Southern red soil plays an important role for sustainable development of agriculture, even the whole economy, and the rapid increase in people's living standard. But red soil has some weakness, such as acid, thin and sticky, the uneven temporal distribution of precipitation in the region, and the irrational exploitation which leading to soil erosion, degradation, contamination and deterioration of ecological environment in red soil areas, the potential production capacity of red soil resources are not properly exert, and the entire agriculture and sustainable economic development are severely affected. Currently, China Southern red soil ecosystem faces many problems, such as soil erosion, acidification, fertility degradation, seasonal drought, soil pollution, biological degradation, desertification, land desertification, reduction of arable land and system functions decay and so on. In response to these problems, we need to raise awareness of comprehensive measures, to adjust the agricultural structure, optimize the farming system, develop three-dimensional agriculture, control soil and water erosion and pollution, improve soil quality and soil fertility, reconstruct vegetate ecosystem of red soil, establish and improve red soil early-warning system, so as to ensure steady and healthy development of the southern red soil ecosystem.