Iphl :

Itaphaml "if I find"

Imdl Imsl Imzl Imll Imrl Im'Sl Imgl Imryl Imh/:

Itamdir-I "to make drip"

Iqamsil "whip"

liInzal "signature"

limla-I "to give medical treatment"

lumrawl "collar-bone"

Iyomsaql "soft"

limgakl "burden, nuisance"

Iqomryanl "pitcher"

Ihomhot51 "shameless"

IWbl : Iwm/: Iwfl IW'l51 Iwsl Iwll Iwnl Iwsl Iwkl Iwgl Iwryl Iwhl

Itawbal "repentance"

lawmaqayl "unstable"

Itawfikl "virtuousness. good manners"

lyaw'l5'ir-1 "to cause rain"

lawsII "hunter"

lawlaql "secluded"

lawnaql "unstable"

Iqawsaql "timid"

Ilawkapl "flashing"

Itawgal "primary"

Iryawryal "noise"

Igawharl "diamond"

lebl 19m I let I leI I 19r1 19kI leql 19h1

lifJ'oatl "corroboration"

la9mal "steep. precipitous"

I aet'ina/"underneath"

l'I5bl I '15m I 1'1551 lrill l'I5nl l'I5rl l'I5gl l'I5ryl I 'I5h I

la'l5barl "'cow shed"

larimanl "'hybrid, mongrel"

I a'l5sillql "minority"

Iqapqasl "lid" (of a container)

la911-09I'61 "two-storied"

Ibaerawl "press"

li9kal "old, obsolete"

IbaeqIsl "stairs"

Ikiehal "if he cuts"

laril'iql "insufficience"

larinal "week"

larirasl name of a silken cloth

liirigarasl "change"

lari1inl "'corrupt, demoralized"

la'l5h'in-1 "to be dissatisfied"

I

Bashkir Manual

16

Itbl Itml Itsl Itll Itr I Itsl Itkl Itql Ithl

Ibitbildlq I "quail" fij.tma81 "blunt" latsal "dog-keeper" latHI "having a horse" Itatra-I "to shake" (intr. ) Ibatsal "tsar" li'itkarl "sharp" Ibatqaql "dirt" lath'it51 "having no horse"

Isml Istl Isll Isrl Iskl Isql Ishl

Ibismal "do not cut!" lasfir-I "to cause to open" laslanl "by no means" losra-I "to meet" laskal "internal" losqaql "flying" loshozl "endless"

Ilpl Ilbl Ilml Ilwl IItI Ildl Ilsl Ilyl Ilkl Ilgl Ilql /1'Y I Ilhl

I alpamisal "giant"

In:ml : IntI Indl Insl Ingl In'Yl Inhl Irpl Irbl Irml : Irt51 :

-­

....,.... C'l IA

I

lalbasfil "vampire" lalmasl "shift"

Ixalwal "halvah. name of a sweet" laWI "six"

lalda-I "to deceive" lalsaql ufriendly" lalYlpl "becoming exhausted, tired" Ik'Olk'Ol ulaughter"

lalgala-I "to weigh" (on scales) Iqalqanl "shield"

I al'Yil "fore-. the one which is in front"

lalh'iw I "pink"

Irtl Irsl Irzl Irll Irnl Irzl Irkl Irgl Irql Inl Irhl

larfil "its rear"

Isml : Istl Issl Iskl Isql Ishl

Idosman/ "enemy, foe"

Ibastal "at the beginning"

Iqossa/ "in the manner of a bird"

Itiskasl "drill"

/tisqi/ "outer"

Itashati/ "toothless"

Ikml Iktl Iksl

Ikll

Ikrl

Iks I

Ikhl

likmakl "bread"

Ib'Okt'O / "he bent" (tr.)

Iki'iksal "gad-fly"

Iqml : Iqtl

Iqun:ma81 uwill not spend a night"

/qansal "how much?" Ik'Ongal Uto the day"

Iqan'Yal "to the blood" Iqanhlt51 "having no blood"

larpal Ubarley" J

larsa/ "juniper"

/arzanl "cheap"

Itarla/ "various"

lfirnaq/ "nail, claw"

Itarzamal "translation"

lirkakl "male" (animal)

lirganakl "dwarf"

larqal "spine"

/artl/ "being farther away"

Iqarhaq/ "small"

Ibikla-I "to close, to lock up"

Iki'ikrakl "breast"

Iki'iksall "old, worn out"

Iki'ikhall "bluish"

Iqyl Iqhl

Isuqmarl "club" (stick)

Ibaqta/ "the hair or wool of domestic animals at the

time of shedding" laqsal "money" laqlanl "open space in a forest, lawn" laqrinl "slow" Iqaqsa-I "to become shaky, unsteady or weak in the joints" laqyor / "vehicle for transportation of hay" laqha-/ "to limp"

Ixm/

laxmaql "stupid"

/IJrn/ Iusl lUI/

lausal "sleeve cover"

IUrl I Ukl

laUral "stupid"

liUkewl "sloping. slanting"

Iqsl

Iqll

Iqrl Iqsl

lantl "oath"

Iqondot51 "beaver"

larbal "carriage, vehicle" lurmanl "forest" lart5aqfil Uesteemed"

17

Phonology

IhaIJrnanal "did not get absorbed"

laUlatmal "explanation"

I

L

.. ! . ,J.; _C>

...

,l::•

Bashkir Manual

18

Iggl Igql

IfJY I Inhl 1. 5.

r ,

M

5 o. The final syllable of the imperative forIns of the I st and 2nd person is not stressed and the stress rests on the preceding syllable: lalay'iql "let us take!"; luq'il"read!"; Iba9t'ir/"Inake press!" 6 0 • The adverb suffix I-sAl does not take the stress which rests on the preceding syllable: Ibasqortsal "in Bashkir" (e. g., talk Bashkir). 7°. The Arabic. Persian, Russian. and other loan words have the stress on the original accented syllable.

Juncture.

Compound juncture.

In words compounded of two independent words, the juncture between the latter is close before a consonant, and open before a vowel. The stress is not renewed on the otherwise stressed syllable of the second component of the compound. The compound juncture is marked as I-I: laq-qosl "swan". In official orthography such compounds are written together:

alCKom 1. 52.

1. 6.

Morphophonemic Alternations.

1.61. Vocalic harInony. The vocalic harInony manifests itself in that in one word (this applies only to native Bashkir words), unless it is a word COInpound. either only front vowels or only back vowels Inay occur. This Ineans that in simple words of Turkic origin either only Ii. a, ii, 01 or lu, 'i;' o. al Inay occur. This kind of harInony is called the palatal harmony. The vocalic harInony Inanifests itself also in that in a syllable imInediately following a syllable with 101 or there Inay occur only or 101 respectively but no lal or l'il. This feature is cal­ led the labial harmony. The labial harInony does not affect the Inid (Inid-high) vowels la, 'il when the vowels or '01 are separated froIn the forIner by a syllable which contains lal or lal respectively. The palatal and labial harInony affects the vowels of words which cannot be analyzed and all suffixes. The rules of vocalic harmony (both palatal and labial) are re­ presented in the following table:

[? iqqes] "swan".

a.

Stress.

The stress is expiratorial and rests in native words, with the exceptions listed below, on the last syllable. When a word is in­ flected and suffixes are added. the stress shifts upon the latter. Of several suffixes the last one takes the stress: latl "horse", latqal "'to the horse". lattarl "horses", lattaryal "to the horses"; Ikitapl "book", Ikitaplar I "books", Ikitaplarlbrtsl "our books", Ikitaplari­ b'ititianl "froIn our books". The exceptions are: 10. Prepositional particles used with adjectives, adverbs, and verbs do not have a stres s of their own and are proclitic: Ibik-Inatur I "very pretty". 20. Postpositions and postpositional particles are enclitic:

Itaw-09tondal "on the Inountain"; I~l-dal "he as a Inatter of fact";

ImatUr-Ylnal "quite pretty"; lat-q'inal "only a horse".

3 o. The predicative suffixes on nouns. and personal endings on verbal forms do not take the stress. The stress rests in such cases on the syllable preceding the predicative suffix or the personal ending: lalyand'i.rl "he probably took"; IbasiaY1In/"I begin";, Ibarahlgl "thou goest"; lalasaqm'inl "1 shall take"; IhatqanInlnl "I have sold"; luq'iws!In'inl "I am a student".

19

4°. The suffix of the negative verbal steIn l-mA-1 does not take the stress. The latter rests on the syllable preceding the suf­ fix I-InA-/: /:alInan'iInI "I did not take"; lyatiInahal "if he does not write"; lasamal "do not eat!"

