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干货

2023-08-04 16:31| 来源: 网络整理| 查看: 265

First class is the most expensive way to travel. 坐头等舱是最贵的旅行方式。(first为形容词,在句中用作定语)

This is the first time I have heard of such things. 这是我第一次听到这样的事。(first为形容词,在句中用作定语)

You needn‘t read the whole book hut you must readthe first four chapters.你们不必把整本书全读完,但必须读完前四章。(first为形容词,在句中用作定语)

I asked them to ring first in case we were out. 我请他们先打电话来,以防我们不在家。(first为副词,在句中用作状语)

She‘s always the first to arrive and the last to leave. 她总是第一个来,最后一个离开。(first为代词,可视为其后省略了one, person等之类的词)

His second suggestion was not much better than his first. 他的第二个建议比第一个好不了多少。(first为代词,可视为其后省略了suggestion)

At first we used hand tools. Later we had machines. 开始我们用手工工具,后来我们有了机器。(atfirst在此用作状语)

2、从用法上看区别

1).first的用法

first 用来说明顺序,意为“先……”,暗示接下去还有其他动作或事件要发生,因此其后往往接有(或暗示有)then,next,last 等词。如:

Think first, then act. 先想清楚再行动。

I‘ll have to finish my homework first. 我得先把作业做完。

First(you)boil some water. Then(you)warm the teapot. Then(you)add three teaspoons oftea. Next,(you)pour on boiling water… 你先烧些开水,然后把茶壶烫热,接着放三勺茶叶,随后冲入开水……

John came home from work. First he read the paper for a while, then he got up from the chairand turned on the radio. 约翰下班回家,先看一会儿报,然后从椅子上站起来,打开收音机。

2). at first 的用法

at first 的意思是“起初”“开始”,它主要用于强调前后对照,暗示接下去的动作与前面的动作不同甚至相反,因此常有 but,afterwards,soon,at last等相呼应。如:

At first I didn‘t want to go, but I soon changed my mind. 我开始不想去,但我很快就改变了主意。

The work was hard at first, but I got used to it. 起初这活儿很累,不过后来我习惯了。

At first they were very happy, but then things started going wrong. 起初他们生活得很幸福,但后来就开始出问题了。

At first I paid little attention, but slowly my interest awoke. 起初我没怎么注意,但逐渐产生了兴趣。

3、其他几点区别

1). at first 除以上用法外,其他场合一般不用它;而first除表示“先……(然后……)”外,还可表示“最先”“第一次”“首先”等。如:

Ladies first. 女士优先。

That‘s mine—I saw it first. 那是我的,是我先看见的。

When did you first meet him? 你第一次见他是什么时候?

2). 有时at first并非固定搭配(first后还修饰有其他词语)。如:

She was so nice a girl that he fell in love with her at first sight. 她是这样好的一个姑娘,使他一见钟情。

She could tell at first glance to which class a man belonged. 她一眼就能看出一个人属于哪个阶级。

3). at first与at last不是一对反义词组,后者的意思是“终于”“最终”。如:

At last the truth became known. 最后真相大白了。

She has at last got everything ready. 她最后把一切准备好了。

At last the bus came. I had been waiting for half an hour. 最后公共汽车来了,我已等了半小时。

angry的介词搭配特点:

1.表示“对某人生气”,一般用介词 with(有时也用 at)

The teacher got angry with [at] me. 老师对我生气了。

有的词书认为:用with表示心中感到生气,而用at则表示怒气流露于外表,但总的说来此时还是用with的场合较多。

2.表示“对某事生气”,一般用介词 at(about)

He was rather angry at what you said. 他对你说的话相当生气。

I was angry about missing the film. 没看上那部电影我很气恼。

He was angry at being kept waiting. 他因久等而生气。

有的词书认为:at 之后接某人之言行,about 之后接某事,但这种区别并不十分严格,两者常可换用。

3.表示生气的原因,一般用介词for

He was angry with me for not having done anything. 因为我什么也没做,他对我很生气。

注:be angry 之后除搭配介词外,还可接不定式或从句:

He‘ll be angry to find that nothing has been done. 他发现什么都没做,他会生气的。

He was angry that the door was locked. 门锁上了,他很生气。

形容词able的用法说明:

1.表示“有能力的”、“能干的”,可用作表语或定语。如:

He is an able manager. 他是位有能力的经理。

He is old but still able. 他虽年老,但仍有很能干。

2.用于 be able to do sth(能或会做做某事)。如:

He is able to speak English. 他会说英语。

Everyone here is able to type. 这儿的每一个人都会打字。

He will be able to get about in a week or two. 再过一两个星期左右他就能走动了。

He studied hard and was able to pass his examinations. 他学习很努力,所以考试及了格。

注:be able to 不仅有多种时态形式(通常不用于进行时或与 be going to 连用),而且还可以与某些情态动词连用(通常不与 can 连用),甚至还可以有非谓语形式。如:

Since his accident he hasn't been able to leave the house. 自出事之后,他一直未能离开家。

You might be able to persuade him. 你也许能够说服他。

I hope to be able to do the work. 我希望能干得了这项工作。

I regret not being able to help her. 我很遗憾未能帮助她。

3.able 的比较级和最高级通常是abler和ablest,也可以是more able和most able,有时还可用 betterable和best able.如:

You are better able to do it than I (am). 你比我更有能力做这件事。

She's the person best able to cope. 她是个最能妥善处理问题的人。

4.若要加强语气,其前除可very,quite,perfectly等修饰外,有时还可用well修饰。如:

He is quite [well] able to take care of himself. 他完全有能力照顾自己。

He's a very able student; he's just too lazy. 他是个很有能力的学生,只是太懒了。

若受just,only just修饰,则表示“只能”“仅能”。如:

I was just able to make out a dark figure in the distance. 我只能看见远处有个黑影。

5.able的反义词是unable(不能的,不会的),不是disable,后者是动词,其意为“使残废”“使无能力”。比较:

They were unable to reach a decision. 他们没法做出决定。

Now that he was disabled, his house had become a prison to him. 因为他残废了,他的房子就成了他的牢笼。

hundred,thousand和million的用法说明

(1)用单数的场合

当这些词与具体数字连用时,习惯上用单数,而且也不后接介词of.如:

He was prepared to pay two million. 他愿意支付200万。

More than a hundred people were injured. 有一百多人受了伤。

但是,当这些词后面的名词有了the,these,those等特指限定词修饰时,或其后的接的是us,them 这样的人称代词时,则此时必须用介词of.如:

About three hundred of them have left there. 他们当中约有300人离开了那儿。

(2)用复数的场合

当这些词不与具体数字连用,而是表示不确定的泛指数时,则不仅要要用复数,而且要后接介词of,然后才能接名词。如:

The sun was shining. Thousands of people were lying on the beach. 阳光灿烂,数以千计的人躺在海滩上。

A careless mistake cost the company millions of pounds. 一个粗心的错误使公司蒙受数百镑的损失。

unless和if not均可表示“如果不”,有时用法相同,有时不同,请看题:

You'll miss the train ____ you hurry up.

A. unless B. as C. if not D. until

此题应选 A.容易选C.其实C只是词序不对,若改为……ifyou don't hurry up 也是对的。在许多情况下,连词until与if…not同义,且可换用(表示一种否定的条件)。

要是不下雨,我们就去。

正:We shall go unless it rains.

正:We shall go if it doesn't rain.

我不打电话给你,你就不要来。

正:Don't come unless I phone you.

正:Don't come if I don't phone you.

从以上两例可以看出,unless有时可以与if not换用,但if not中的not必须位于从句谓语中,而不能直接与if连用在一起。但是注意,即使如此,两者也并不是永远可以换用的:

一般说来,两者互换的场合只限于:当我们要去结束一个已经存在的想法或状态时(而不是去开始一种新的想法或状态)。试体会:

I'll stay at home unless I am invited (=if I am not invited) to the party. 要是不邀请我去参加 晚会,我就呆在家里。(即“邀请我参加晚会”会结 束“我将呆在家里”这一现在的打算)

若要表示所述条件会导致一种新的想法或情况,通常要用if…not,而不用unless.试体会:

I'll be angry if I'm not invited to the party. 如果不邀请我参加晚会,我会生气的。(即“不邀请我去参加晚会”会导致一种新情况—-“我会生气”)

谈谈alive的用法

1.关于比较等级的使用

表示“活着的”、“在世的”,其反义词是dead(死的);没有比较等级的变化。但表示“有活力的”、“活泼的”等义时,可以有比较等级的变化,且通常要加more,most 构成。如:

My grandfather is more alive than a lot of youngpeople. 我爷爷比许多年轻人还有生气。

2.关于用作定语

通常不放在名词前作定语,但可作作表语或后置定语。如:

He must be still alive. 她一定还活着。

He‘s the happiest man alive. 他在世界上最幸福的人。

Although he is old, he is very much alive. 虽然他很老了,但还很有生气。

注意:

但是若本身带有修饰语,则可以用作前置定语:

a really alive student 一个十分活跃的学生

a really alive town 一个十分热闹市镇

除用作表语和有时用作定语外,alive有时还用作状语或补语。如:

He was buried alive. 他被活埋了。

The spy was caught alive. 特务被活捉了。

I‘m afraid he can't come back alive. 恐怕他不能活着回来。

3.关于修饰语的使用

一般不用very修饰,但可用 much,very much,all等修饰。如:

He is (very) much alive. 他非常活跃。

The city was all alive when we arrived. 我们到达时,城里非常热闹。

但是当 alive(to)表示“意识到”(=aware of)时,可用very修饰。如:

He is very alive to the danger. 他完全意识到了这危险。

4.用于搭配be alive with

该习语意为“充满”、“到处是”。如:

The woods are alive with birds. 树林中到处是鸟。

The street was alive with people. 街上挤满了人。

The sky was alive with stars. 满天星斗。

5.alive,living,live的区别

三者均可表示“活着”,但用法有区别:

(1)alive通常不放在名词前作定语 (可用作表语或后置定语),但是本身有修饰语时,可用作前置定语等 (见以上分析和例句);主要用于人或动物。

(2)living 可用作表语或定语,可用于人或物。如:

Both plants and animals are living things. 动植物都是生物。

My first English teacher is still living? 我的英语启蒙老师还健在。

English is a living language. 英语是一门活生生的语言。

从含义上看alive与living都可表示“活着”,含义很接近,只要句法适合,两者有时可互换。如:

the greatest scientist alive = the greatest living scientist 当代最伟大的科学家

Are your grandparents still alive [living]? 你祖父母还健在吗?

若要严格区分,两者仍有差别。如:

living 侧重指“健在”或“尚在人间”,而alive则侧重指生与死的“界限”:

In the car accident the mother was killed, but her two-year-old son was found alive. 在这次车祸中,母亲死了,但是她两岁的儿子却还活着。

(3)live 只用作定语 (前置),主要用于动物、植物等 (一般不用于人) .如:

He bought some live fish. 他买了几条活鱼。

Only a few live trees were left after the fire. 火灾之后只剩下几棵树还活着。

用英语表示年龄的常用方法:

(1)一般直接用基数词表示,如:

Her daughter is eighteen. 她的女儿18岁。

(2)用“基数词+years old”表示,有时可将years old 换成years of age.如:

Her daughter is eighteen years old. / Her daughter iseighteen years of age. 她的女儿18岁。

(3)用“at the age of +基数词”表示。如:

Her daughter got married at the age of eighteen. 她的女儿18岁就结了婚。

(4)用“基数词-year-old”表示,此结构常做(前置)定语。如:

Her 18-year-old daughter is now in the university. 他18岁的女儿现在上大学。

(5)用“of + 基数词”表示,此结构常做后置定语。如:

Her daughter is now a pretty girl of 18. 她女儿现在一个18岁的美少女了。

(6)用“aged +基数词”表示,此结构常做后置定语。如:

Lying on the floor was a boy aged about seventeen. 躺在地板上的是一个约莫十七岁的男孩。

(7)用“be in one's +几十的复数形式”表示某人大概的年龄。如:

He went to the United States in his fifties. 他五十多岁时去了美国。

-ed形容词与-ing形容词的用法区别

1. 以后缀-ed结尾的形容词(如 ashamed,delighted,excited,frightened,interested,moved,pleased,surprised,worried 等)通常用于说明人,不用于说明事物,即使它们所修饰的名词是事物,那它们指的也是与该事物相关的人。如:

He had a pleased smile on his face. 他脸上露出了满意的微笑。

He told me the news in a very excited voice. 他告诉了我这个消息,声音很激动。

第一句中的a pleased smile 意为“满意的微笑”,它指的是某人因感到满意发出的微笑;第二句中的 excited voice 指的是“激动的声音”,即指的是带有这种声音的某人感到激动。

原则上,-ed 形容词通常直接用于说明人,若修饰事物,则多为 air(神态),appearance(外貌),cry(哭声),face(表情),voice(声音),mood(情绪)等与显示某人的情感状况的名词。

2. 以后缀-ing结尾的形容词(如 delighting,exciting,frightening,interesting,moving,surprising,worrying 等)主要用于说明事物,表示事物的性质或特征,若用它们说明人,则表示此人具有此性质或特征。如:

The story is very interesting. 这个故事很有趣。

The man is very interesting. 这个人很有趣。

in case用作副词性短语

in case用作副词时,其意为“以防万一”。如:

Better take an umbrella in case. 最好带把伞,以防下雨。

The dog was chained, but I carried a stick in case. 狗是用链条锁住的,但我带着一根棍子以防万一。

注:

in case的副词性用法,可视为其后省略了一个目的状语从句,其意为表示“以防有什么情况”。如:

The sun is shining, but I'll take an umbrella just incase (it should rain). 现在是晴天,但我还是带上雨伞以防万一。

The bus is usually on time, but start early, just in case (you are late). 公共汽车一般是准时的,但还是早一点走好,以防有什么情况。

形容词absent后接介词说明

absent用作形容词,意为“缺席的”。要表示“做某事缺席”,其后常接介词 from.如:

Some students were absent from class. 有些学生上课缺席。

They were absent from work that day. 他们那天都没有上班。

有时根据不同的语境,也可能使用不同的介词。如:

He's absent in Beijing. 他外出了,现在北京。

比较:

He's absent from Europe. 他不在欧洲。

He's absent in Europe. 他外出了,现在欧洲。

用作形容词,有时表示“心不在焉”、“茫然的”等,通常只用作定语。如:

He had an absent look on his face. 他脸上露出茫然的神色。

absent-minded意为“心不在焉的”、“健忘的”( 可用作表语或定语)。如:

He is always absent-minded. 他老是心不在焉。

anywhere用法小议

1.用于否定句、疑问句或条件句中,用以代替 somewhere,意为“在 (往)什么地方”、“在 (往)任何地方”:

I cannot find it anywhere. 我在什么地方都没找到它。

Are you going anywhere tonight? 今晚你要去什么地方吗?

If you go anywhere, take me with you. 你要是去什么地方,带我一起去。

若是要肯定地说某个地方,应用 somewhere:

I think I saw it somewhere. 我想我在什么地方见过它。

2.用于肯定句,意为“在任何地方”:

Sit anywhere. 随便坐。

Just put it down anywhere. 就把它随便放个地方。

3.有时可引导一个从句,相当于连词,大致与wherever同义:

You can go anywhere you want. 你想去什么地方就去什么地方吧。

I‘ll take you anywhere you like. 你想去什么地方我就带你去什么地方。

4.有时可用作主语或宾语,相当于名词:

A:Where should I put it? 我把它放什么地方?

B:Anywhere will do. 随便哪里都行。

Just put it down anywhere. 就把它随便放个地方。

5.有时可引导一个从句,相当于连词,大致与wherever同义:

You can go anywhere you want. 你想去什么地方就去什么地方吧。

I‘ll take you anywhere you like. 你想去什么地方我就带你去什么地方。

6.有时可用作主语或宾语,相当于名词:

A:Where should I put it? 我把它放什么地方?

B:Anywhere will do. 随便哪里都行。

副词little在复合词中的用法

用作副词的little有时可用于复合词中,但这种用法非常有限,主要见于little-known,little-used,little-travelled等。如:

little-known

It's a little-travelled route. 那是一条旅客稀少的路线。

little-used

It is a little-used footpath. 那是一条几乎没有人走的小道。

We should make little-used resources moreproductive. 我们应该充分利用闲置资源。

little-travelled

He is a little-known painter. 他是一个没有什么名气的画家。

He's studying the work of a little-known German novelist. 他正在研读一位没有什么名气的德国小说家的作品。

Doctors are keen to highlight this little-known disease. 医生们渴望把注意力集中在这一鲜为人知的疾病上。

Not so long ago Viviana was a little-known actress playing in a provincial theatre—these daysshe's the toast of the town. 不久前薇薇安娜还是一个在地方剧院演出的鲜为人知的演员——而现在她已成了镇上极为受人敬慕的人。

副词apart的用法说明

1.基本用法

apart表示“分开”、“相距”、“离开”等,可以用于时间(time)、距离(distance)、关系(relation)、状况(condition)等;另外从所表示的状态来看,它既可表示静态的“相距”或“相隔”;也可表示动态的“分开”或“离开”等:

The two villages are about two kilometers apart. 这两个村庄相距约两公里。

Their views are wide apart. 他们的看法相去甚远。

During that time we were never apart. 在那段时间里人我们从不分离。

I can't get the two things apart. 我不能把这两样东西分开。

He and his wife are living apart. 他与妻子没有住在一起。

She keeps herself apart from other people. 她与别人保持距离。

2.易错说明

表示具体的时间或距离时,应置于其后,而不应像汉语那样置于其前:

这两座房子相距200米。

正:The two houses are 200 metres apart.

