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语法专项：名词性从句 Noun Clause名词性从句的功能相当于名词，包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句及同位语从句，在句中分别做主语、宾语、表语及同位语。引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：连接词：that, whether, if； 连接代词：what, who, which； 连接副词：when, where, how, why一、 主语从句Subject clauses1、主语从句在复合句中做主语，通常放在主句谓语动词之前。注意划线部分的语序：陈述语序What he had done recently is strange./Where she is going is a mystery./Whether he will invite her is a question. 2、主语从句常由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾，以取得句子平衡。以下划线部分的句子可用It来替代。It is unimportant whether you come or not.3、以下情况常用it 作形式主语的结构(1)It is＋名词＋从句It is a fact that …事实是… ；It is an honor that …非常荣幸…It is common knowledge that…. …是常识It is still a question when we shall have our sports meet.(2)It is＋形容词＋从句It is natural[ n t r l] that… ….很自然； It is strange that… 奇怪的是…(3) It＋不及物动词＋从句It seems that…表语从句 似乎…；It happened that…碰巧… It happened that I wasn't there that day.(4) It is＋过去分词＋从句 It is reported that…据报道…；It has been proved that…已证实…二、宾语从句 Object clauses宾语从句在复合句中做宾语，通常放在及物动词、介词或某些形容词之后。1. 作动词的宾语I heard that he had joined the army.（如表陈述由that引导，则that可以省略）She did not know what had happened. /I wonder whether you can change this note for me.2. 作介词的宾语Our success depends upon/on how well we can cooperate with one another.3. 作形容词的宾语I am afraid (that) I’ve made a mistake.I am afraid that不是主系表结构,是主谓宾结构,that后面是所害怕的具体内容,整个that从句作主句（I am afraid）的宾语类似的形容词有：annoyed, anxious, ashamed, aware, certain, confident, content, convinced, determined, disappointed, glad, pleased, proud, satisfied, sorry, surprised, thankful, worried, etc.4. it可以作为形式宾语：I’d appreciate it if…depend on it that…see to it that…hate it when…love it when…expect that…We find it necessary that we practice spoken English every day.We think it our duty to clean our classroom every day.三、 表语从句Predicative clauses表语从句在复合句中作表语，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语＋连系动词＋表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。The question is whether we can make good preparations in such a short time.This is why we did not write to you.The fact remains that he has been arrested. （同位语从句）The fact remains thatremain后面可以加n.adj.adv,prep,done,doing,to do,但是除了这个fact都不跟句子注：中学阶段最常用的系动词：be, keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand , seem, appear, feel, look, smell, sound, taste, become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run, prove, turn out, etc.四、 同位语从句Appositive clauses1、同位语从句在复合句中做同位语，放在某个名词之后，对该名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导。它偶尔也不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.He got the news from Mary that the sports meet would be put off.The fact remains that The Starry Night is now one of the world’s most famous paintings.常见的这类名词[即在内容方面可以进一步阐明（一般为抽象名词）]有：advice, demand, doubt, fact, hope, idea, information, message, news, order, problem, promise, question, request, suggestion, truth, wish, word等。The news that we won the game is exciting.Word (消息) came that our Chinese Women Volleyball Team had beaten Japanese.2、同位语从句与定语从句的区别(1) 定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时可以在从句中作某个成分（主语、宾语、表语），而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。(2) 定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述定的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。He told everyone the news that Tom would go abroad. 他告诉所有人汤姆将出国的消息。(that无实义)比较：A: The suggestion (that) she has given at the meeting is unacceptable. (定从)B: The suggestion that she should stay in the room all day is unacceptable. (同位语从句)五、几对常见连词的比较1、if---whether(1) 引导主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句时，只能用whether, 不能用if。