一、 提纲式作文的类型　　二、 提纲式作文的写作要领　　三、 提纲式作文练习及其参考范文　　提纲式作文，即给出二、三个汉语或英语提示短语作为写作框架，展开文章的一种作文形式。它也属于指导性作文（guided writing），是四（六）级考试中最常见的作文形式。与段首句作文相比，提纲作文具有更大的控制性，而且给出的材料更明确具体。这种作文题型以提纲的形式对作文的选材范围、立意、内容的组织等进行具体的指导。　　第一节 提纲式作文的类型　　提纲式作文有两种：　　（1）给出英文题目、中文提纲　　提纲式作文多以英文给出题目、以中文给出提纲，有时提纲中还有提示。如1996年6月的四级作文题：　　Global Shortage of Fresh Water　　1. 人们认为淡水是取之不尽的。（提示：雨水、河水、井水??）　　2. 实际上淡水是非常紧缺的。（提示：人口增加、工业用水增加、污染??）　　3. 我们应该怎么办？　　（2）给出英文题目和提纲　　提纲式作文有时也以英文给出题目和提纲，如下面的作文题：　　Electronic Dictionaries　　1. Advantages of electronic dictionaries　　2. Disadvantages of electronic dictionaries　　3. My opinion　　第二节 提纲式作文的写作要领　　由于提纲材料本身决定了写作对象、范围、目的、体裁等，命题者的意图往往较容易领悟，而且在审题上一般不会出现障碍。因此，根据提纲规定的方向和范围构思和展开材料是至关重要的。写提纲式作文时，除了把握段首句作文的写作要领外，还需注意以下三个要领：　　（1）细心钻研提纲材料　　弄清提纲的思路和旨意是写好提纲作文的前提。审题时，首先要认真阅读、仔细分析提纲材料，注意弄清以下问题：　　1） 提纲材料交代的主要内容是什么　　2） 反映的意义是什么　　3） 要达到什么目的　　4） 各个层次之间有什么联系　　5） 重点在哪里。　　只有对材料进行认真分析和研究，揣摩出材料的旨意，才能顺理成章地运筹，构思出合乎要求的文章。比如，Global Shortage of Fresh Water这一提纲式作文的主要思路和旨意是：人们为什么认为淡水是取这不尽的？什么原因导致淡水紧缺？如何解决全球淡水紧缺问题？　　（2）避免简单重复提纲材料　　写提纲作文要避免不假思索地围绕提纲堆砌材料，写一些“不痛不痒”的句子，或者将中文提纲简单地译成英文，或者将英文提纲生硬地搬到作文里。提纲作文不是简单地重复提纲材料的过程，而是在提纲材料的基础上，合理巧妙地构思全文，充分表现主题的过程。　　（3）发展深化提纲材料　　研究提纲材料时，要明确提纲材料所要体现、发展的内容。发展深化提纲材料就是要提炼主题，是对提纲材料进行的加工、补充、扩展。写好主题句是发展深化提纲的前提。主题句要写得意义完整，清晰明了，有利于段落的扩展。各段落的展开要根据提纲的来龙去脉进行。尤其要注意确定重点，选准扩充点，将较抽象的内容具体化，阐述透彻。下面以Global Shortage of Fresh Water（全球淡水紧缺）这篇提纲式作文为例，具体分析该提纲内容是怎样发展、深化的。　　根据提纲要求，第一段应解释为什么人们认为淡水是取之不尽的。根据提示，我们可以从降雨丰富、河水和井水等水资源充足方面进行解释。第二段应重点解释导致淡水紧缺的原因，这些原因主要有：人为的浪费、人口增加、工业用水增加、水资源被污染等等。第三段是本文的重点。阐述如何解决淡水紧缺问题时，切忌只简单地写出“We should take measures to solve the problem.”这样空洞的、表态性的句子，而不提出具体的解决方法。只有提出具体的解决方法，才能使文章显得充实，有说服力。根据上面的构思，我们可以列出下列提纲：　　Topic: Global Shortage of Fresh WaterQuestion: What has caused the global shortage of fresh water and how can we solve the problem?　　Outline:I. It is widely assumed that fresh water is inexhaustible.1. Plenty of rainfall2. Numerous wells3. Countless rivers, falls and springsII. There are three causes for a global shortage of fresh water.1. Population growth2. Development of industry & agriculture3. Water pollution III. Measures should be taken to solve the problem.1. Protect water resources from being polluted2. Save water3. Recycle water & convert sea water into drinkable waterIntroductionBodyConclusion　　或许有人会先把给出的中文的提纲细化（即列出一个更细的中文提纲），然后考虑如何将这一细化了的提纲转化为英文提纲，或者边写边考虑如何用英文表达细化了的中文提纲的内容。这样势必占用不少时间，会降低写作的速度。因此，我建议大家把中文提纲细化（即构思）时，最好直接用英语列出更细的提纲。这样既可以节约不少宝贵的时间，又可以提高写作的速度。

　　《全球淡水紧缺》范文：　　Global Shortage of Water　　 ⑴It is widely assumed that fresh water will never be used up. ⑵We have such a wrong assumption because plenty of rain falls down from the sky and countless rivers run on the earth.⑶In addition to many wells, we also have numerous falls and springs flowing down from mountains.⑷But actually, a global shortage of fresh water has aroused great concern.⑸A lot of factors account for this shortage, but in general, they come down to three major ones. ⑹First, with the increase in the world’s population, the demand for water is growing rapidly. ⑺Second, the rapid development of industry and agriculture also calls for an increasing amount of water. ⑻And to make things worse, fresh water in may places is being polluted by garbage and dangerous and poisonous chemicals. ⑼It is high time that we take some measures to tackle the problem. ⑽The first important measure is to protect our water resources from being polluted. ⑾Educating people to save water in daily life is of equal significance. ⑿Techniques such as recycling waste water and converting sea water into drinkable water should be applied in dry areas. ⒀It is only when these measures are put into use that the global shortage of fresh water can be solved. ⑴主题句：提出错误的观念⑵原因一和二⑶原因三和四⑷过渡句/指出实际情况⑸主题句/指出导致这一情况有三个原因⑹原因一⑺原因二⑻原因三⑼主题句：呼吁采取行动⑽措施一⑾措施二⑿措施三⒀结尾句/小结:强调这些措施的重要性、必要性　　《电子词典》范文：　　Electronic Dictionaries　　 ⑴Some people prefer electronic dictionaries. ⑵They believe this kind of new dictionary has many advantages. ⑶First, compared with a traditional dictionary, it’s obviously very handy and convenient. ⑷Besides, due to its multi-functions, it’s also very helpful. ⑸It can not only translate words from English to Chinese, but vice versa. ⑹Some even can teach the learner how to pronounce a word. ⑺However, others argue we should not neglect its disadvantages.