通过热带地区持续的森林砍伐，与森林有关的生态系统服务正在下降，而由农业土地利用提供的生态系统服务正在增加。土地系统科学提供了一个框架，用于分析土地用途变化与由此产生的社会-环境权衡之间的联系。但是，由于缺乏直接通过遥感获得土地利用的信息，而且在足够的空间分辨率下通常无法获得人口普查数据，因此常常缺乏支持这种权衡取舍的证据基础。马达加斯加东北部的全球生物多样性热点就是这些挑战的例证。我们将通过遥感获得的土地利用数据与来自区域性家庭调查的社会生态数据相结合，试图使土地利用与生态系统服务收益之间的联系更加明确。我们的研究证实，有关景观的遥感信息反映了家庭对稻米生产系统的参与。我们根据与特定土地用途相关的“生态系统服务包”，以及对家庭的生态系统服务收益，进一步描述了景观。景观类型图可以帮助将未来的保护和开发工作引向有成功潜力的地方。

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Through ongoing deforestation in the tropics, forest-related ecosystem services are declining, while ecosystem services provided by agricultural land uses are on the increase. Land system science provides a framework for analysing the links between land use change and the resulting socio-environmental trade-offs. However, the evidence base to support the navigation of such trade-offs is often lacking, as information on land use cannot directly be obtained through remote sensing and census data is often unavailable at sufficient spatial resolution. The global biodiversity hotspot of north-eastern Madagascar exemplifies these challenges. Combining land use data obtained through remote sensing with social-ecological data from a regional level household survey, we attempt to make the links between land use and ecosystem service benefits explicit. Our study confirmed that remotely sensed information on landscapes reflects households’ involvement in rice production systems. We further characterized landscapes in terms of “ecosystem service bundles” linked to specific land uses, as well as in terms of ecosystem service benefits to households. The map of landscape types could help direct future conservation and development efforts towards places where there is potential for success.