IkilJgawl "coInplication of a disease" lagqawl "palate" I a fJYarma9tan I "unintentionally lalJhit51 "unintelligent"

Open juncture is the interruption of the breath- stream after a phoneme. Close juncture is the absence of interruption of the breath­ streaIn between two phonemes. 1. 51.

Phonology

'0'

'0'

'0'

First syllable Ii. a. ii.

101

. ~

1

/1, a, ul

'0'

iiI

Following syllable

la. al 10, al /1, al 10. al

Bashkir Manual

20

T

21

Phonology The vowel of the suffix is

Examples:

lal lal 1031 101 I'll 101

IbisrhahaM

>rhahaIi l'!haha

"if 1 make"

Singular

Plural

l-hAml I-hAUl I-hAl

l-hAKI

5!hahcrn: 5lhahaFbq

l'!hahaJIap

l-hAG~til

l-hAIArl "if we make"

Bashkir Manual

46 lIhaMahaM

lIhaMahali

lIhaMaha 2.343.

"if I do not make" lIhaMaharc "if we do not make" II h aMah aFhq

lIhaMahaJ1ap

The imperative.

lIha "make!"

lIhaMa "do not make!"

2 0. The imperative of the 2nd person plural. Zero-suffix to which the possessive suffix of the 2nd person plural is added, i.e., I-G'3ltsl to stems in a vowel, 1-'3lG'3lt51 to stems ending in a consonant: lIhaFliq "make!" lIhaMaFliq "do not make!" urerrlain!" lCaJIliIFlil9 "do not remain!" ~aJIMaFliq 3°. The imperative of the 3rd person.

Suffix l-h'3lnl in the suffix l-h'3lndAr I (i. e. ,

The optative.

The optative has only forms of the 1 st person. Suffix I-Ayl on stems ending in a consonant; suffix I-yl on stemS ending in a vowel. Personal endings (of the 1 st person) of the second group are added: Singular Plural Examples:

fI hathlM lIhaMathIM lIhaM1m II h aMat\1m:

I-Ay'3lm, -y'3lml

1- Ay'3lK, -y'3lKI

"let "let "let "let

me do!"

me not do!"

us do!"

us not do!"

2.351.

me take!" me not take!" us take!" us not take! ..

The verbal nouns.

The first noun of action ("the doing").

Suffix I-wi on stems on stems ending in SIhay fthaMay aJIhIY aJIMay

/- '3l-/

Suffix

plural suffix I-LAr/) in the plural:

"let him make!"

lIhahliIH "let him not make! " .IlhaMah1lH

"let them make! " fIhah1IH,llap

"let them not make! " II h aMah1IH,llap

"let "let "let "let

The verbal nouns are substantives formed from any verb- stem, both positive and negative. They are inflected like any noun. Most of them denote the process of an action ("the doing". "the walking", etc.), and are often translated with an infinitive ("to do", "to walk").

2. 352.

I +

47

aJIaMl>IM a.lIMaMliIM aJI aM 1m: aJIMaMI,m: 2.35.

The imperative forms include forms of the 2nd and 3rd person. Each of these forms has a special tense suffix. The personal endings as far as any are added, are those of the second group. 1°. The imperative of the 2nd person singular.

Zero-suffix with a zero-personal ending, i. e., the simple stem:

2. 344.

1

Inflection

ending in a vowel, with the union-vowel a consonant: /yahaw/ "the making" Iyahamaw / "the not making" I al1w / .. the taking" lalmaw/ "the not taking"

The second verbal noun of action ("the doing") .

l-mA.K!:

lIhaMa"R: "the making"; aJIMa"R:

"the taking".

2.3521. The suffix /-mAK/ with the suffix /-s'3l/ of names 4.11, lOB) forms the noun of intention: aJIMa"R:ClI one who will take". 2.36.

ssional "the

The participles .

The participles are noun-forms of the verb. They are inflected like nouns, take the plural suffix and the possessive suffixes. They also take the predicative suffixes and function, in this case, as finite forms, what is called secondary tenses. 2. 361.

The past participle.

Suffix I-GAnl fIhaFaH SIhaMaFaH

1.64. n07): "one who has made" "one who has not made"

2.3611. The past participle takes the personal endings of the first group (i. e., the predicative suffixes), the resulting forms de­ noting actions performed in a past more remote than the time to which the first past (2.341) refers. Besides, such forms denote past actions unobserved and known only from hearsay:

Bashkir Manual

T

49

Inflection

)

48 Singular

I-GAnm'JInl I-GAnh3:U I I-GAnl

1st person Znd person 3rd person Examples: srhaFaHMhIH llhaFaHhbIf\ llhaFaH llhaFaH6hq llhapaHhhIFhl:}

llhapaH]lap aJIFaHMhIH KHTKaHMell

I-GAndArl

"1 made"

llhaMaFaHMhlH 5!haMaFanh1If\ 5!haMaFaH llhaMaFaH6hq 5!haMaFaHhlIF1q llhaMaFaH]lap

"1 did not make"

"1 took" "1 went"

aJIMaFalIMhIH KHTMareHMeH

.. 1 did not take" "1 did not go"

l-s'JIl to I-GAnl (vide Z. 374).

The present participle.

10. Suffix I-AI on stems ending in a consonant; Z 0. Suffix I-y I on stems ending in a vowel.

This participle functions only as a gerund (vide Z.371):

5!Ta "lying down": Iyat-I

KHJIa "coming": Ikil-/

srhaVr "making": Iyaha-I

3111JI eVr .. wor king' o : I a~la-/

aJIMaVr "not taking": la1ma-1

KepMeVr "not entering": Ikarma-I

Z. 36Z1. The negative gerund form in I -mAy'JInsAI is derived from I-mAy I. the original present participle. On the gerund in

l-mAy'JInsAI see Z.3711.

Z.36ZZ.

The present tense.

The suffixes I-AI and I-y/ (vide Z.36Z), provided with the per­ sonal endings of the first group, the ending of the first person singu­ lar being optionally that of the first or second group (i. e .• a predica­ tive or possessive suffix of the 1st person singular). form the pre­ sent tense: 1st person

1.

Plural Singular /-Am'JIn, -ym'JInl I-Ab 'JJ.6, -yb::iI6/

Z. I-Am. -yrn/

Znd person 3rd person

I-Ah3iJ, -yh3iJ /

I-Ah'JIG'JI6/, /-yh'JIG::iIt5lor

I-A, -y/

I -yh 'JfJ5/

I-AlAr, -y6Arl

Examples: '1I:aJIaMhIH or rcaJIaM "'1 remain" 1{aJIa 1{aJIa61q L{:aJIa I1hIFhq KaJIaJIap

The gerund in I-GAns'JI I is formed from the past parti­

Z.361Z.

ciple by adding the suffix z.36Z.

Plural I -GAnb 'JfJ5 I I -GAn'd3.G'JI6 I

KepeMeH Kepehef\ Kepe

Kepa

Kepeherej KepeJIep

or

I~epeM

"1 come in"

KepMetiMell KepMetiheq

or KepMetiM "1 do

not come in"

l~epMetihere~

or H:epMetlhej

ep

srhatiMbIH or 5!hatiM "I make" 51 hati hblf\ 51hati

51 hati61Ij

51 haL1 hbIFbI:}

51 hatij ap

Z.36Z3.

1i:aJIMaVrMblH or l~aJIMaVrM "1 do 1{aJIMaVr hhlf\ not remain" 1{aJIMaM '"KaJIMati6hq '1I:aJIMaW hhIFhq or 1I:aJIMaVr KaJIMaVqap

H h aMatiMbIH HhaMati

or 5!haMaMM "I do

not make"

HhaMai1~ap

The participle of necessity.

The suffix I-AI (Z. 36Z) with the addition of the possessive suffix l-h'JI/ of the 3rd person forms the participle of necessity ("one who is to do something", to a certain extent Latin future participle. In spite of the fact that the compound suffix /-Ah'JI/ contains the pos­ sessive suffix of the 3rd person, other possessive suffixes can be added to the latter. Stems ending in a consonant take /-Ah'JI/. stems ending in a vowel take /-h'JI/: KMJIehe /kiUiha/ "the one who is to come": /kil-/; yro,ltlhI /uqih1./ "the one who is to read": luq'i-/; amahbI "the one who is to eat": /asa-I. Examples:

aJIah1IM oap oap

"I want to take" ("there is my necessity of taking") "thou wantst to take ("there is thy necessity of taking")

,

Bashkir Manual

50 aJIah:or 6ap

"he wants to take" ("there is his neces­ sity of taking")

aJIahbI KMTarr "the book which is to be taken"

z.363. do"). 1°. Zo.

