熔融沉积成型 (FDM) 是一种先进的 3D 打印技术，用于制造塑料材料。易用性、原型制作精度和低成本使其成为广泛使用的增材制造技术。FDM 通过塑料长丝的逐层熔融挤出来创建 3D 结构。打印结构的生产涉及通过 3D 设计软件生成模型的数字设计并由打印机执行，直到复制完整的模型。这篇综述介绍了 FDM 的现状、如何处理和操作 FDM 打印机、打印的行业标准、可以使用的细丝类型、后处理处理、优点和局限性，以及对日益增长的应用的概述FDM 技术领域。FDM的应用领域无穷无尽，包括生物医学、建筑、汽车、航空航天、声学、纺织品和职业治疗等。即使在当前的冠状病毒病 (COVID-19) 大流行期间，FDM 也帮助制造了用于 COVID-19 诊断的口罩、呼吸机和呼吸系统、呼吸阀和鼻咽拭子。FDM 3D 和 4D 打印可以根据所需的应用生产各种设计的聚合物和复合结构，以及各种材料的成分。审查最后讨论了 FDM 的未来前景。和鼻咽拭子用于 COVID-19 诊断。FDM 3D 和 4D 打印可以根据所需的应用生产各种设计的聚合物和复合结构，以及各种材料的成分。审查最后讨论了 FDM 的未来前景。和鼻咽拭子用于 COVID-19 诊断。FDM 3D 和 4D 打印可以根据所需的应用生产各种设计的聚合物和复合结构，以及各种材料的成分。审查最后讨论了 FDM 的未来前景。

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Fused deposition modelling (FDM) is an advanced 3D printing technique for the manufacture of plastic materials. The ease of use, prototyping accuracy and low cost makes it a widely used additive manufacturing technique. FDM creates 3D structures through the layer-by-layer melt-extrusion of a plastic filament. The production of a printed structure involves the generation of a digital design of the model by 3D design software and its execution by the printer until the complete model is reproduced. This review presents the current status of FDM, how to handle and operate FDM printers, industry standards of printing, the types of filaments that can be used, the post-processing treatments, advantages, and limitations as well as an overview of the increasing application fields of FDM technology. The application areas of FDM are endless, including biomedicine, construction, automotive, aerospace, acoustics, textiles, and occupational therapy amongst others. Even during the current Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, FDM has helped to fabricate face masks, ventilators and respiratory systems, respiratory valves, and nasopharyngeal swabs for COVID-19 diagnosis. FDM 3D and 4D printing can produce polymeric and composite structures of various designs, and compositions in a range of materials according to the desired application. The review concludes by discussing the future prospects for FDM.