活性氧和相关氧化剂的产生是生命不可避免的结果。蛋白质是氧化反应的主要目标，因为它们与氧化剂的反应速度快，并且在细胞、细胞外组织和体液中含量很高。此外，氧化应激能够将脂质和碳水化合物降解为高活性中间体，最终攻击各个功能位点的蛋白质。因此，通过蛋白质氧化、糖氧化和脂氧化形成多种不同的翻译后蛋白质修饰。可逆修饰与生理过程相关并构成信号传导机制（“氧化还原信号传导”），而不可逆修饰可能导致病理情况和多种疾病。越来越多的出版物提供了它们参与疾病的发生和进展以及衰老过程的证据。某些蛋白质氧化产物化学稳定且大量形成，这使得它们有希望成为氧化损伤的生物标志物。此外，检测和定量方法开发的进展缩短了分析时间和精力，并有助于其未来在临床常规中的应用。本综述概述了氧化蛋白修饰最重要的类别和选定的示例，阐明了其形成之外的化学原理，并讨论了可用的检测和分析方法。此外，还总结了蛋白质修饰作为疾病和衰老背景下生物标志物的相关性和潜力。

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Generation of reactive oxygen species and related oxidants is an inevitable consequence of life. Proteins are major targets for oxidation reactions, because of their rapid reaction rates with oxidants and their high abundance in cells, extracellular tissues, and body fluids. Additionally, oxidative stress is able to degrade lipids and carbohydrates to highly reactive intermediates, which eventually attack proteins at various functional sites. Consequently, a wide variety of distinct posttranslational protein modifications is formed by protein oxidation, glycoxidation, and lipoxidation. Reversible modifications are relevant in physiological processes and constitute signaling mechanisms (“redox signaling”), while non-reversible modifications may contribute to pathological situations and several diseases. A rising number of publications provide evidence for their involvement in the onset and progression of diseases as well as aging processes. Certain protein oxidation products are chemically stable and formed in large quantity, which makes them promising candidates to become biomarkers of oxidative damage. Moreover, progress in the development of detection and quantification methods facilitates analysis time and effort and contributes to their future applicability in clinical routine. The present review outlines the most important classes and selected examples of oxidative protein modifications, elucidates the chemistry beyond their formation and discusses available methods for detection and analysis. Furthermore, the relevance and potential of protein modifications as biomarkers in the context of disease and aging is summarized.