The first future participle ("the one who will certainly

Suffix Suffix

aJIaca"K :Kv1JIeCeK

I-AsAKI on steInS ending in a consonant; l-yAsAKI on steInS ending in a vowel: "the one who will certainly take": lal-I "the one who will certainly cOIne": "the one who will certainly Inake":

S!haS!Ca:K

z.3631.

Ikil- I Iyaha-I

The first future tense ("he will certainly Inake").

Inflection 2.364. do" ).

51 The second future participle ("the one who will possibly

Suffix 1- r I on steInS ending in a vowel, with the union-vowel on steInS ending in a consonant: S!hap Iyaharl "the one who will possibly Inake": Iyaha-I; aJIHp lalirl "the one who will possibly take": lal- I; Kl1JIep Ikilarl "the one who will cOIne": Ikil- I.

1-3-1

2.3641. The negative forIn of the future participle is not forIned by adding the suffix I-rl to the negative steIn in I-InA-I. Instead, the suffix 1-91 is added to the negative steIn, the negative future par­ ticiple thus ending in I-InA91 which is stressed: >IhaMa y lyahaIna8/ "one who will not Inake": Iyaha- I; aJIMay lalIna91 "one who will not take": lal-I; Kl1J1M8y IkilIn~9/ "one who will not cOIne": Ikil-I.

The suffixes I-AsAK, -yAsAKI to which personal endings of the first group are added forIn the first future tense which denotes actions

2.3642. The second future participle Inay take declensional suf­ fixes as any other participle.

which will take place for sure:

The dative functions as the supine: ghapFa /yaharya/ "in order to do": Iyaha-I; aJIhIppa lal'iryal "in order to take": lal-I.

Singular I-AsAKm3:n, -yAsAKm'3lnl I-A sA Kh3:1J • -yAsAKh'3l1J I

1st person Znd person 3rd person

I-AsAK, - yAsAKI Plural I -AsAKb'3lti, -yAsAKb 3ti l I-A sA Kh'3lG '3lti , -yAsAKh3G3Ji1 I-AsAKtAr, -yAsAKtAr!

1st person 2nd person 3rd person ExaInples: aJIaCa'KMbIH aJIaC~hbII:\ aJIac~

aJIaCa:K 6bI 9 aJIaC~hblFDq aJIaC~Tap

ghagCa:KMhIH ghagcctKhbII:\ ghaS!cctK ghaS!ca'K6bI 9

ghagcctKhblroq ghagc1ni:Tap

"1 shall take for sure"

aJIMaS!ca'1cMblIl:

"I shall certainly not take"

Positive 1st person 2nd person 3rd person

Singular

Plural

/-rIn':!I:n1 I -rh31J I I-r I

I -rb3ti / /- rh'3lG 3'15 I

1-

I

Negative

aJIMaS!ca"K aJIMaS!cct'K6HC) aJIMaS! ca"K hbI FbIq aJIMagcrucrap

"1 shall cer- S!haMa>ICa:KMbIH tainly Inake" >IhaMaS!cctKhbII-\

2.3643. The second future tense ("he will possibly do") is forIn­ ed by personal endings of the 1st group to the suffix I-rl (pos­ itive) and I-InA9/ (negative). The final consonant of the ending I-InA9/ is dropped in the first person singular and plural. Besides, the personal ending of the 1st person singular is not /-In3nl but I-In/.

"1 shall certainly not Inake"

Singular I-InAInI I -rnA9h'3llJ

1st person Znd person 3rd person

I-InA9/

Plural

I

I -InAb'3lti 1 I -InA9h3G3ti I l-rnA9tAr 1

ExaInples:

S!haMaS!ca:K

ghaMa>ICctKobq

aJIblpMbIH

>IhaMa>IcctKhblFhl9

S!haMa>ICaKTap

aJIblp

"I shall possibly aJIMaM take"

aJIblp6bQ

aJIMa9 aJIMa9

"1 shall possibly not take"

Bashkir Manual

52

aJThIp~ap

5IhapMbIH

"you will possibly take"

will possibly not take"

~you

aJIMa9 aJIMa9Tap

"I shall possibly 5IhaMaM 5I make" 5IhaMaC, 5I.

"I shall possibly not make"

5I 5Ihappp 2.37.

The gerundS, also called converbs. function only as adverbs, verbal attributes or adverbial complements. 2.371.

The present gerund.

1°. Suffix I-AI on sterns ending in a consonant; 2. Suffix I-y I on sterns ending in a vowel. The present gerund was originally a participle. This is evident from the fact that it takes personal endings, whereas no other gerund takes them now in Bashkir. With personal endings, it functions as the present tense (2.3622). Note: The present gerund, originally a participle, is a noun in

ongm. There are still nouns in I-A I and 1- y I derived from verbs

in all Turkic languages: Tatar Iyaral "wound": Iyar-I "to split";

Chaghatai Itolal "full, many": Itol-I "to be full"; Kirgiz lacal

"fork": lac-I "to open"; Turkish liviil "hurry": liv-I "to hurry";

Turkish Isapal "side road": Isap-I "to leave the road"; Turkish

lotal "opposite side": lot-I "to pass by"; Karai Iyoral "interpre­

tation": Iyor-I "to interpret"; Turkish Iveriil "surrender": Iver-I

"to give"; Uighur lartal "posterity": lart-I "to increase. to be

added"; Chaghatai I "circumference": Itagir-I "to rotate";

Chaghatai Iqosal "pair, double": Iqos-I "to add, to mix"; Bashkir

Ikiibal "rick of hay": Ikup-I "to swell, to be swollen"; Bashkir Isatal "bifurcation, fork": Turkish Icat-I "unite" (Bashkir lsI

5I ha11

aJIa 5IhaMati aJIMati

2.3711. The negative forIn of the present gerund is also forIned by adding the suffix l-y'3.nsAI to the negative stem in I-rnA-I. The suffix l-y'3.nsAI is a compound suffix and consists of I-yl + 1-'3.nsAI which is, historically seen, the suffix I-sAl (4.4211) added to the possessive suffix of the 3rd person in oblique forms 1-'3.nl (vide 2.131). --The forms in I-InAy'3.nsAI function also as negative forms of the past gerund in I-GAsl (vide 2.372}. 2.372.

The gerunds.

"making": Iyaha-I

"taking": I ai-I

"not making": lyahaIna-1

"not taking": lalma-I

53

Inflection

The first past gerund.

Suffix I-GAsl (i.e., 1,-'Yas, -kas, -qasl (vide 1.64n07) "having done, as soon as did": "as 5IhaFaC aJIFaC "as To1':Kac "as "as KHTI'Ce C 5IhaMaFac "as KI1TMereC or Itl1TMel1eHce "as 2.373.

soon soon soon soon soon

as as as as as

he he he he he

Inade": Iyaha-I took": lal-I held"; /tot-I went away"': Ikit-I did not make"

soon as he did not go away"

The second past tense.

Suffix I-pi with the union-vowel ing in a consonant ("having done"): "having Inade"': "having taken":

5Iharr aJI1IIT

1-'3.-1

when added to steInS end­

Iyaha-I

lal-1

2.3731. There is no negative form of this gerund, i. e., the suffix I-pI cannot be added to the negative steIn in I-rnA-I. Instead, the form in l-mAy'3.nsAI is used (vide 2.3711). 2.374.

The gerund of an action preceded by another one.

Suffix I-GAns'3.l, i.e., I-gansa, -'Yansl, -kansa. -qans'il (vide 1. 64. nO 7) is in origin a compound suffix: I-GAnl of the past parti­ ciple (vide 2.361) + l-s'3.l, denoting an action which is preceded by another action ("before doing something"):

shaFaHChl aJIFaHchl KI1TKeilce 2.3741.

l

"before making": Iyaha-I "before taking": I al-I "before going away": Ikit-I There is no negative form of this gerund.

54

Bashkir Manual 2.38. 2.381. lO.

MHeM MHef{ MHe MHeK

Defective verbs. The defective verbs are

The verb li-/. "r was"

...

Ii-I "to be" and Ibarl " IS

•

Only the past tense has survived:

MH8J18P This verb does not have a negative stern. The is TyreJI Itugal/: TyreJI MHCM"r was not"; TyreJI MHef{ "thou wert not"; TyreJI MIle "he was not", etc. 2 0. Ibar I. There is only this one form: oap "is". It is a parti­ ciple and has the noun-inflection: gen., oapFa dat. , possessive form of the 3rd p., etc.

3. 3. O.