如:It remains unknown whether we can carry out the plan. (主语从句)The question is whether they can collect enough money for the concert. (表语从句)I have no idea at all whether he will join us in the game. (同位语从句)(2) 引导宾语从句时，whether和if都可以用。但有以下三种情况只能用whether,不能用if。(1) 引导介词的宾语从句。 I am interested in whether Jim is coming this weekend.(2) 与不定式短语连用时。 I can’t decide whether to go or stay.(3) 后直接跟or not时。 I wonder whether or not they will help us.whether与if都可以表示“是否”，引入一个yes/no间接特殊问句的名词从句。1.一般情况下，whether与if可以互用，没有什么区别。【例如】—Can you take care of Tommy for me —I don't know yet whether/if I shall be able to look after Tommy during the Easter holidays or not. —能替我照料汤米吗？—我还不知道能不能在复活节假日照料汤米。/ I wondered whether/if Paco had left the country as I hadn't seen him for some time. 不知道帕科是不是出了国，因为我好些时候没有看见他了。2.在四种情况下，只能用whether，不能用if：（a）该名词从句提前放在全句之首。【例如】Whether (*if) I'll get there in time for Henry's lecture, I don't know. 能不能够及时赶去听亨利的课，还不知道。（b）该名词从句前面有介词。【例如】I often get asked about whether (*if) or not you can ride if you are overweight. The answer is a resounding yes! Cycling is the perfect sport for overweight. 常有人问我，如果身体过重，能不能骑自行车。回答是斩钉截铁的可以！骑车是克服身体过重的完美体育项目。（c）后面接着动词不定式。【例如】I can't make up my mind whether (*if) to buy some new summer clothes now or wait until the prices go down. 我打不定主意，究竟是现在就买一些新的夏季衣服好呢，还是等到价钱降下来再买好。（d）后面有两个以or连接的并列成分。【例如】I wonder whether (*if) he is at home or not. 不知道他是不是在家。/ Whether (*if) we go by bus or by train doesn't really matter. 我们坐公共汽车去还是坐火车去，其实是无所谓的。3.此外，whether不但可以引入一个名词从句，表示“是否”，而且还可以引入一个让步状语从句，表示“无论是否”或“无论（者当中何者）。【例如】I'm going to spend all of granny's money on a new kitchen whether you like it or not! 管你高兴不高兴，我要把外婆的钱全都用在新厨房上！/ But the administration was unquestionably playing games with reporters, whether or not the president was directly involved. (Newsweek, April 17, 2006, p. 26) 无论总统是否直接牵涉在内，行政当局当时在对新闻记者耍把戏，这是毫无疑问的。/ He treated all who came to him, whether (they were) wealthy or poor, with equal concern. 是来找他治病的人，不问贫富，他都一视同仁悉心治疗。如何辨别，方法很简单：如果去掉whether从句，主句的成分仍然完整无缺（尤其是主从句之间有逗号隔开时）这从句就是状语从句；如果去掉whether从句，主句会缺了一个名词成分（语、宾语或介词宾语）这从句就是名词从句。4.If与whether还有一个区别。“一般疑问句”，通常也就是用yes或no回答的疑问句（区别于那些与用疑问词开头的“特殊疑问句”）。但是有一部分“一般疑问句”其实真实的意思并不是等待对方回答yes或no，而只是一个邀请、请求，或是对自己的猜想求一个验证。这样的“一般疑问句”，如果变为间接问句，那么，通常用if而不用whether来引入这个间接问句。【例如】He asked if(*whether) we'd like more coffee. 他问我们要不要添点咖啡（真实意义是邀请）。/ He asked me if (*whether) I'd pass the salt. 他问我可否把盐罐子递给他（真实意义是请求）。 / When he told her that he preferred Bruckner to Brahms, she asked if(*whether) he was out of his mind. 他告诉她说，他对布鲁克纳（十九世纪奥地利的二流作曲家）比对布拉姆斯更为喜欢，她就问他是不是神经错乱了（表示自己的主见，不是寻求答案）。或者发问的人心目中已经有了偏好，不是可此可彼无所谓，此时间接问句也用if而不用whether引入，例如：Go see if (*whether) the paper's here and bring it in. 去看看报纸来了就拿进来（希望报纸已经来了，唯有来了才能拿进来）。 / Go see whether / if the paper is here and report back. 去看看报纸来了没有，回来报告一声（报纸来了没有都无所谓，都可以报告）。2、that---whatthat引导名词性从句，它只是引导这个从句，不在从句中充当任何成分，而且没有任何意义。而what不但有意义，而且可在从句中充当以下成分：主语、宾语、表语，分别成为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句。What you saw the other day is amazing.　　what引导从句做主句中的主语，同时在从句中作saw的宾语That is what I hope.　　　 what引导从句做主句中的表语，同时在从句中作hope的宾语We cannot do what you asked of us. what引导从句做主句中的宾语，同时在从句中作asked的宾语That he loves money is known to us all.练习一、用适当的连接词填空1.I can’t decide which dictionary I should buy. 我决定不了该买哪本词典。what2.That’s why he refused my invitation. 这就是他拒绝我邀请的原因。3.I am very interested in how he has improved his pronunciation in such a short time. 我很好奇他是如何在这么短的时间内提高他的发音的。4.What we need is more time. 