组播配置举例 |
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1 特性简介 组播是指在IP网络中将数据包以尽力传送的形式发送到某个确定的节点集合,其基本思想是:源主机只发送一份数据,其目的地址为组播组地址;组播组中的所有接收者都可收到同样的数据拷贝,并且只有组播组内的主机可以接收该数据,而其它主机则不能收到。 作为一种与单播和广播并列的通信方式,组播技术能够有效地解决单点发送、多点接收的问题,从而实现了IP网络中点到多点的高效数据传送,能够节约大量网络带宽、降低网络负载。以下是对各常用组播协议的简单介绍: 1. IGMPIGMP是TCP/IP协议族中负责IP组播组成员管理的协议,用来在IP主机和与其直接相邻的组播路由器之间建立、维护组播组成员关系。 IGMP运行于主机和与主机直连的路由器之间,其实现的功能是双向的:一方面,主机通过IGMP通知路由器希望接收某个特定组播组的信息;另一方面,路由器通过IGMP周期性地查询局域网内的组播组成员是否处于活动状态,实现所连网段组成员关系的收集与维护。 2. IGMP SnoopingIGMP Snooping是运行在二层设备上的组播约束机制,用于管理和控制组播组。运行IGMP Snooping的二层设备通过对收到的IGMP报文进行分析,为二层端口和组播MAC地址建立起映射关系,并根据这个映射关系转发组播数据。 3. 组播VLAN在传统的组播点播方式下,当连接在二层设备上、属于不同VLAN的用户分别进行组播点播时,三层组播设备需要向该二层设备的每个VLAN分别发送一份组播数据;而当二层设备运行了组播VLAN之后,三层组播设备只需向该二层设备的组播VLAN发送一份组播数据即可,从而既避免了带宽的浪费,也减轻了三层组播设备的负担。 4. PIMPIM是Protocol Independent Multicast(协议无关组播)的简称,表示可以利用静态路由或者任意单播路由协议(包括RIP、OSPF、IS-IS、BGP等)所生成的单播路由表为IP组播提供路由。组播路由与所采用的单播路由协议无关,只要能够通过单播路由协议产生相应的组播路由表项即可。 PIM借助单播路由表对组播报文进行RPF检查,以实现对组播数据的转发。根据转发机制的不同,PIM分为以下两种模式: l PIM-DM:属于密集模式的组播路由协议,使用“推(Push)模式”传送组播数据,通常适用于组播组成员相对比较密集的小型网络; l PIM-SM:属于稀疏模式的组播路由协议,使用“拉(Pull)模式”传送组播数据,通常适用于组播组成员分布相对分散、范围较广的大中型网络。 5. MSDP在基本的PIM-SM模式下,组播源只向本PIM-SM域内的RP注册,且各域的组播源信息是相互隔离的,因此RP仅知道本域内的组播源信息,只能在本域内建立组播分发树。如果能够有一种机制,使不同域内的RP共享其组播源信息,就可以实现组播数据的跨域传输。 MSDP就是为了解决多个PIM-SM域之间的互连而开发的一种域间组播解决方案,用来发现其它PIM-SM域内的组播源信息。它通过在各域的RP之间建立MSDP对等体关系,使这些RP可以共享各域内的组播源信息。 尽管MSDP是为域间组播开发的,但它在PIM-SM域内还有着一项特殊的应用——Anycast RP(任播RP)。Anycast RP是指在同一PIM-SM域内通过设置两个或多个具有相同地址的RP,并在这些RP之间建立MSDP对等体关系,以实现域内各RP之间的负载分担和冗余备份。 6. MBGP当组播源与接收者分布在不同的AS中时,需要跨AS建立组播转发树。应用MP-BGP协议就可以专门跨AS传输组播路由信息。BGP-4协议仅应用于单播,MP-BGP是对BGP的多协议扩展,它在现有BGP-4的基础上增强了功能,使BGP能够为包括组播路由协议在内的多种路由协议提供路由信息: l MP-BGP可以同时为单播和组播维护路由信息,将它们储存在不同的路由表中,保持单播和组播之间路由信息相互隔离; l 作为BGP的多协议扩展,MP-BGP可以同时支持单播和组播模式,为两种模式构建不同的网络拓扑结构; l 原BGP-4所支持的单播路由策略和配置方法大部分都可应用于组播模式,从而可以根据路由策略为单播和组播维护不同的路由。 MP-BGP在组播上的应用简称为MBGP(组播BGP)。 2 应用场合利用组播技术可以方便地提供一些新的增值业务,包括在线直播、网络电视、网络电台、远程教育、远程医疗、视频会议等对带宽和数据交互的实时性要求较高的信息服务。如图1 所示,是各常用组播协议在网络中的应用场合示意图。 图1 常用组播协议应用场合示意图 3 域内二、三层组播配置举例3.1 组网需求(1) 需求分析l 某企业的核心网内部通过OSPF协议互连,并拥有两个视频源:Source 1通过组播组G1(225.1.1.1)传送节目1,Source 2则通过组播组G2(225.2.2.2)传送节目2。要求在核心网通过使用PIM-SM协议实现视频流的组播分发,并利用Anycast RP功能实现双RP负载分担和冗余备份,提高网络可靠性。 l 该企业的接入网按部门划分为多个VLAN以方便管理,各部门内的点播者(Receiver)有不同的点播需求:Host A和Host C点播节目1,Host E点播节目2。要求在接入网通过IGMP、IGMP Snooping和组播VLAN的结合使用,使视频流按需送达各点播者,提高带宽利用率。 (2) 网络规划设备 接口 IP地址 设备 接口 IP地址 Source 1 - 10.110.1.100/24 Source 2 - 10.110.3.100/24 Router A Eth1/1 10.110.1.1/24 Router C Eth1/1 10.110.2.1/24
S2/1 192.168.1.1/24
S2/1 192.168.2.2/24
S2/2 192.168.2.1/24
Loop0 1.1.1.1/32 Router B S2/1 192.168.1.2/24
Loop1 10.2.2.2/32
S2/2 192.168.3.1/24 Router D Eth1/1 10.110.3.1/24
Loop0 1.1.1.1/32
Eth1/2 10.110.4.1/24
Loop1 10.1.1.1/32