FORM- AND FUNCTION-CLASSES

Bashkir has the following parts of speech: substantives, s. pronouns, verbs. adverbs. postpositions. conjunctions,

and particles, 3.1. Substantives (nouns) which occur with all tne suffixes given under the noun inflection (2. 1) include the following: 3. 11. Nouns which occur with all suffixes given under 2. 1 and with postpositions (2. 16) and all the other parts of speech when functioning as nouns (i. e .• when substantivized) may function as sub­ jects in clauses and as direct in verbal They function also as heads of nominal phrases. There are the following sub-classes of nouns: 3.111. The nounKJ1( Iyuq/"absence. non-existence" which is also used as the negative particle "not". It takes all de­ clension suffixes, possessive and predicative suffixes: KJ1CTaH (abla­ tive) OYJIl',bI "has appeared (corne into existence) from nothing"; IOKTbIl{, gyaO:bI :oK lyuqtilJ yawabi: yuql "there is no answer to nothing" (lit., "of the non-existence its answer absent"); 10K llGMG"nOnSense" (lit., "a not-thing"), 3.112. The reflexive noun Y)i the pos ses sive suffixes: Nom.

Gen.

n

"myself

Yj8f{

"thyself"

n

CMA8f{ eFIAen;. Dat. nen;.e Y1 eM8 Ace. nef{.ll.c neMAe Abl. n 8 f[AeH Y1eMAeH Loc, nCMAe n e6e1 "ourselves"; Further: "themselves" • 3.113.

lii'Dl "self" which occurs '(gc

with

"himself"

YFHCf{ Y1 eHe neH '(~eHeH

y~erej

Y1ellAG elves"; Y110pc

The interrogative nouns.

1°, Ikaml "who?" which takes the plural suffix, the possessive, declenSional, and suffixes: KCM "who ?"; KeMAGp "who [they]?"; KCMe "who of his ?"; K8MAef{ "whose?"; KCMre "to whom ?"; lteMh en;. "who art thou?"

,

Bashkir Manual

56 2°.

Inamal

suffixes. 3°.

Form- and function-classes

1°.

"what?" which takes the possessive and declensional

the possessive and declensional suffixes: HI1

Inay/

HI1~e:s;.

Inayt5au I

IMygal

HI1~e

/nayt5al Inayt5alJ Inaytsiil

HI1~8H

1I11~8

3. 114.

3.23.

"what?"

Hl1re

I

The indefinite nouns are partly based on the interrogative

1°. KeM "who". H8M8 "what", and HI1 "what", when preceded by lalla/. function as indefinite nouns: 8JIJI8 KeM"someone"; 8JUI8 !l8M8 "something"; 8JIJIe HI1 "something". 2°. When preceded by Ihis I, the same nouns function as indefi­ nite negative nouns: fmc KeM "nobody"; hl1c H8M8" nothing"; hl1c HI1 "nothing" . Adjectives.

The adjectives, when functioning as substantives, take the plural suffix, the possessive and declensional suffixes. Otherwise they are used as invariable attributes in attribute-and-head nominal phrases. They take the predicative suffixes and function as predicates in finish­ ed clauses. They function also as adverbs, as adverbial attributes of verbs: 5fKlllbl 6UJra"a good child" and 5fKlllbl V'Ffhlt\ "he reads well". The adjectives include the following:

The cardinal numeral adjectives: 10. yH 1. Ibar/ 2. 111\:e 20. erepM2 lika/ 30. YTDq 3. ec losl 4. ,IlypT 40. i\:b1p1t I durtl 50. I1JIJIe 5. OI1111 Ibis I 60. UJITMbIlll 6. aJITbl I alt'i/ 70. eTMe[JJ 7. eTe Iyatal 8. 80. hl1Kh8H Ihigatsl 9. TYFhq 90. TY1\:han /tuYits! 100. tlej Iyots/ 1000. Meli ImalJl aJITbl

3.21.

The interrogative adjectives.

1°.

IIl1CeK Inaysakl "what, what kind of" which is derived from Inayl (3.113) with an unproductive suffix l-s':if.K/. 2 . 'Kai:1 /qayl "which". less frequent than l{UZ Iqayh'il (i. e., with the possessive suffix of the 3rd person): ifKi'aH "from which side?"; ypCiM "which street?". 3°. 'KatlHbI Iqayn'il or-Klli7 Iqaynib'il "which". 4°. "KaJIaVi Iqalay I "what" functioning both as an adjective and adverb: l{aJIal;'i lrl\:;rJbI KeEle "what a nice person! "; "KaJIa~l wren "how did you this?" (lit. "what doing hast thou worked ?"). 3.22.

The indefinite adjectives are partly based on the interro­

gative adjectives:

The numeral adjectives.

3.231. The cardinal numerals from one to ten are the basis on which numbering is built. There are also special words for some numerals. Further formation such as higher numerals, ordinals, nominal or adjectival or adverbial derivatives are made by combining the pri­ mary numbers or by adding suffi,xes. The cardinal numerals, when functioning as substantives, are in­ flected like nouns: lika/ "two"; likaliir/ "twoes"; /ikanan / "of the two"; likabats/ "two of us"; /ikahanalJ/ "of the two of them".

nouns:

3.2.

Iqayl or /qayhl/ with /bIphaM Lla, pM3a 6YJIMaHbI "although I invited [himl he did not consent [to come)". 4°. /LAbaha/ i. e., /labaha, labaha, 'Oabaha, 'Oabaha, dabaha, dabaha, tabaha, tabaha/ "but certainly": yJI IcaMT"KaH l'J:a6aha "but he has certainly come back". 5°. / s ':!I/, enclitic particle added to verbs, cannot be translated into English (=Russian Ka in rrocMoTpM Ka! "look!", German mal in sieh mal!): aJI CbI "take!" 6°. /hAnA/ which is added to verbs, making the utterance less categorical: aCbryJIaHMa haHa "you should not be angry!" 7°. /G':!I.nA/i.e., /gana, 'YIna, kana, q'ina/, enclitic particle added to any part of speech ("only, rather"): Gep reH8 hYM Topa "it costs only a ruble": CbIFbIII "KblHa KMTTe "he just left"; MaTYP FbIHa 8M "rather a pretty house". 8°. /L':!Ir/. i.e., /lar, hr, 'Oar, 'O'ir, dar, dIr, tar, fir/, indef­ inite particle (often = English ever in whoever, whenever, etc.): KeMLlep "whoever, somebody"; 6blJIap~bIp "'presumably these": 6bIJlap "these"; IcaM~aJIbIp "someplace": "Katl~a "where".

3.8Z. The prepositional particles include emphasizing particles which function as adverbial attributes. They are formed of the first syllable of the word concerned with /p/ closing the former or some­ times with /pA/added: IcaU-"Kapa "absolutely black, pitch black" IcnIU-Icbl3bIJI "absolutely red" , HUa-lIl:\FDq "completely alone"

60 han-haJlli:hlH han- hapbI

Bashkir Manual "freezing cold" "very yellow"

3.83. The interjectional particles are used as interjectional TIlinor-clause forTIls. They include iTIlitations of various sounds: ah "ah!"; al1"hey!"; al1je "hey, let us go!"; Kl1KPl1KYK sound of the crowing of the rooster, etc.

4.

WORD-FORMATION

4. O. Word-formation is perforTIled by suffixation or by COTIlpOS­ ition. Word-forming suffixes are added to the stem. The resulting new word is treated graTIlmatically in the same TIlanner as any other word of the saTIle category, i. e., the resulting substantive is treated as any other substantive, the resulting verb is treated in the same manner as any other verb, etc. COTIlposition includes coordinate and subordinate composition. In coordinate cOTIlposition two words of the saTIle structure and function are joined: epIyar-h'iwl "area, territory": ep "earth" + "water"; aFal:1 CIne laray-anal "male relatives": aFal1 "elder broth­ er" + ::H!e "younger brother"; aJIbIlll-611pem I -birasl "trade": aJIhIllI"the taking, accepting" + 6l1pem"the giving". In subordinate cOTIlposition the two elements combined are re­ lated to each other as in certain phrase-structure: Ci:KKom I aq-qos I "swan" (lit. "whitebird"):a-r;: "white" +"'Kolll"bird" (attribute + head); 1Capa6ol1jal1 Iqara-boytiayl "buckwheat" (lit. "blackwheat"): "'Kapa "black" + 60M~aM "wheat" (attribute + head); lurin-baQarl "lieutenant, one who is in the place of another, vice" (e. g., acting director, vice director): YPblll"place" + who presses" (i. e •• "one who presses the place of somebody by sitting instead of the latter") (direct object + verb).

4.1. 4.11.

Substantives. Nouns froTIl nouns.

