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 看经济学教材的时候，在想这些复杂又清晰的图是怎么绘制的。于是上网搜了一下，根据网上的信息，在 LaTeX 中使用 TikZ 包进行绘制是一个不错的选择，所以这两天花点时间学习了一下。 这篇推文算是学习笔记，共分为三部分：首先，从最熟悉的供求均衡入手，通过带有详细注释的代码，熟悉基本用法；虽有，尝试做一个用阴影表示消费者剩余变化的练习题，这部分我还用 Stata 画了图对比；最后，从其他资料中附上其他示例。 供求均衡 代码语言：javascript复制\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage{tikz} % 引入tikz宏包
\usetikzlibrary{calc} % 计算坐标轴
\begin{document}
\begin{tikzpicture}[domain=0:5,scale=1.5,thick] % scale 实现缩放，所以不必担心绝对坐标的问题
% 定义供给曲线和需求曲线的参数
\def\dint{4.5} %需求曲线Y轴的截距
\def\dslp{-0.5} %需求曲线的斜率
\def\sint{1.2} %供给曲线Y轴的截距
\def\sslp{0.8} %供给曲线的斜率
%定义供给曲线和需求曲线
\def\demmand{\x,{\dslp*\x+\dint}}
\def\supply{\x,{\sslp*\x+\sint}}
% 标记坐标点
\coordinate (ints) at ({(\sint-\dint)/(\dslp-\sslp)},{(\sint-\dint)/(\dslp-\sslp)*\sslp+\sint}); %均衡点
\coordinate (ep) at (0,{(\sint-\dint)/(\dslp-\sslp)*\sslp+\sint}); %均衡价格纵坐标
\coordinate (eq) at ({(\sint-\dint)/(\dslp-\sslp)},0); %均衡数量横坐标
\coordinate (dint) at (0,{\dint});
\coordinate (sint) at (0,{\sint});
% 绘制坐标轴
\draw[->] (0,0) -- (0,6) node[above] {$P$};
\draw[->] (0,0) -- (7,0) node[right] {$Q$};
% 绘制供给和需求曲线
\draw[thick, color=blue] plot (\demmand) node(right) {$D(p)={45}-5p$}; % 需求曲线
\draw[thick, color=red] plot (\supply) node(right) {$S(p)=12+8p$}; % 供给曲线
\draw[dashed] (ints) -- (ep) node[left] {$p^*$};
\draw[dashed] (ints) -- (eq) node[below] {$q^*$};
% 标示均衡点
\fill[purple] (ints) circle (2pt);
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}消费者剩余变化问题：考察线性需求曲线 D(p)=20-2p。当价格从 2 上升至 3 时，相应地，消费者剩余的变化是多少？并通过图形表示。 Stata 绘制 代码语言：javascript复制clear
set obs 200
gen q = _n
gen p = (20-q)/2
keep if p >0
gen p1 = 2
gen p2 = 3
line p q || (rarea p p1 q if q ,dashed] ($(c)+(0,0.15)$) -- ($(c)+(-.7,0.85)$);
\draw[->,dashed] ($(c)+(0.15,0)$) -- ($(c)+(0.85,-0.7)$);
\fill[blue] (0.5,1.5) node {Elastic};
\fill[blue] (1.6,0.5) node {Inelastic};
\draw[->] (1.5,1.5) node[label=above:Unitary Elastic] {} -- ($(c)+(.1,.1)$);
\end{tikzpicture}征税 代码语言：javascript复制% TikZ code: An excise tax
\begin{tikzpicture}[domain=0:5,scale=1,thick]
\usetikzlibrary{calc} %allows coordinate calculations.
\usetikzlibrary{decorations.pathreplacing} %allows drawing curly braces.
% Define linear parameters for supply and demand
\def\dint{4.5} %Y-intercept for DEMAND.
\def\dslp{-0.5} %Slope for DEMAND.
\def\sint{1.2} %Y-intercept for SUPPLY.
\def\sslp{0.8} %Slope for SUPPLY.
\def\tax{1.5} %Excise (per-unit) tax
% Define Supply and Demand Lines as equations of parameters defined above.
\def\demand{\x,{\dslp*\x+\dint}}
\def\supply{\x,{\sslp*\x+\sint}}
\def\demandtwo{\x,{\dslp*\x+\dint+\dsh}}
\def\supplytwo{\x,{\sslp*\x+\sint+\ssh}}
% Define coordinates.