我们需要的是更多的时间。5.The fact that she had not said anything at the meetingsurprised everybody. 她在会上什么也没说，这使大家感到惊讶。6.When and where they will meet has not been decided yet. 他们将在何时何地会面还没有决定。7.Please tell me who(m)you are waiting for. 请告诉我你在等谁。what8.Is that what you are looking for 这就是你想要的吗 who/whom9.Would you please tell me where the nearest post office is 你能告诉我最近的邮局在哪里吗 10.I don’t know whether he will agree to the plan or not. 我不知道他是否会同意这个计划。11.Don’t put off till tomorrow whatyou can do today. 不要把今天能做的事拖到明天。12.The main complaint of visitors to Beijing is that they simply run out of time before seeing all places of interest所有名胜古迹 there.13.Everyone could see what was going on and that/whyMichael was a little terrified. 每个人都能看出发生了什么事，为什么迈克尔有点害怕。afraid; scared; frightened14.It is hoped that we should widen our relations with the neighboring countries. 人们希望我们扩大与邻国的关系。15.Who/Whom/Which they’ve made up their minds to vote for is still unknown. 他们决定投谁的票还不知道。16.It seems likely that high levels of heart disease are connected with Western diets. 心脏病高发似乎与西方饮食有关。17.The announcement that all the flights were canceled due to bad weather greatly distressed the waiting passengers. 由于天气恶劣，所有航班都被取消的消息使等候的乘客非常苦恼。18.Whether he could get the jobdepends on this face-to-face interview with the boss. 他能否得到这份工作取决于这次与老板面对面的面试。19.What concerns me most is that despite pay increases, production has not improved. 我最担心的是，尽管工资增加了，生产却没有改善。20.She is troubled by the fact thather son already shows signs of inheriting his father’s mental problems. 她的儿子已经表现出继承父亲精神问题的迹象，这让她感到困扰。21.Why I usually just ignore my father is thathe is always telling me what to do. 为什么我通常忽略我的父亲，因为他总是告诉我该做什么。22.The problem is whether scientists can find ways to do with nuclear waste. 问题是科学家能否找到处理核废料的方法。how; when23.People feel curious about whymany writers are not appreciated until long after they die. 人们很好奇为什么许多作家直到去世很久之后才受到赏识。24.That’s how/when/where I first met this world-famous movie. 那就是我第一次看到这部举世闻名的电影的时候。25.What really bothers me is thatmy neighbors have loud parties late at night.真正困扰我的是，我的邻居们在深夜举行吵闹的聚会。26. Nobody knew where her friend Jenny had gone. She was worried about what could have happened tohim. 没有人知道她的朋友珍妮去了哪里。她很担心他会出什么事。27. The question came up at the meeting whetherthere should be some reform of the present educational system. 会议上提出了是否应该对现行教育制度进行改革的问题。28. Concerned about the student, Mr. Liu called his parents to find out whyhe didn’t go to school this afternoon. 刘老师很担心这个学生，打电话给他的父母，问他为什么今天下午没去上学。29. I shouldn’t look forward too much toseeing Grace at the party; chances are thatshe won’t come anyway. 我不应该太期待在晚会上见到格蕾丝;很可能她无论如何也不会来。30. An electrical engineer is looking through the instructions to know how the heat system works before the repair work. 在进行维修工作之前，一位电气工程师正在查阅;仔细查看，浏览，温习说明书，了解供暖系统的工作原理。31. Helen has got whatit takes to be a great tennis player. In other words, she has the potential to become world famous. 海伦具备成为一名伟大网球运动员的条件。换句话说，她有成为世界名人的潜力。32. One of the major reasons why children now are at greater risk is that they’re getting fatter. 现在儿童面临更大风险的主要原因之一是他们越来越胖。33. ---Sir, I feel it complicated to apply to a university abroad.---Why not read our guide This is where the relevant information is available. 为什么不读读我们的指南呢 这是提供相关信息的地方。34. I’ve learned that, no matter what happens and how bad it seems today, life goes on and it will be better tomorrow. 我明白了，不管发生了什么，不管今天看起来有多糟糕，生活还是要继续，明天会更好。35. More people have come to realize howimportant it is to take effective measures to protect endangered species. 越来越多的人开始意识到采取有效措施保护濒危物种的重要性。