1 -. Suffix l-s31 of sional names: 6aJIbI1\:ChI "fisherman": 6aJIbIl\: "£ish"; 3111ce lassal "worker": "work"; TI1MCpCe "ironsmith": Tl1Mep "iron" 1 A. Suffix l-s31 on the suffix 1-'3..wl of the first noun of action (2.351) forms the noun of actor which functions as the present parti­ Ciple: H~bryCbI Iyatiiws'il "writer": fl~hry "the writing": Hj- "to write"; 6J.1peyce Ibirawsal "giving, giver": 6l1pey "the act of giving": Ul1P­ "to Q

lOB. Suffix I-s '3..1 on the suffix I-TIlAKI of the second noun of

action (2.352) forTIls the noun of intention: aJIMctKcbI "he who intends

to take, the one who will take": aJIMctK "the taking": aJI- "to take".

Bashkir Manual

62

2°. Suffix I-LAsl of nouns of companionship: lOJI.ll:allI "fellow­ traveler": lOJI "road"; 5fKTallI "supporter, adherent": JI1( "side"; M8KT8IIT8llI "school-mate": M8KT8II "school". 3°. Suffix /-s':'I.nl of names of covers: "KOJIa "KCblH "a cap which also covers the ears": 'KOJIErK "ears". 4°. Suffix I-sAl of names of covers: eH;c8 lyaTJ sal "sleeve cover": ell, "sleeve". 5°. Suffix l-l':!f.KI of names of covers and names of places characterized by what the primary stern means, and abstract nouns: Ky~JIeK "spectacles": KY~ "eye"; 6allIJIbTK "hood": 6aw "head"; TallIJIb!1\: "stony place" (also as adj. "stony"): Taw "stone"; YT1IHJIbTK "shed for fire logs": YTblH "wood, logs"; ereTJIeK Iyagatlakl "bravery": ereT "brave young man". 6°. Suffix I-KAyl of caressive nouns: 8C8K8v; "mammy": 8C8 "mother"; .ll:YC'KaM "little friend": .ll:Yc "friend". 7°. Suffix I-K':'I.nAyl of caressive nouns: aTKblHaVr "little horse": aT "horse". 8 0. Suffix 1- s ':'I.K I of diminutive nouns: TaycHK "little mountain": Tay Itaw I "mountain". 9°. Suffix I-sAKI of diminutive nouns:n:OJIOHCCIlC "little foal": ""KOJIOH "foal"; YMblHcaK "little toy": YMblH "game". 4. Ill. Indefinites are formed from the interrogative nouns (3. 113) by adding the enclitic particle IL':!f.r I. The inflectional suf­

fixes precede the particle: KeM.ll:ep Ikamdar I "somebody": KeM

"who"; KeM.ll:ell,.ll:ep IkamdaTJdarl "of somebody"; H8M8JIep some­ thing": H8M8 "what"; Hl-'qep Inayt5arl "something": HY! Inayl

"what" . 4. 1 t-.

Nouns from adjective s.

Suffix l-l':!f.KI (4. 11, 5°) of abstraction of qualities: h apbIJIbTK

"yellowness": hapbI "yellow"; ErKbIJIJIbIJIbTK "intelligence": ctKbIJIJ"bI

"intelligent"; M8WJIeK "youth, youthfulness": M8W "young".

4.121.

Nouns from numeral adjectives.

1°. Suffix l-l':'I.KI (4.11, 5°) of substantivized numerals: 6HWJIeK "a five" (figure): 6HW "five"~ eCJIeK "a three" (also "a troyka". i. e •• a kind of triumvirat): ec "three". 2°. Suffix I-Awl of collective nouns: HK8y"both. the two [of theM]. two together": HKe "two"; 6ep8Y "one. one by himself; somebody": 6ep "one".

63

Word-formation 4.13.

Nouns from verbs.

Two main types occur: 1. nouns which can be formed from any given verb, both from the positive and negative stern, and 2. nouns which are formed from a limited number of verbs. The former group of nouns. the so-called verbal nouns, are regarded as part of the in­ flection of the verb (2. 35) and will not be discussed here. The nouns of the second category will be dealt with in this section. 1°. Suffix 1- KI on sterns ending in a vowel; with the union-vowel I-':'I.-I on sterns ending in a consonant: TapErK "comb": Tapa- "to comb"; Kep8K "shovel, oar": Kep8- "to row"; "KUC'K1IPbTK "yell, cry": n:lIC1CbIP"to yell. to shout". 2°. Suffix I-AKI on sterns ending in a consonant (a variant of the previous suffix): ypErK "sickle":Yp- "to harvest"; 51TErK "dormitory": 51T- "to lie down"; KHty8K "slice. piece": KH9- "to cut". 3°. Suffix I-GAKI on some sterns ending in a consonant: MOM­ FErK "clew": MOM- "to squeeze"; 6aruCIK "swamp, marsh": 6ClT- "to sink into"; HWK8K "oar": HllI- "to row". 4 0. Suffix I -rnA I of nouns of the proc e s s or re sult of an action: oMowMa "organization": OMOllI- "to stick together, organize"; 6YJIM8 "room" (in a house): 6YJI- "to divide, separate". 5°. Suffix I-ml with the union-vowel I-':'I.-I on sterns ending in a consonant: aT1IM "shot": aT- "to shoot"; 6eJIeM "knowledge": 6eJI­ "to know"; TyW8M "ceiling": TYllI8- "to spread out, to pave". 6 0. Suffix 1- I with the union-vowel 1- ':!f.- I on sterns ending in a consonant: aJIbIllI "the taking": aJI- "to take"; 6Y!pellI "the giving": 6HP- "to give". 7°. Suffix 1-':'I.mtAI of abstract nouns: he=:?eMT8 "result": he:;­ "to filter";n:ywbH,na "mixture. addition": "Kyw"to add, unite". 8°. Suffix I-sl of abstract nouns: "KblyaHbLC Iqlwanlsl "joy": ""KbryaH- "to reJoIce"; YTeHec "request": YTeH- "to pray. to ask for". 9°. Suffix I-G':'I.sI of names of tools: aC'KbIC "key": ac- "to open"; 3JIrec "hanger": 3JI- lal-I "to hang"; TOT'KOC "handle": TOT- "to hold" •

s

10°. Suffix l-t':'I.l of nouns of result: ytyeHTe "shoot. sprout": Y9- "to grow"; hbqblHTbI "sketch": hbqblH"to draw". 11°. Suffix I -mAKI (vide 2.352) of nouns which do not have any ~on~ the original meaning of nouns of process: 3JIM8K lalmakl "hanger": 3JI- "to hang"; apTMErK "saddle-bags": apT- "to load". 12°. Suffix I-rn':!f.s/: TOPMOllI "life": TOp- "to stand. to live";

>QM1IW"fate" (that what has been written. so to speak, in one's book

of destiny): 51=:?- "to write".

Word-formation

Bashkir Manual

64 4.14.

4.22.

Compound nouns.

subordinate composition.

Coordinate composition.

Both components are nouns, including s emi- repetitive words: .llY9-l1m "friends": lJ,YC; "friend" + l1ill "equal"; TaY-Taill "rocky country": Tay "mountain" +Tam "rock, stone"; Tay-ypMaH "moun­ tains and forests": Tay "mountain" + ypMaH "forest"; bI31aChIH­ hbl31aCbIH "falcons": bI31aC1IH "falcon" + semi-repetitive.

4.142.

4.2. 4.21.

3 o. Suffix I-Awl added to the sterns of demonstrative pronouns forms demonstrative adjectives: "this": 61>131 "this"; aHay "that": lanl ancient form which no longer occurs.

Subordinate

1°. Attributive compounds which consist of a noun modifying another noun (attribute + head): am-HY31bIi\: Uis-yawllq/ "tablecloth" (lit. "foodcloth"); Talllasm: "earthenware": Tam "stone" +a.>rn: "bowl" • 2°. Objective compounds which consist of a noun which has a complement (mostly direct object): ep rcajFbIC "dredging-machine": ep "earth" + '"Ka9 FbIC " : rca~- "to dig"; ep ol131GyceJIeK "'land-property": ep "earth" + 0l1JI8yce31eK "property"; hbry FDIC "watershed": hbIY "water" + ai1bIpFbIC "separator, anything that divides or separates".

Adjectives from nouns.

1°. Suffix I-G'3./ of adjectives of quality: tl9t1re "summerly": 11911 "summer"; '"'"KI>llJllO,I "winterly"': rcHlll "winter". 2 0. Suffix 1-1 '3.K/ (vide 4.11, nO 5): aVrJIbIi\: "monthly": ai1 "month" • 3°. Suffix /-1'3.1 of possessive adjectives: aTJIbI "having a horse": aT "horse"; rcapa Ky~JIe "black: rcapa "bla~k" +KY~ "eye". 4°. Suffix /-h'3.t51 of caritive adjectives ("not having" = -less): 3mhe~ "jobless": 3111 "work";asn\:hbI~ "footless, having no feet": aHrt "foot". 5 0. Suffix 1- s'3.11 of adjectives of inclination or propensity ("in­ clined towards, liking something"): rcYHa-:r\:cbI31 "hospitable": £CyHrrK "guest"; .ll:I1HCe31 "religious": lJ,I1H "religion". 6°, Suffix l-sAnl of adjectives of liking: 311IC9H "industrious": 3111 "work"; !l:bIjbI'l\:hbIHbIycaH "inquisitive": !l:l:oI31I!l:hbIHhIV "interest­ edness" •

Adjectives from pronouns.