⑻First, the definitions in the entries are very limited. ⑼Second, they are not enough explanations or examples to illustrate the proper usage of a word. ⑽Sometimes, some explanations are so simple that they may cause misunderstanding. ⑾Last but not least, the constant use of this study aid can make people too much attached to the dictionary and become lazy.⑿Therefore, my view is that we should use it properly. ⒀Every learner should have a good English dictionary at hand and treat the electronic one as a make-shift, when a traditional one is not available. ⒁But an electronic dictionary is by no means a good substitute for a good traditional one. ⑴引出主题⑵主题句⑶优点一⑷优点二⑺主题句/指出主题的另一面⑻缺点一⑼缺点二⑽缺点三⑾缺点四⑿结论/我的观点⒀⒁具体阐述‘我’的观点　　这一讲我主要讲了提纲式作文的类型及其写作要领。关于提纲式作文的写作就介绍到这里。　　下面我们进行写作练习。我将给大家一个作文题，请大家根据这一讲的内容，在30分钟内完成。大家在写作的过程中要注意审题，考虑文章的结构、采用的扩展方法、开头和结尾的方法以及文章中的过渡等。　　练习三：　　Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic On Sightseeing. You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline below:　　1. Advantages of sightseeing　　2. Disadvantages of sightseeing　　3. Prepare yourself well　　参考文章:　　⑴When asked about why they go sightseeing, different people will offer different answers. ⑵Some people say they want something exciting and exotic, while others want to refresh and relax themselves. ⑶And still others go sightseeing to enrich their experiences and broaden their horizons.　　⑷Despite these advantages, some of its disadvantages cannot be ignored. ⑸Once you are on the road, you'll encounter many nuisances. ⑹For example, your train may be too crowded. ⑺Though very expensive, you may find it hard to find a room in the local hotels. ⑻Your holiday may be spoiled by the illnesses on the journey. ⑼You may get lost in a strange city and can't understand a word of the local language. ⑽Worse still, your wallet might be stolen, and you can't find any friends or relatives to turn to.　　⑾So you should be psychologically prepared for those inconveniences and do something about them. ⑿It is advisable that you take some medicines with you and book the room in advance. ⒀It would be of much help if you can learn a few words and sentences of the local language. ⒁And above all, remember to put your credit card apart from your wallet so that you can withdraw some money from a local bank in case your wallet is stolen.　　 参考文章:　　 ⑴Traffic is one of the essential activities for our city. ⑵Every day, by various means of transportation, heavy loads of goods and a great number of passengers are conveyed to and from every corner of our city. ⑶With the modernization drive in full swing, traffic has been lending greater impact on our life. ⑷What a mess the city would be in, if the arteries of such vital importance were out of action even for a minute.　　⑸Owing to the major part it plays, traffic has long been a serious concern for the municipal government.⑹Over recent years, new bus routes have been opened to traffic and new vehicles put in service; many underpasses and overpasses have been built to ease out the bottlenecks. ⑺Meanwhile, new traffic projects are under consideration.　　 ⑻Despite all these efforts, traffic remains one of the biggest headaches of our city. ⑼Traffic jams during rush hours, bus delays and frays are part of our life. ⑽In addition, traffic accidents occur with alarming frequency, resulting in heavy losses in both property and lives. ⑾Only when these problems are effectively solved, will our city be able to survive the nation-wide competition and function as an economic center.