二、高考试题汇编1 Whatsome people regard as a drawback is seen as a plus by many others. 有些人认为是缺点的东西，另一些人却认为是优点。2．—How about camping this weekend, just for a change —OK, whateveryou want. 爱咋咋地; 随你的便3．It is uncertain whatside effect the medicine will bring about, although about two thousand patients have taken it. 虽然已经有2000多名患者服用了这种药物，但还不清楚会产生什么副作用。发生；导致；引起4. One reason for her preference for city life is thatshe can haveeasy access toplaces like shops and restaurants. 她喜欢城市生活的一个原因是，她可以很容易地到达商店和餐馆等地方。5. Before the sales start, I make a list of what my kids will need for the coming season.6. When changing lanes, a driver should use his turning signal to let other drivers know which lane / le n /he is entering. 换道时，司机应使用转向灯，让其他司机知道他已进入哪条车道。7. How much one enjoys himself travelling depends largely on who/whomhe goes with, whether his friends or relatives．一个人旅行有多愉快很大程度上取决于他和谁一起去，是朋友还是亲戚。8. We haven’t discussed yet where we are going to place our new furniture. 我们还没有讨论应把我们的新家具放在哪里。how9. I want to be liked and loved for what I am inside. 我希望因为我的内在而被喜欢、被爱。10.—Have you finished the book ---No, I’ve read up to where the children discover the secret cave. 我一直读到孩子们发现秘密洞穴的地方。11. We should respect food and think about the people who don’t have what we have here and treat food nicely. 我们应该尊重食物，想想那些没有我们所拥有的东西的人，善待食物。12. Cindy shut the door heavily and burst into tears. No one in the office knew why she was so angry. 辛迪重重地关上门，哭了起来。办公室里没有人知道她为什么这么生气。13. As a new graduate, he doesn’t know what it takes to start a business here. 作为一个应届毕业生，他不知道在这里创业需要什么。14. —I prefer shutting myself in and listening to music all day on Sundays. 星期天我更喜欢整天把自己关在家里听音乐。—That’s where I don’t agree .You should have a more active life.15. Part of the reason Charles Dickens loved his own novel, David Copperfield, was that it was rather closely modeled on his own life. 查尔斯·狄更斯之所以喜欢自己的小说《大卫·科波菲尔》，部分原因是这部小说非常贴近他自己的生活。16. She is very dear to us. We have been prepared to do whatever it takes to save her life. 她对我们很重要。我们已经准备好不惜一切代价挽救她的生命。17. The fact has worried many scientists that the earth is becoming warmer and warmer these years. 近年来地球正变得越来越暖，这一事实使许多科学家感到担忧。18. Could I speak to whoever is in charge of International Sales please 请找负责国际销售的人听电话好吗 19. The little girl who got lost decided to remain where she was and wait for her mother. 迷路的小女孩决定留在原地等她的妈妈。20. One of the most significant aspects was that they had to consider public health. 其中最重要的一个方面是，他们必须考虑到公众健康。21. As a new diplomat / d pl m t /, he often thinks of how he can react more appropriately on such occasions. 作为一名新外交官，他经常思考如何在这种情况下做出更恰当的反应。22. News came from the school office that Wang Lin had been admitted to Beijing University.23. It is obvious to the students that they should get well prepared for their future. 很明显，学生们应该为他们的未来做好准备。24.－Is there any possibility that you could pick me up at the airport 你能不能去机场接我 －No problem.25. We should consider the students’ request that the school library provide more books on popular science. 我们应该考虑学生们要求学校图书馆提供更多科普书籍的要求。26. Many young people in the West are expected to leave what could be life’s most important decision-marriage-almost entirely up to luck. 在西方，人们认为许多年轻人把可能是人生最重要的决定——婚姻——几乎完全交给运气。27. It has been proved that eating vegetables in childhood helps to protect you against serious illnesses in later life. 已经证实，儿童时期食用蔬菜有助于保护你免受后期生活中重大疾病的侵扰。28. All people, whether they are old or young, rich or poor, have been trying their best to helpthose in need since the disaster. 自从灾难发生以来，所有的人，无论他们是老是少，是富是穷，都在尽自己最大的努力帮助那些需要帮助的人。

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