1°. Suffix I-K'3.1 added to the accusative form of personal pro­ nouns forms the possessive pronouns (better: possessive pronominal adjectives): MI1HeKe "mine": MI1He "me"; ~eKe "ours": oe~~e "us"; Y31apjbffibI ~.theirs": Y31ap~bI "them". 2°. Suffix l-dAyl added to the sterns of demonstrative pronouns forms demonstrative adjectives: ObTH.ll:at1 "such one": ObI31 "this"; "such one": y31 "he, that".

The compound nouns are formed by coordinate composition and

4. 141.

65

4.23.

Adjectives from adjectives.

4.231.

The comparative.

Suffix l-rAKI with the union-vowel 1-'3.-1 on sterns ending in a consonant: l'l1\:lllblPcru: "better": l'l1\:lllbI "good"; OHPcru: "longer": O~OH "long".

4.232.

f

The diminutive adjectives.

1°. Suffix I-G'3.1t1 of adjectives of weak shades of colors: hapFDI31T "yellowish": hapbI "yellow"; emKe31T : i1 elll "young, unripe" (1. e., still green, e. g., fruit); "grey". 2°, Suffix l-h'3.ll of of weak shades of colors: a:rchl::IJI "whitish": a:K "white", 3°. Suffix I-hiw I (which is not subject to vowel harmony) of ad­ jectives of weak shades of colors: 3 "bluish": 3 9}Ir9p "blue"; "Kapahbry "blackish": 1~apa "black". 4°. Suffix 1-'3.1y'3.ml of adjectives of weak shades of colors: Kyre31i1eM "bluish": H:ylt "blue". 5°. Suffix I-G'3.lt'3.ml 1 ," I-G'3.ltl + I-ml the function of which is unclear) of adjectives of weak qualities: 3CKe31TeM "some­ what bitter": 3ce "bitter"; eeCK831T8M "somewhat unleavened": cece "unleavened".

4.233. 4. 2331.

Adjectives from numerals. Ordinals.

Suffix I-ns '3.1 with the union-vowel 1-'3. -Ion sterns ending in a consonant: 6epeHce "first": 6ep "one"; a31Tl::lHCbI "sixth": aJITbI "six"; yH a31TbIHCbI "sixteenth": yH aJITbI "sixteen".

Bashldr Manual

66 4.2332.

Approximative numerals.

r

Suffix / -LAp/ ("about twenty" or "approximately twenty"): YHJIarr "approximately ten": YH "ten"; YTbIjJIarr "about thirty": yTlI~ "'thirty" • 4.2333.

2. 4.

Distributive numerals.

Adjectives from adverbs.

Suffix I-G':!II (vide 4.21. nO 1. 4.22. nO 1) on the locative form in

I-LAI (2.14. n° 6): 6YJIMaJIaI'e "being in the room": 6YJIMOJIa

"in the room": "room"; KYKTare "celestial. being in the

sky": KyKTa "in the sky": KyK "sky".

4.26.

Compound adjectives.

Simple reduplications:

O~ OH

01

"long long".

Combinations with rhyming words:

4.2613. Numeral compounds consisting of numbers belonging to the same decimal position: 6ep-I1Ke "one-two"; ynq-"KblpK "thirty­ forty" •

1°. Suffix I-K/ with the union-vowel I-':!I-/ on stems ending in a consonant (vide 4.13, nO 1): O"K "broken": 60~- "to break"; i1p:om: '" split": i1P- "to split"; r:JrepeK Iyugarak/ "fast, quick": lOrep- "'to run".

4.25.

Coordinate compounds.

The coordinate compounds include: 1. simple reduplications; combinations with rhyming words; 3. numeral compounds; and COInpound numerals.

4.2612. "sparse" •

Adjectives from verbs.

2°. Suffix I-GAKI (vide 4.13, n° 3): Tat1Pfl'"K "slippery": Tatl­ "to stick to, to "'to slip"; Mo6eUIKaK "sticky, glutinous": a6eJllbe glued". "to be 3'-'. Suffix I-K':!I/: KyTepeHKe "elevated": KyTepeH"to be lifted"; TapThIH'"KbI "tight, tightly stretched": TapThlH­ drawn, pulled". 4°. Suffix /-G':!Ir/: hvqrep "vigilant": hvq- "to feel, notice"; Tarna,Ip "unabashed, finding his way in any situation": Tarr- "to find" • 5°. Suffix I-G':!Is/: hOli:JIaHPbIC "charming": hOKJIaH­ "to be charmed". "piti­ 6°. Suffix I-sl with the union-vowel I-':!I-/: "KbI1FaHblc ful, miserable": rc:oqFaH"to pity". "to

7 0. Suffix 1- s '3IK1 : Ma:ICT aH CbTK "b oa s tful" : MmcT aHboast" .

8°. Suffix l-d':!IKI from passive verbs: TaUIJIaH.ll,bI!i: "thrown

away. discarded": TaUIJIaH"to be thrown away"; Ta6HJI.ll,bm:

"found": Tfl6bIJI"to be found".

4.261.

4.2611.

Suffix I-Ar I on stems ending in a consonant; suffix 1- sAr I on stems ending in a vowel: YHap aJIMa "each ten apple s": yH "ten"; aJITlIUIap "each six": aJITbl "'six". 4.24.

67

Word-formation

4.2614.

Compound numerals.

Compound numerals include the numbers from 11 to 19. from 21 to 29, from 31 to 39. etc .• the hundreds. thousands, etc. 1°. The numbers from 11 to 19. from 21 to 29. etc. are formed by adding the smaller cardinal numbers to the bigger numbers: 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.

ep YH yH I1Ke yH ec yH .ll,YPT yH 611'1l yH aJlThI YH eTe YH hl1re1 yu TYF1!:j

21. erepMG 6ep 32. YThI1 I1Ke 43. "KbIPK ec 54. I1JIJI e .ll, YPT 65. aJITMbHli 76. eTMeUI aJITbI 87. hl-mheH eTe 98. 99. TYFhI)'l

2. The hundreds: 100. 200. I1Ke i:1ej; 300. ec etc. 3°. The thous ands: 1000. Meq; 2000. I1KG M81\; 3000. ec Mel1; 10000. yH Mel}, etc. 4°. Only the last member of a compound takes the inflectional and other suffixes: I1Ke t1ej yH a.ITTbmaH "from 216".

[

4. 262.

Subordinate compounds.

1. Adjective + adjective, the first adjective functioning as an attribute: iGMlI OJlleJI "dark-green": "KY11bI "thick. dense" + aUIeJI "green" • 2°. Adjective + adjective from a noun. the first adjective func­ tioning as an attribute: aJI Ol1T"le "red-faced": aJI "red" + 611TJIe "having a face": OI1T "face"; OH amOThI "long-legged": O:;OH "long" + aJ'tI1:JI11 "having legs": a>rn: "leg".

Bashkir Manual

68

3°. Numeral + adjective from a noun: .lJ:YPT aID\:,;'ILI "four-legged": .lJ:yPT "'four" + aH'KJIbI legs"; eo Mei1elllJIe "triangular": ec "'three" + Mei1elllJle "having corners": MePielll

1

"'corner" .

4.3. 4.31.

Verbs. Verbs from substantives.

Suffix 1I: (jalllJIa- "'to begin"': "head, beginning"; "to work": "work". 2°. Suffix 1I (consists of 11+ 1-5-1 vide 4.352) of verbs denoting the transition into another stage: KOJIX03JIaI'l"'to be collectivized": KOJIX03 "collective farm". 3°. Suffix I-A-/: allIa- "to eat": alU "food"; ;;J8lll~]"to live": 1°.

3I1I,;'I8-

tI8lll

"age". 4°. Suffix I-GAr-/: CJallIKap"to perform": 6alll "head"; hbryFap"to irrigate": h1ry "water". 50. Suffix l-h'JI.n-/: 1!JKhblH"to feel the lack of something. to long for": ](J"'J{ negative noun; eH"to need, to feel the ne­ cessity": K8p8K "necessity"; 5l1{lUbIhbIHMa"to regard as unsuit­ able, to disapprove"(lit. "not to approve"): 51T{lUbI "good" (substantivized). 4.32.

Verbs from adjectives.