\coordinate (ints) at ({(\sint-\dint)/(\dslp-\sslp)},{(\sint-\dint)/(\dslp-\sslp)*\sslp+\sint});
\coordinate (ep) at (0,{(\sint-\dint)/(\dslp-\sslp)*\sslp+\sint});
\coordinate (eq) at ({(\sint-\dint)/(\dslp-\sslp)},0);
\coordinate (dint) at (0,{\dint});
\coordinate (sint) at (0,{\sint});
\coordinate (teq) at ({(\sint+\tax-\dint)/(\dslp-\sslp)},0); %quantity
\coordinate (tep) at (0,{(\sint+\tax-\dint)/(\dslp-\sslp)*\sslp+\sint+\tax}); %price
\coordinate (tint) at ({(\sint+\tax-\dint)/(\dslp-\sslp)},{(\sint+\tax-\dint)/(\dslp-\sslp)*\sslp+\sint+\tax}); %tax equilibrium
\coordinate (sep) at (0,{\sslp*(\sint+\tax-\dint)/(\dslp-\sslp)+\sint});
\coordinate (sen) at ({(\sint+\tax-\dint)/(\dslp-\sslp)},{\sslp*(\sint+\tax-\dint)/(\dslp-\sslp)+\sint});
% DEMAND
\draw[thick,color=blue] plot (\demand) node[right] {$P(q) = -\frac{1}{2}q+\frac{9}{2}$};
% SUPPLY
\draw[thick,color=purple] plot (\supply) node[right] {Supply};
% Draw axes, and dotted equilibrium lines.
\draw[->] (0,0) -- (6.2,0) node[right] {$Q$};
\draw[->] (0,0) -- (0,6.2) node[above] {$P$};
\draw[decorate,decoration={brace},thick] ($(sep)+(-0.8,0)$) -- ($(tep)+(-0.8,0)$) node[midway,below=-8pt,xshift=-18pt] {tax};
\draw[dashed] (tint) -- (teq) node[below] {$Q_T$};
\draw[dashed] (tint) -- (tep) node[left] {$P_d$};
\draw[dashed] (sen) -- (sep) node[left] {$P_s$};
\end{tikzpicture}短期单位成本曲线 代码语言：javascript复制\begin{figure}
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=0.8]
\tiny
\draw (0,0) -- (8,0) node [below] {Quantity, units};
\draw (0,-0.5) -- (0,5) node [above] {Cost per unit, \$};
\draw (0.2,5) to [out=270,in=172] (2.6,0.4);
\draw (2.6,0.4) to [out=350.5,in=178] (7,0.1);
\node [right] at (7,0.5) {$AFC$};
\draw (0.3,5) to [out=280,in=150] (2,2.1);
\draw (2,2.1) to [out=330,in=200] (7,2);
\node [right] at (7,2.3) {$ATC$};
\draw (0,2) to [out=340,in=200] (7,1.8);
\node [right] at (7,1.8) {$AVC$};
\draw (0,2) to [out=315,in=240] (7,5);
\node [right] at (7,5) {$MC$};
\end{tikzpicture}
\caption{Short-run unit cost curves}
\end{figure}斯勒茨基分解 代码语言：javascript复制% Slutsky Decomposition
\usetikzlibrary{decorations.pathreplacing}
\begin{figure}
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1.2]
\draw [thick] (0,0) -- (8,0);
\draw [thick] (0,0) -- (0,5);
\node [right] at (8,0) {$x_1$};
\node [above] at (0,5) {$x_2$};
\draw [thick] (1.7,4.2) to [out=310,in=160] (5.4,1.5);
\draw [thick] (0.6,4) to [out=295,in=165] (3.5,1);
\draw [thick] (1.4,3.2) to [out=290,in=155] (3.5,1.3);
\node [right] at (6.5,0.9) {$C$};
\draw [thick] (0,4.6) -- (7.5,0);
\draw [thick] (0,4.6) -- (3.15,0);
\draw[dashed](1.4,2.5)--(1.4,0);
\draw[dashed](3.4,2.5)--(3.4,0);
\draw [thick] (0,3.4) -- (5.4,0);
\draw[dashed](2.4,1.9)--(2.4,0);
\node [above] at (2.4,2) {$x^B$};
\draw[fill] (2.4,1.9) circle [radius =0.06];
\node [left] at (1.3,2.5) {$x^A$};
\draw[fill] (1.4,2.5) circle [radius =0.06];
\node [right] at (3.2,3) {$x^C$};
\draw[fill] (3.4,2.5) circle [radius =0.06];
\node [right] at (0.5,4.6) {$C$};
\node [right] at (-0.1,4) {$A$};
\node [left] at (2.9,0.2) {$A$};
\node [right] at (4.3,0.2) {$B$};
\node [right] at (-0.1,3.1) {$B$};
\draw [decorate,decoration={brace,amplitude=4pt, mirror},xshift=0pt,yshift=-3pt]
(1.4,0) -- (2.4,0) node [black,midway,yshift=-.5cm] {\footnotesize $SE_1$};
\draw [decorate,decoration={brace,amplitude=4pt, mirror},xshift=0pt,yshift=-3pt]
(2.4,0) -- (3.4,0) node [black,midway,yshift=-.5cm] {\footnotesize $IE_1$};
\end{tikzpicture}
\caption{Slutsky decomposition}
\end{figure}参考资料1.http://static.latexstudio.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/tikzforeconomists-110619150244-phpapp01.pdf 2.https://sites.google.com/site/kochiuyu/Tikz 3.https://riguz.com/tex/latex_tikz/ 4.http://www.texample.net/tikz/examples/ |
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