图 12  (a) X射线层析成像原理示意图[70]. 相干X射线光源穿透位于可旋转台上的样品后被闪烁体转换为可见光, 光学放大后被CMOS相机拍摄成像, 然后样品旋转一个小角度进行成像, 最后对不同角度采集的投影照片重构为三维结构; (b) 原位X射线层析成像对Li|LGPS|Li电池在循环过程中LGPS片表面形貌实时监测所获得的三维结构[72]; 原位X射线层析成像监测下, (c) 在1 mA·cm–2电流下Li|LSPS界面随时间的变化, 其中蓝色区域表示锂金属, 棕红色区域代表界面, 黄色区域代表LSPS固体电解质[74]; (d) Li|LSPS界面及两电极在此电流下的体积变化[74]; (e) 电流中实际用于锂氧化的比率随界面层厚度的变化曲线[74]; (f) Li|LSPS界面孔隙在脱锂过程中的演变过程[74]

Fig. 12.  (a) Schematic diagram of the X-ray tomography process[70]. Coherent X-rays are transmitted through the sample mounted on a rotating stage and then converted into visible light via a scintillator, the image is then optically magnified and recorded by a CMOS detector. The projected imaging process was continued during the gradual rotation of the sample, finally the data set is reconstructed into a 3D structure; (b) 3D morphology renderings of a LGPS pellet during the cycling of a Li|LGPS|Li battery with operando X-ray tomography[72]; (c) operando X-ray tomography detected 3D growth of the Li|LSPS interface at 1 mA·cm–2 current, with blue region indicates Li metal, brown for the interface, and yellow for LSPS solid electrolyte[74]; (d) volumetric evolution of Li|LSPS interface and the Li at the two electrodes based on Figure (c)[74]; (e) profile of the fraction of total current due to Li oxidation vs the thickness of the interface[74]; (f) evolution of the voids at the Li|LSPS interface region during the stripping process[74].