1°. Suffix I -lA- I (vide 4.31, n 1): aKJIa- "to make white, to

"to make fourfold":

whitewash": ale "white"; JJ:ypTJI8 "four".

"to become white, whiten": a::K 20. Suffix I-Ar-/: aFap"white"; Icyrep"'to become blue": KyK "blue". 3°. Suffix I-r-/: 1'cbIYKap"to become short": '1\:bl y'1Ca "short"; mrurbIP"to improve": 5l1ClllbI "good"'. 4°, Suffix I-Ay-I on stems in a consonant; I-y-I on stems in a vowel: jypai1"to increase": :;yp "to become black": rcapa "black". 5°. Suffix I-K- I with the union-vowel I-'JI.- I: 6aHbllc­ "to become rich": oaM "rich"; 6epelc"to unite": oep "one".

Word-forma tion

1 v. Suffix I-lA-I (vide 4.31, nO 1; 4.32. nO 1): reyJI8­ "to hum": rey imitation of the sound of humming, 2°. Suffix 1-'I5A-/: MhIF'lIp:;a"to growl": MbIF'bIP imitation of the sound of growling. 3. Suffix I-IdA-I with the union vowel I-'JI.-/: xopoJIJJ:a"to snort": xop imitation of snoring. 4.35.

Verbs from adverbs.

Suffix I-IAst'JI.r-1 (: I-lA-I 4.31, nO 1; 4.32. nO 1 + 1-6-1 4.352 + I 4.353, nO 2): 6alll'ICOpTCaJIalllTblp"to translate

"in Bashkir".

into Bashkir": OaIi!KOpTCa 4.34.

Verbs from interjectional particles.

Verbs from verbs.

Verbs from verbs include the passive. reflexive. reciprocal, factitive. frequentative. and diminutive verbs. These verbs are formed from all positive primary verb- sterns and occupy. in the system of Bashkir language. a similar to the voices in the IndoEuropean languages. All passive. reflexive, factitive, and diminutive verbs have both the and negative stern. 4.351.

The passive and reflexive verbs.

1°. Suffix I-n-/: A. Passive ("to be taken"), when added to stems terminating in IlAI or 11/, in the latter case the union-vowel 1- 'JI.-I appearing: TalllJIaH"to be thrown": TalllJIa"to throw"; OalllJIaH"to be started": OalllJIa"to start"; haJIbIH"to be put": haJI"to put"; aJIbIH"to be taken": aJI- "to take". B. Reflexive ("to dress oneself"), when added to stems ending in a vowel or a consonant other than Ill, in the latter case the unionvowel 1- 'JI.-I appearing: eH"to adorn oneself": 0"to adorn. decorate"; KetieH"to dress oneself": Kei1- "to put on"; Iy'iw'in- I "to wash oneself": Pi1ry- "to wash". 2°. Suffbc I-I-Ion stems ending in a vowel or a consonant other than /l I, in the latter case the union-vowel 1- JI.- I forms passive verbs: HjbIJI- "to be written": H~- "to write"; OOpOJI- "to be turned": 60p­ "to turn"; "to be torn": "to tear"; "to be painted": 6YH­ "to paint"; 11la:I"1:TaJI­ "to be praised": Ma:I\:Ta­ "to 4.352.

4.33.

69

The reciprocal verbs.

Suffix 1- 6- I with the union-vowel I-'JI.-I on stems ending in a con­ sonant: HjbIIlI"to write to each other": H~- "to write"; TOTOlll­ "to seize each other": TOT "to seize"; r~apaI!l"to look at each other": rcapa- "to look". 4.353.

The factitive verbs.

70

Bashkir Manual

The factitive verbs indicate the making someone perform an . n or making someone to become something. 1£ formed from an actlO. . . I .. intransitive prImary verb, the factitive verb 1S sImp y a transltlve verb. If formed from a transitive verb, the factitive verb is a real factitive verb (Hto make do, to order to do"). There is a variety of suffixes forming factitive verbs. The em­ ployment of some of them is subject to definite rules, but there are no rules with regard to Some other suffixes. IO. Suffix I -t- I on stems of two or more syllables, which end in a vowel or in the consonant Ir I or in the semi-vowel Iy I and horn a few monosyllabic stems ending in a consonant-cluster: ti01\:JlaT­ "to put to M01\:JIa "to sleep"; "K1qapT "to make red": "'KI>Ijap­ "to become red"; HbIFaMT­ "to strengthen": HbIPati­ "to become "KYP1\:bI T ­ "to frighten ": ""K'Jp"'K "to be afraid" . 2°, Suffix 1-t>':3..r-1 and l-d':3..r-. -t':3..r-1 (according to the rules of internal sandhi) on monosyllabic stems ending in a consonant other than those mentioned under 1°: EH,rrbrp"to make burn": 5IH- "to burn" (intr.); "'K[l,;I1-lLIP"to leave. to make remain": "'KD.JI- "to re­ main"; Me~:,;ep"to make swim": "to swim"; haJUlHp- "to make put, to order to put": haJI- "to put"; TOTTOP"to make seize": '1'OT- "to seize". 3, Suffix /-r-/with the union-vowel 1-':3..-1 on some stems end­ ing in the consonants It, s, s/: KYCCP"to make someone move to another place": KyC "to transhume. to move to another ocop- "to make fly": oc- "to fly"; "Kacup"'to make flee": "'Kac­ "to flee, to ; 6aTbrp- "to make drown": 6[lT "to be drown­ ed", 4°. Suffix I I (originally the same I-r-I but added to the ele­ ment I -A- I which functions here as a union-vowel) on some mono­ syllabic sterns ending in a consonant: cLIFap"to take out": C1r"K­ "to go out"; "'Kathap"to make corne back, to make return": "'KaMT- "to return, to go back". 5. Suffix I-GAr-1 (originally the same/-r-I but added to an un­ productive suffix I-GA- /) on a few stems ending in a consonant: YTK0P"to see off": YT- "'to pass"; "1\:OT'Kap"to save, to re­ scue": 1\:OT- in l~OTOJI"to be saved". 6°. Suffix I-G':3..r-1 (originally the saIne I-r-I added to an un­ productive suffix I -G 3:-1> on a few sterns ending in a consonant: ET "'KbIp"to make lie down": ET"to lie down"; eTKep"to to the of destination": eTIyat-I "to reach".

Word-fonnation

71

7 c. Suffix 1_ t>- / with the union-vowel 1- 3:-1 on a few monosylla­ bic steInS in the consonant Im/: TaM11~"to Inake drip": TaM- "to drip"; - "to feed the breast": l1M- "to suck". 8°, Suffix I-GAti-1 (the eleInent I-ti-I being the same as in 7° but added to the unproductive suffix I-GA- I vide 50) on some few stems ending in a consonant: "to rescue. to save": "1\:OT­ in "1\:OTOJI­ in 5°); yTl'::8)l­ "to see off": YT­ "to pass by" (d. YTK0P­ in 5 ). 9°. Suffix I-G3:ti-1 (the eleInent I-ti-I being the saIne as in 7° but added to the unproductive suffix I-G ':3..- I vide 6 ° ) on a few stems in a consonant: TOPFO~- "to Inake stand up": TOp- "to stand up"; MCHrCj"to Inake Inount a horse, to seat on a horse": MeH- "to mount a horse". 10°. Suffix 1I (a cOInpound suffix consisting of I-ti-I vide 7°, to which / -Ar- I vide 4 0 is added) only in ap- "to make fall down. to : ayI "to fall down". 11°. Suffix I -hAt-I only in aT "to show": KYP- "to see". 4,3531.

Combinations of factitive suffixes.

A factitive verb- stem Inay take another factitive suffix. Thus cOInbinations of factitive suffixes appear. Such verbs have the meanof someone rnake someone do sOInething (e, g .• X Inakes Y make Z do something). 1°. Suffix I-t-/ added to the factitive steInS formed with l-ti':3..r-1 and I-GAr- I: "to make inform": "to inforIn, to Inake know": "to know"; YTKapT "to Inake see off": YTKap"to see off": YT"to pass 2. Suffix 1-t>':3..r-1 added to the factitive stems forIned addI-t-I or I-ti-/: alllaTTbIp- "to Inake feed": amaT- "to feed, to make eat": "to eat"; l1Me~jCp"to Inake give the breast": l1Me:,;- "to the breast": l1M- "to suck",

4.354.

The frequentative verbs.

The frequentative verbs denote actions which are performed fre­ quently or in a quick succession. 1°. Suffix l-st3:r-1 (a cOInpound consisting of I-s-I 4.352 + l-ti3:r-1 4.353) on steInS ending in a vowel: "KapalllTblp"to glance frequently": "1\:apa- "to look". 2 0, Suffix I-G3:lA-1 on steInS ending in a consonant: "to walk to and fro": cSap- "to walk"; Kl1JIreJI0"to come often": Kl1JI"to cOIne".

