初升高英语无忧衔接语法知识衔接

第一部分：十大词类（名代动副数形容，冠介连词和感叹）

1. 名词 [Nouns（n.）]：用来表示人或事物名称的词，如 pen apple

在句子中常作主语 宾语 表语 定语 宾补等

e.g. The apple isn’t ripe.主语 I love animals.宾语 This is an apple.表语

I think it my duty to help the little girl.宾补 There are not many men teachers in the kindergarten.定语

2. 代词 [Pronouns（pron.）]：用来代替名词的词，如we us them 在句子中常作主语 宾语 等

e.g. We love our family.主语 Lisa teaches us English.宾语

3. 动词 [Verb（v.）]：表示动作或状态的词，如eat drink sleep 在句中做谓语

e.g. Last week he went to Hawaii for holidays.谓语

4. 副词 [Adverb（adv.）]：用来修饰动词 形容词 副词 在句子中做定语 状语等

e.g. Please read the new words below.修饰名词 You are running fast.修饰动词

I push the door very hard.修饰副词

5. 形容词 [Adjective（adj.）]：表示事物或人特征的词，如big small 在句中做定语 表语 补语

e.g. I like such beautiful dresses.定语 the dress is beautiful.表语 I find these dresses beautiful.宾补

6. 数词 [Numeral（num.）]：表示人或事物数目多少（基数词）或顺序先后（序数词）在句中做宾语 定语等 e.g. I want two apples，please.做宾语 Forty thousand people watched the game.做定语

7. 冠词[Articles（art.）]：用在名词前，帮助说明名词所指范围的词，主要有a an the 在句子中主要修饰名词 e.g. The dog is very cute.

8. 介词 [Prepositions（prep.）]：用在名词和代词之前，说明其与别的词的关系 其后跟宾语，一起在句子中做定语或状语 e.g. Please wait at the door.做地点状语 The girl at the door is my niece.做定语

9. 连词[Conjunctions（conj.）]：起连接作用的词，如and but so or 在句子中连接两个词 短语 或 句子

e.g. I will call you when I get there. Tom and Bob are brothers

10. 感叹词[Interjections（int.）]：表示感叹语气的词 表示喜怒哀乐，在句中起到加强语气的作用

e.g. Oops！It hurts！

第二部分：句子成分

一、定义和分类 ：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分：主语和谓语；次要成分：表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语。

二、主语（subject）定义：是一个句子所叙述的主体，说明动作是“谁，什么”发出的，一般位于句首。

Jane is good at playing the piano. She went out in a hurry. Four plus four is eight.

To see is to believe. Smoking is bad for health. The young should respect the old.

What he has said is true.

三、谓语（verb）是对主语加以陈述，说明（表述）主语的动作、状态和特征，一般由V.充当,放在主语之后（英语句子的灵魂）

(1)由单一动词V.做谓语 We are Chinese. I saw the flag on the top of the hill?

(2)情态V + V原 He can speak English well.

(3)助V +V She is talking with her sister. I have seen this man before.

四、宾语（object）定义：动作的对象或承受者，一般位于vt.和prep.之后

Show your passport, please. She didn't say anything. How many do you want?

I want two. They sent the injured to hospital. They asked to see my passport.

I enjoy working with you. Did you write down what he said? I succeeded in passing the exam.

五、宾语（object）

定义：有些及物动词除了有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语，说明宾语的身份和状态以补充其意义不足，使句子的意义完整。这类常用的及物动词有 ：make, ask, see, find, call, get, have, let, tell, help, keep

I found the book interesting. I make my students interested in my class. She asked me to lend her a hand. We made him monitor in our class. We found him in trouble now. We found it necessary to study English.

六、表语（predicative）定义：在系动词后的部分就是表语,用以说明主语的身份，特征和状态。

The speech is exciting. They seem to know the truth. Time is precious.

I’m tired today. That remains a puzzle. I don’t feel at ease. That’ s why he came here.