误:The two houses are apart 200 metres.

我们俩的生日刚好相差一个月。

正:Our birthdays are exactly a month apart.

误:Our birthdays are exactly apart a month.

3.用于提问

询问相隔多远时,要用 How far apart...?

你们的住处相距多远?

正:How far apart do you live?

误:How apart do you live?

4.关于apart from

用于短语apart from(在美国英语中通常用 aside from):

①表示“除...外还有”(=besides):

Apart from the cost, it will take a lot of time. 除了花费外,它还需要不少时间。

Apart from being too large, the hat doesn't suit me. 除了太大外,这顶帽子我戴也不合适。

②表示“若没有”、“除...外”(=except for):

The article is good apart from a few spelling mistakes. 除了有几个拼写错误外,这篇文章写得挺好的。

Apart from that, all goes well. 除了那事外,其它一切进展顺利。

比较以下同义句型:

他除了鼻子外,其它哪儿都很好看。

正:Apart from his nose, he's quite good-looking.

正:His nose apart, he's quite good-looking.

ago与before的用法区别

1)两者均可表示在多久时间“以前”(要放在表示一段时间的词语之后),但有区别:ago从现在向前回溯,即现在的过去,因此通常与一般过去时连用;而 before则从过去向前回溯,即指过去的过去,因此通常与过去完成时连用(尤其用于宾语从句中)。如:

I bought the computer two years ago. 我是两年前买这台电脑的。

He said they had left five days before. 他说他们 5 天前就离开了。

注:在表示推测或为使语境生动的句子中,有时也可用ago代替before.如:

He must have left a week ago. 想必他在一星期前就离开了。

I had thought that he had died at least 20 years ago. 我原以为他至少在 20 年前就已经去世了。

(2)before 有时单独使用(即不连用具体时间),泛指一般意义的“以前”,此时可用于一般过去时,也可用于现在完成时。如:

He didn‘t know that before. 他以前不知道此事。

I have been there before. 我以前去过那儿。

much可修饰哪些词语

一、much修饰比较级

修饰比较是副词much的常见用法,“much + 比较级”的意思是“更……”“……得多”。如:

It‘s much colder today than it was yesterday. 今天比昨天冷得多。

It was much worse than I thought. 它比我想像的还要糟得多。

We will be a much better football team next year. 明年我们将会成为一支更好的足球队。

二、much修饰最高级

much修饰最高级应置于最高级前的定冠词之前,而不是之后。“much + the + 最高级”的意思是“最最……”“绝对是最……”。如:

This is much the most difficult. 这是最最难的。

That‘s much the best plan. 那绝对是最好的计划。

Of the three boys Nick is much the cleverest. 这三个男孩中,尼克最最聪明。

三、much修饰形容词的原级

much修饰形容词原级的情形主要见于那些由过去分词转化来的形容词。如:

I was much annoyed. 我很不高兴。

She wasn‘t much surprised. 她并不太惊讶。

注:有个别非分词转化来的形容词有时也可用much修饰,但这种用法很有限,通常只见于good,different等少数几个形容词。如:

I don‘t think this battery is much good. 我并不认为这种电池非常好。

The new school isn‘t much different from the old one. 新学校与老学校区别不太大。

四、much修饰副词too

much too 为习语,其中的much修饰副词too;much too可视为too的加强说法,其语气比单独用too更强。如:

He spoke much too fast. 他说话说得太快了。

This is much too heavy for you to lift. 这东西太重,你拿不起来。

注意:much too与too much词序不同,用法也不同。从句法功能上看,much too的用法与too相同,但比too的语气更强;而too much在用法上则与much相同,但比much 语气更强。比较:

He drives much too fast. 他开车开得太快了。

The shoes are much too small for me. 这鞋子我穿太小了。

There is too much rain. 雨水太多了。

You have given me too much. 你已经给我太多了。

五、much修饰介词短语

much主要用于修饰由like,in,to等少数介词所构成的介词短语。如:

The baby doesn‘t look much like you. 这婴儿长得不大像你。

They‘re very much in love with each other. 他们彼此在热恋中。

Much to my surprise, she did it by herself. 让我极为惊讶的是,这竟然是她自己做的。

六、much修饰动词

much修饰动词时,通常只用于否定句或疑问句中,一般不能用于肯定句中(除非前面有very,too,so等之类的修饰语)。如:

正:She doesn‘t like him much. (用于否定句,故正确)

正:She doesn‘t much like him. (用于否定句,故正确)

正:Does she like him much?(用于疑问句,故正确)

正:Does she much like him? (用于疑问句,故正确)

正:She likes him very [too, so] much. (其前有修饰语,故正确)

注意以下误句:

误:She likes him much. / She much likes him. (因为它用于肯定句,且其前没有修饰语,故不正确)

但是,不带修饰语的much有时也能在肯定句中修饰动词,但这通常只限于 admire,affect,appreciate,dislike,enjoy,look forward to,prefer,regret等少数动词,且much通常只能放在句中,不放在句末。如:

We much appreciate your invitation. 我们非常感激你的邀请。

We would much prefer to be given money. 我们还是更喜欢有人给我们钱。

These factors have much affected the building of nuclear plants. 这些因素极大地影响了核电站的建立。

七、much修饰as

much as 可视为习语,其意为“虽然”,用法与though相似。如:

Much as I‘d like to help, there isn't a lot I can do. 尽管我愿意帮忙,却没有很多事我能做。

Much as he admired her looks and her manners, he had no wish to marry her. 虽说他很欣赏她的外貌和仪态,他却无心和她结婚。

八、much修饰the same

much 修饰the same,从表面上是加强了the same的语气,但实际上是缓和了其语气,其意为“情况大致相同”“几乎差不多”“没什么变化”。如:

The patient is much the same this morning. 今天早上病人情况几乎没什么变化。

Whichever method you use, the result is much the same. 不论你用哪一种方法,结果都差不多。

They eat much the same thing for breakfast every day. 他们每天吃的早餐几乎都一样。

deep与deeply副词的区别

有的与形容词同形的副词与以-ly结尾的副词意义差别不是很大。我们可从以下几个方面来区分:

位置不同:

在动词之前或句首通常只用ly副词。如:

He slowly drove the car into the garage.他把车慢慢地开进车库。

Quickly everybody stood up.大家很快地站起来。

但在动词后,两种副词都可用。如:

He drives slow/slowly.他的车开得很慢。

He sold it cheap/cheaply.他将它便宜卖了。

含义不同:

与形容词同形的副词通常指具体情况,而-ly副词多指抽象概念。请比较:

He is sitting close to me.他就坐在我边上。

Watch closely what I do.仔细瞧我怎么做的。

I went deep into the woods.我深入到树林中。

Her story moved me deeply.她的故事使我深受感动。

The plane was flying high.这架飞机飞得很高。

He think highly of your work.他对你的工作评价很高。

He opened the door wide. 他把门开得大大的。

English is widely used in the world.英语在世界范围内广泛使用。

习惯搭配不同:

如:

1.在stand firm(站稳)和hold firm(固守)中不用firmly.

2.在fair and square(正大光明地)和play fair(公平办事)中不用fairly.

3.在take it easy(别着急),go easy(从容不迫),easier said than done(说来容易做来难),easy come,easy go(易得则易失)等中不用easily.

4.在sound asleep(熟睡),wide open(完全开着),wide awake(完全醒了)中不用soundly或widely.

almost与nearly的语法区别

(1)两者都可用来修饰不定代词、形容词、副词、动词、介词短语等,此时两者常可换用:

It's almost [nearly] impossible. 那几乎是不可能的。

He almost [nearly] always arrives late. 他差不多总是迟到。

The girl nearly(almost)fainted. 这姑娘差点(几乎)晕倒了。

They have almost [nearly] run out of food. 他们的食品几乎(差不多)已经吃完了。

He went out almost [nearly] every evening. 他几乎(差不多)每天晚上都出去。

It was nearly [almost] five thirty. 几乎已经五点半了。

He fell and almost [nearly] broke his leg. 他摔了一跤,险些摔断了腿。

(2)almost可用于any以及no,none,nobody,nothing,never等否定词之前,但nearly一般不这样用:

Almost any man can do it. 几乎任何人都会做。

Almost no one came to the party. 几乎没有人来参加晚会。

但是,两者都可用在否定动词之前:

He almost [nearly] didn't catch the bus. 他差点没赶上公共汽车。

(3)nearly 前可用 very,pretty,not 等词修饰,但almost之前不能用这些词:

It's not nearly so difficult as you think. 这远不像你想像的那么难。

【注】not nearly 意为“远非”,very [pretty] nearly意为“几乎”,都是习语。

(4)有时 almost 可表示十分相似(但又不完全相同),此时不用 nearly:

I almost wish I'd stayed at home. 我真有点后悔没在家里呆着。

as often as及其他

一 as often as用于字面义,表示“与……一样经常”,可视为as…as结构与often的自然搭配;若用作习语,则表示“每当”。如:

I don‘t visit my parents as often as I should. 我去看望的次数不够经常。

As often as I tried to phone him the line wasengaged. 每次我给他打电话都占线。

另外,习惯搭配as often as not的意思是“往往”“通常”,不能按字面来理解。如:

As often as not, he forgets his homework. 他常常忘做家庭作业。

二 其他的还有:

as soon as字面意思为“与……一样快”;作为习语,其意为“一……就”。

as long as字面意思为“与……一样长(久)”;作为习语,其意为“只要”。

as well as字面意思为“与……一样好”;作为习语,其意为“不但……而且”“既是……也是”“而且”“还”。

interested in doing和interested to do

有这样一道题:

You are right, we are not interested _________ tostories, but now we'd be interested _________ yourstory.

A. in listening, in hearing B. to listen, to hear

C. in listening, to hear D. to listen, in hearing

【分析】此题容易误选A,因为 be interested in 是大家很熟悉的结构,in 是介词,其后接动词自然应用动名词。但是,从句意来看,此题的最佳答案应是C.为此请注意以下区别:

be interested in doing sth = 对做某事感兴趣(指一般性的动作)

be interested to do sth = 很有兴趣做某事,很想做某事(指尚未发生的动作)

如:He is interested in listening to stories. 他对听故事很感兴趣。

We'd be interested to hear your story. 我们很想听听你的故事。

请看一个类似的例子:

be keen on doing sth = 热衷于做某事(指一般性的动作)

be keen to do sth = 喝望做某事(指尚未发生的动作)

He is keen on playing tennis. 他很喜欢打网球。

I can't drive yet, but I’m keen to learn. 我还不会开车,但我很想学。

但是,以上用法是不可以随便推而广之的,因为并不是所有的“be + 形容词”都可同时接不定式或“介词 + 动名词”的。如:

(1)要表示“喜欢做某事”,英语可用be fond of doing sth,但不用be fond to do sth.

(2)要表示“忙于做某事”,英语可用be busy in doing sth,但不用be busy to do sth.

(3)要表示“厌烦做某事”,英语可用be tired of doing sth,但不用be tired to do sth.

(4)要表示“做某事做迟了”,英语可用be late in doing sth,但不用be late to do sth.

(5)要表示“做某事有经验”,英语可用be experienced at / in doing sth,但不用be experienced todo sth.

另外,对于可用于两个结构者,也不见得含义都有以上区别的。如:be fortunate in doing sth与befortunate in doing sth大致同义。

the用作副词的三种情形

以下用法的the有人认为是冠词,也有人认为是副词:

1、用于最高级前

Of all her friends, she likes Mary the best. 在她所有的朋友中,她最喜欢玛丽。

That was the most interesting story she had evertold. 这是她讲过的最有趣的故事。

She is the most suitable person imaginable. 她是能想像出的最合适的人选。

2、用于比较级前

表示某人或某物比以前更好或更坏,此时句中通常会有表示原因、理由或条件的短语或从句。如:

I feel the better for my walk. 散了一下步我觉得舒服多了。

I love him all the more for his faults. 正因为他这些缺点,所以我越发爱他。

3、用于“the +比较级,the +比较级”

表示“越……越……”。如:

The more a man has, the more he wants. 人越有越想要。

The higher up we go, the colder it becomes. 越往上走,天气就越冷。

The better I knew him, the more I liked him. 我越了解他就越喜欢他。

副词quite是否可以修饰比较级

副词quite通常不用于修饰比较级,但有一个例外,即可说quite better(指身体康复)。如:

I'm quite better now. 我现在好多了。

注意,虽然quite一般不用于修饰比较级,但却可以修饰最高级。如:

It's quite the worst play I have ever seen. 这的确是我看过的戏当中最差的出戏。

下面请看一道考题:

—This book is _____ more useful for usstudents.

—Yes, but it is _____ too difficult.

