[IELTS Writing]

paraphrase （以幽默或更简短、清晰的方式）意译，解释，改述

Paraphrasing is simply re-writing a phrase or sentence so that it has the same  meaning, but with different words. 复述/改写/转述只不过是重写一个短语或句子，使其具有相同的含义，但却使用不同的单词。

Let’s look at an example. 看一个例子

原句

Example: Paraphrasing is one of the most important skills to learn before doing your IELTS test.复述是雅思考试前需要学习的最重要的技能之一。

改写后的句子

Paraphrased: Prior to taking the IELTS test, mastering paraphrasing is one of the most crucial things to do.在参加雅思考试之前，能熟练地转述是最重要的事情之一。

第二句使用了：

同义词替换(uses synonyms to change some vocabulary)，比如把 ‘important’ 替换成‘crucial’ ，用‘’prior’’ 去替换‘before’ 

改变语法形式(changes the grammar) ，比如把"Paraphrasing is one of the most important skills”替换成 “mastering paraphrasing”

你还可以改变单词顺序( You can also change the word order. )

改写方法总结如下，共有四种方法：

Method Number 1: Using Synonyms使用同义词

例1

My car needs petrol. 

My vehicle requires fuel.

car=vehicle     needs=requires

例2

原句 Violent crime is on the rise among teenagers.

改写句 Violent offences are rising among adolescents/ young people between the ages of 13-19. 

teenager（13岁至19岁的）青少年

adolescent 青少年

注意：这里不能用 young people 替换！

因为children and young adults, aged between 18-30, could also be described as young people. 

因此只有对替换的同义词有百分百的把握，才能使用同义词替换，否则会被扣分！

例3

Global warming is mostly caused by emissions from internal combustion engines.

Climate change is mainly caused by the release of fumes from motor vehicles.

Method Number 2: Change the Word Order 改变单词顺序

1. You can easily change the order of the clauses, if the original sentence has more than one clause.  如果原句有多个从句，你可以很容易地改变从句的顺序。

Question: 原句

As languages such as Spanish, Chinese and English become more widely used, there is a fear that that many minority languages may die out. 

Paraphrased by changing word order: 改变词序后的句子

There is a fear that many minority languages may die out, as languages such as Spanish, Chinese and English become more widely used. 

We could also add some synonyms to paraphrase it even more: 我们还可以添加一些同义词来进一步改写原句：

Paraphrased with changing word order AND synonyms: 改变词序，替换同义词后的句子

There is dismay that many lesser used languages may pass away, as languages such as Chinese, English and Spanish become more broadly spoken. 

2. You can also change the word order if there is an adjective or noun in the question. You do this by simply changing the adjective into a relative clause.  如果原句中有形容词或名词，也可以改变词序。你只需把形容词换成关系从句就可以了。

Question: 原句

Learning to manage money is one of the key aspects to adult life.

Paraphrased using a relative clause: 使用关系从句后的改写句

Learning to manage money is one of the aspects to adult life that is key. 

Method Number 3: Change the Form of the Word 改变单词形式

Question:原句

Longer life spans and improvements in the health of older people suggest that people over the age of sixty-five can continue to live full and  active lives. 

Paraphrased by changing word form:改变单词形式后的句子

Longer life spans and improvements in the health of older people are suggesting that people over the age of sixty-five can continue living full and active lives. 

Method Number 4: Change from Active to Passive 从主动语态变成被动语态

The passive voice is often used in academic writing and can therefore be used in the IELTS academic writing test. Only verbs with an object can be turned into  the passive.  被动语态通常用于学术写作，因此可以用于雅思学术写作考试中。只有带有宾语的及物动词才能转变成被动语态。

Example active sentence: 主动语态例句

The property developers invested $20 million in the development of the shopping centre. 

Example passive sentence:被动语态例句

$20 million was invested in the development of shopping centres. 

We often use the passive voice in academic writing when we don’t want to say it is our opinion.  当我们不想说“这是我们的观点”时，我们通常在学术写作中使用被动语态。

Example active: 主动语态例句

People say that global warming is caused by the burning of fossil fuels. 

Example passive: 被动语态例句

Global warming is said to be caused by the burning of fossil fuels.

The four methods can be used independently or together. I advise my students  to try and change the grammar (word order and/or word form) and use synonyms. Remember only use the methods you feel 100% comfortable using and that you are sure your work is error free. 

这四种方法可以单独使用，也可以同时使用。我建议我的学生尝试改变语法（词序和/或词形）并使用同义词。记住只用你觉得百分百顺手的改写方法，并且你确保你的改写没有错误。