七、定语（adjective） 定义：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或从句单个的定语一般放在所修饰词前– 前置定语 短语，句子一般放在所修饰词前– 后置定语

He is a clever boy. His father works in a steel work. There are 54students in our class. Do you know Betty’s sister? He bought some sleeping pills. There is a sleeping baby in bed.

His spoken language is good.

八、状语（adverbial）

定义：用以修饰adj. /v. /adv.及全句,位置灵活。修饰adj./adv.时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；

分类：地点状语、时间状语、原因状语、目的状语、结果状语、让步状语、条件状语、程度状语、方式状语和伴随状语。

举例：This book is very interesting. I run fast/quickly.

They are playing on the playground at eight. I John often came to chat with me．

His parents died, leaving him an orphan. Please call me if it is necessary.

Suddenly, I heard the bird sing a song. You probably know more than you think.

九、同位语 定义：对n.或pron.进行补充说明或进一步解释说明

举例：We young people should respect the old. He himself will do the experiment.

He told me the news that our team won the game.

第三部分：基本句型

一、英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。

二、英语五种基本句型列式如下：

基本句型一： Ｓ +Ｖ （主＋谓）

基本句型二： Ｓ +link-Ｖ +Ｐ （主＋系＋表）

基本句型三： Ｓ +Ｖ +Ｏ （主＋谓＋宾）

基本句型四： Ｓ +Ｖ +IO +Ｏ （主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）

基本句型五： Ｓ +Ｖ +Ｏ +Ｃ （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）

三、基本句型一：Ｓ +Ｖ（主＋谓）

此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。例如：

1.Time flies. 2. The moon rose. 3. The man cooked. 4. We all eat, and drink.

5. Everybody laughed. 6. I woke very soon. 7. They talked for half an hour. 8. He walked yesterday .

9.He is playing. 10.They have gone.

四、基本句型二：Ｓ +link-Ｖ +Ｐ（主＋系＋表）

此句型句子谓语动词不能独立表达完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分两类：

(1)表示状态的连系动词。这些词有：be, look, seem, appear, smell, taste, sound, keep, remain, 等等。

(2)表示转变或结果的系动词。这些词有：become, get, grow, turn, go, come, prove等。

1. This is an English dictionary. 2. The dinner smells good. 3. He felt happy.4. Everything looks different.

5. He is tall and strong. 6. The book is interesting. 7. The weather became warmer. 8. His face turned red.

五、基本句型三：Ｓ +Ｖ +Ｏ（主＋谓＋宾）

此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。

1. Who knows the answer? 2. She laugh at her. 3. He understands English. 4. He made cakes.

5. They ate some apples. 6. Danny likes donuts. 7. I want to have a cup of tea. 8. He said Good morning.

六、基本句型四：Ｓ +Ｖ +IO +Ｏ（主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）

此句型的句子有一个共同特点：谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者，另一个是动作的间接承受者。通常这一间接承受者用一个介词来连接，当动作的间接承受者在动作的直接承受者之前时，这一介词往往被省略。

1. She passed him a new dress. 2. She cooked her husband a delicious meal.

3. He brought you a dictionary. 4. He bought her nothing.

5. I showed him my pictures. 6. I gave him a hand.

7. I told me how to run the machine. 8. He showed me that the bus was late.

七、基本句型五：Ｓ +Ｖ +Ｏ +Ｃ（主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）

此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。

1. We keep the table clean. 2. They painted the door green.

3. They call supper dinner. 4. They found the house dirty.

5. What makes him sad? 6. We saw him out.

7. He asked me to come back soon. 8. I saw them getting on the bus.

句型六：主语+谓语+状语

在很多情形中，作谓语的不及物动词后面跟上状语意思才完整

The pen writes smoothly. The sun rises in the east. The accident happened yesterday.

句型七：主语+谓语+宾语+状语

He put the coffee on the table. I Iooked at him in panic.

句型八：there be 句型 There are many customers in the shop.

be 为谓语动词，there be 后面的名词为句子的主语，此结构中的be还可以用其他词代替，如live ,exist,stand,lie,remain,go,come等