A. quite, quite B. much, much

C. rather, quite D. quite, much

【分析】此题应选B.理由是:虽然quite, rather, much 均可用于加强语气,但是修饰比较级或副词too(太)时,要用rather或much,而不用quite.

no longer, not …any longer与no more的区别

(1)用作副词表示时间上的“不再”,可用no longer,not…any longer,not…any more:

He knows that he is no longer young. 他知道自己不再年轻。

She could no longer go to school. 她不再能上学了。

This is no longer a distant dream. 这已不再是遥远的梦。

I can't wait any longer. 我不能再等了。

I am not concerned with that matter any longer. 我不再和这事有关。

You won't ever see her any more. 你不会再见到她。

I just can't stand this life any more. 我简直受不了这种生活。

We won't have any more discussion about it. 我们将不再作更多讨论了。

We don't live here any more [longer]. / We no longer live here. 我们不住在这里了。

He once knew her, but they are no longer friends. 他过去认识她,但现在不再是朋友了。

no longer 通常位于句中的实意动词之前,动词be、助动词和情态动词之后,有时也可位于句末或句首(用于句首时,其后用倒装语序):

He no longer loves her. / He loves her no longer. / No longer does he love her. 他再也不爱她了。

【注】原来no more 也可表示时间上的“不再”(但要与非延续性动词连用,且位于句末),但在现代英语中,nomore 一般不这样用。

(2)以下各例中的more 和longer 分别为much 和long的比较级,此时两者不可混淆:

There is no more bread. 没有面包了。

The boy doesn't want any more. 这孩子不想再要了。

This rope is no longer than that one. 这根绳子与那根绳子一样不长。

看书和读书---请看下面两个句子:

1. I've _____ your book with pleasure.

2. Students must not _____ their books whilehaving an exam.

A. read,read B. looked at,looked at

C. read,looked at D. looked at,read

此题应选C。容易误选A,这要从英语对“读书”和“看书”的表达习惯说起:

汉语的“看书”和“读书”,其实有两层含义:

1. 指阅读性地“看书”或“读书”,此时一般是用动词read:

He has read through all these books. 他已通读了所有这些书。

When I entered,he was reading a book. 我进来时他正在看书。

I've read your book with pleasure. 我已高兴地拜读了你的大作。

2. 不指阅读性地“看书”,而只是大概地看一看,比如看看书的封面、定价、内容提要等,或者回答问题时看看书的某些章节或字句等,或者是考试时偷看书本等,此时通常用look at,see等:

Can I look at those books? 我可以看看那些书吗?

He demanded to see my books. 他要求看看我的书。

Please answer my questions without looking at your books. 请不看书回答我的问题。

Students must not look at their books during examinations. 学生考试不准看书。

关于“never+比较级”结构

否定副词never与比较级连用有时可表示最高级的意义。如:

I have never drunk better beer. 我从来没喝过这么好的啤酒。(相当于说:这是我喝过的最好的啤酒。)

I have never met a kinder man. 我从来没遇见过这么仁厚的人。(相当于:这是我遇见过的最仁厚的人。)

He had never spent a more worrying day. 他从来没有度过这样烦恼的日子。(相当于说:这是我度过的最烦恼的日子。)

注:有时也可不用never而用其他否定词。如:

No news could be more delightful to me. 这消息最令我高兴。

修饰比较级---any和no用作副词意为at all时,可与比较级的形容词和副词搭配使用。如:

It doesn't get any easier. 这并未变得容易起来。

Is he any better this morning?—No, he's no better. 他今早好一些了吗?——没有,比以前没有好多少。

I don't think this is any better than I expected. 我不认为这比我预料的有什么好。

It isn't safe to go any farther in this fog. 在这大雾里再往前走是不安全的。

A notice at the end of the road warns people not to go any further. 路的尽头处的通告警告人们不要再往前走。

用于not…any more [longer]构成习语:

I wasn't enjoying life any more. 我不再享受生活了。

Landlords say they will not wait any longer. 房东们说,他们不会再等待了。

修饰某些原形---any和no作副词用时,可与某些原级形容词搭配使用,尤其用于good(any good)和different(anydifferent)。如:

Is that book any good? 一It's no good at all. 那本书好吗?——一点也不好。

So is it any different to any other car? 那么它与其他车有什么区别呢?

This school isn't any different from the last one. 这所学校和上一所没有什么区别。

I hadn't seen her for years, but she wasn’t any different. 我多年没见她了,可是她一点儿也没变。

Things wouldn't be any different if we were at home. 这个假日过得很乏味,还不如回家去。

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