Bashkir Manual

72

4.355.

i

The diminutive verbs.

The diminutive verbs denote weak actions, actions which do not exhaust the object, or actions which are not performed to the end. lO. Suffix l-mh':!f::rA-1 with the union-vowel 1-3-1 on stems end­ ing in a consonant: I1JIaMhbIpa- "to cry a little": "to speak with tears in the eyes": I1JIa- "to cry"; KeJIeMhepe~

"to

smile": KeJI- "to laugh". 20, Suffix I-TJK':!f::rA-1 with the union-vowel 1-'3.-1 on stems end­ ing in a consonant: l1~bIlr'Kblpa- "to write from time to time": l1~"'to write"; y "to read a little bit from time to time": yI\:bI­ "'to read".

4.36.

Compound verbs.

The only type occurring is the subordinate type.

4.361.

Subordinate compounds.

The subordinate compounds are verbal phrases which consist of

a verb inflected normally and preceded by a noun functioning as a com­

plement or by an adverbial expression. 4. 3611.

Noun as a complement.

10. As equational complement with the verb Ibul-I "to be, be­ come": KYJteJI 0YJI- "to be satisfied": .. spirit, mood"; pl13a

oYJI~ "to agree": pl13a "agreement".

2 0. As direct object with the verb lit-I "to do, make": i Garn, 118 MaJI "either success or full disaster" (lit. "either the head or the cattle" ). C. The particle /LA/ as a conjlmction, placed after each head: M8f~TorrTO JIO, KI1TarrXaHaJIa JIa "both in school and in the librarv": t'lhlVR JIa, ~o "[she] as well washes [linen] as 5.01112.

Coordinate phrases with

1°. With one conjunction. A. With the conjunction /ham/ "and"which the last head: M8KTerrTep h8M KI1TarrXaHaJIap "schools and libraries"; aTa h8M 8e8 "father and mother"; hep 6ep rraJIaTKa, h8P 6ep 3HM­ JI8HK8 heM '1(a3apMaJIapja "in each tent, in each and in the barracks". B. With the conjunction /yak~y/: 6enm H8Kl1 VlpT8r8 "today or tomorrow"; IS:yJI MeHeH H8Kl1 MalIll-IRa MeH8H "with the hands or with a machine". 2 0. With more than one conjunction.

without conjunctions.

Coordinate phrases without heads juxtaposed: r5aFaHa HHa, KYMepe, burning [but] there is no coal, no ashes"; Te

TeJI

a~e6110T

FI1JIMI1-TMKIllepeHey

consist of two or more "the pole is

1'C9JIe IO"K 8dJe

,

6MrepeK

MHCTMTYThl TypahhlHna

hei1JIelilTeK "we talked about Ufa, in particular about the Research In­ stitute of Language and Literature"; I'CMJIepMe ICMJIMa9Me "will he come [or] will he not come ?"; KMJIel1eMMe KI1JIMaMeMMe "shall 1 come [or] shall 1 not come?".

5.012.

Contrastive

es.

Contrastive es consist of a head and elements which con­ trast it with other features of the context. There are phrases with contrastive conjunctions and without con­ junctions. 5.0121.

Phrases with contrastive conjunctions.

Conjunction /lakin/ "but": y JI Kl1C8 KMJIr8H, JI8KMH MHH "he came ye but 1 did not see him". 2. Conjunction /al "but": MHH KI1TTeM, ;;> yJI "KaJInhl "1 went

I

5.01111.

Coordinate

D.

yHhT

KYPMoHeM

p~bI

aJIbII1 1:'CaI1TTblJIap, a

drove the cows back, but the sheep reTBK

aj

FbIHa

"otherwise, or else": "let us get moving right away, otherwise we shall be too late". 5 0. Conjunction Ibalkay I "but": eJI Ty"lt T aMaM , 6 aJIKH KecoVl a reH8 "the wind does not calm down, but [on the contrary] it becomes even

1

80

~a

Bashkir Manual

6°. Conjunction /sulay-'1;)TCIICll 1920 ill"JI­ .Ilblll 19 Mai1~arbl }ICKPCTC MlI.1.'l;)TCC.l;)N e lt hyu rbl blllla­ IIblCblll loxxa Cblrap~bl: ;)r;)p ~d Y.lap 61>1ra TIIK.1CM 1919 "bI.UIIIIl 20 MapThlIIll.arbl KII.1elIJcy~c MlIJlm'nce.1CK haM ccnapaTlI1M pyxhlll.lla lpr3 M3TalllX(ln 6y..1 ha:lap, xa­ ~cp 6aIllXOpTOCrln yTK31! nrapclllTap, wpaA )'''K 6b1.'1 aA"KallJlbl OaUl"KOpTOCTaH1lblll ABToHoMIIRnbi p&ny6· .'1I1Ka 6y.'1bIVbl S1fblllall XO"K\'l( xaJle 5aWl(OpT ACCP'bI KOIl' CTlITYUHRhbllllla Kan;).laHlle. 5allll(OpT ACCP'blHblR x;)~epre KOHCTIITYUIIRhbl CCCP·~blH. (1936 i\blJlFbI) h3M PC~Cp· ~bllt (1937 iibl.'IFbI) Rllbi 'KoHcTIITyuilRJlapbl Hllre~eHlla ~UI' ,"laH,le h3M t 937 iibl.'11l1>l1t 23 IIIOHelllla 5aW'KOpT ACCP'bI COBtTTapellcll FJ~Jnall TblW X cecCIIRhblHJla haM 1940 Rbi•.,· JlblH 2 HlOlleHlla PC~CP BepxoBllbiR CoBere npalj)I;IIH8H pa~.lIaHllbl. CCCP, PC~CP haM fiatul(OpT ACCP·y KOHcnl. TYlllIRJlapbllIa Rpaw.1b1 payewT3 BaW1(OpTottaH uwceJJap' ~eH. haM KP~TII3I1Jl;:)p~en COlllla.'1HCTIIK rocY,ll3pCTBohbl:t 6}'Jlbln ropa h3~f Hellen BCpX.08HblH COBeTe h3M MlrllIICTP' ~3p COBere 6ap; \t~eHelt rep6b1, rocYAapcT8o Ij)narbl, lIeH 6awl(aJlahbl 6ap h, 6. 5b1J1ap~blli. 68TaheHJla Jla Balll1(opT ACCP'blHblll 31lMIIHIICTpaTHB eJI1(3.II3p~3H haM J(paA~ap~aH IOpllAIIK ailbipMahbl K3n3.ll3Ha . '6aWlt0pTOCTaH, neHelt KOHcTHTYUHRhblHlla Kyph3Tc­ JleyeHC3. ca8TOt10MIIRJlbI pecny6nHK8 XO'KY"W MeHaH Pccz,CP COCTUyaa 'IIHa,.; CCCP haM PC4JCP SIKORA'Pbl 5awltop­

n­

~

nt'­

HHJI)'CTpIIRJlaWTblpblY, npOIl380llCTBOHbI ueXaHH3all.IU. • 'WHaH, 6aW'KOpTOCTaH ayblJl xy*a.1b1FblH Aa 9CeN.J a.1"'bI.

1958 ftbl.1F8 THUeM pecny6.1llKaHbllt KO.1X03JlaPblll 13a Ma­

WIIHa-TpaKrop aaHIlJl.hbl xeJMaTJI;)HJlepJe. 6aWlt0pTOCTaH­

~

~

108

Bashkir Manual TOCran pc{'ny6J1I1Kal1b1 TepplfTOplIJlhblllJla Ma>KlSypH;

6aW'K(\pT ACCP-bi 3aKOHbi ,\lCHaH CCCP ha~ PCCP 3a­

KOllnapbI apahblllJl3 aiiblpbI.lblW 6y.ualf xa.l.l;). CCCP h;)M

PCCP JaJ\oll.:lapu 3m IITJ. naWl1.1 O('ONOI( Ten OY­ pblW 6y.'1h1n Topa. 1959-19G5 iibl.1..lapra CCCI"-~bI y~Te­ pey~el( KumlYHIICTdP napTIIHhbl haM COBeT X8KYM;)Te Tapa.pblllaH 3W.TJ;)lIr;)1I n.TJ3HbI 61.1.'1 (jyphlCTbl1t oallTa'K 8.1e­ weH yT'>yfa lI~anJIJllraH. CCCP xa.l'K XPKllI.'1a 6eTa MII.1.111 pccnyo.1J1Ka.'!ap­ ~bll( 3KOIIOMlIl\ah"lII haM Ky..1 bTypahblll