S2/1 192.168.3.2/24 图2 域内二、三层组播配置组网图 3.2 配置思路(1) 配置核心网:l 在所有路由器上都配置OSPF协议,并在其各接口上使能PIM-SM协议; l 为了避免物理接口down而导致的网络振荡,将Router B和Router C各自的Loopback1接口配置为C-BSR、Loopback0接口配置为C-RP; l 在Router B和Router C各自的Loopback1接口之间建立MSDP对等体关系,以实现Anycast RP功能。 (2) 配置接入网:l 在Router C和Router D的主机侧接口上使能IGMP协议; l 在所有交换机上划分VLAN,并在VLAN内使能IGMP Snooping,同时使能丢弃未知组播数据报文功能,以防止交换机在没有二层组播转发表项时将组播数据在VLAN内广播; l 在Switch A上配置基于子VLAN的组播VLAN,以避免Router C将不同VLAN内点播的相同组播数据重复发至Switch A。 3.3 配置步骤& 说明: 以下配置均是在实验室环境下进行的配置和验证,配置前设备的所有参数均采用出厂时的缺省配置。如果您已经对设备进行了配置,为了保证配置效果,请确认现有配置和以下配置不冲突。 本文档不严格与具体软、硬件版本对应。 3.3.1 Router A的配置1. 配置步骤 # 配置OSPF协议。 system-view [RouterA] ospf 1 [RouterA-ospf-1] area 0.0.0.0 [RouterA-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0] network 10.110.1.0 0.0.0.255 [RouterA-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0] network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 [RouterA-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0] network 192.168.2.0 0.0.0.255 [RouterA-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0] quit [RouterA-ospf-1] quit # 使能IP组播路由,并在各接口上使能PIM-SM。 [RouterA] multicast routing-enable [RouterA] interface ethernet 1/1 [RouterA-Ethernet1/1] pim sm [RouterA-Ethernet1/1] quit [RouterA] interface serial 2/1 [RouterA-Serial2/1] pim sm [RouterA-Serial2/1] quit [RouterA] interface serial 2/2 [RouterA-Serial2/2] pim sm [RouterA-Serial2/2] return 2. 配置文件display current-configuration # sysname RouterA # multicast routing-enable # interface Ethernet1/1 port link-mode route ip address 10.110.1.1 255.255.255.0 pim sm # interface Serial2/1 link-protocol ppp ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 pim sm # interface Serial2/2 link-protocol ppp ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0 pim sm # ospf 1 area 0.0.0.0 network 10.110.1.0 0.0.0.255 network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 network 192.168.2.0 0.0.0.255 # return 3.3.2 Router B的配置1. 配置步骤# 配置OSPF协议。 system-view [RouterB] ospf 1 [RouterB-ospf-1] area 0.0.0.0 [RouterB-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0] network 1.1.1.1 0.0.0.0 [RouterB-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0] network 10.1.1.1 0.0.0.0 [RouterB-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0] network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 [RouterB-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0] network 192.168.3.0 0.0.0.255 [RouterB-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0] quit [RouterB-ospf-1] quit # 使能IP组播路由,并在各接口上使能PIM-SM。 [RouterB] multicast routing-enable [RouterB] interface serial 2/1 [RouterB-Serial2/1] pim sm [RouterB-Serial2/1] quit [RouterB] interface serial 2/2 [RouterB-Serial2/2] pim sm [RouterB-Serial2/2] quit [RouterB] interface loopback 0 [RouterB-LoopBack0] pim sm [RouterB-LoopBack0] quit [RouterB] interface loopback 1 [RouterB-LoopBack1] pim sm [RouterB-LoopBack1] quit # 将Loopback1接口配置为C-BSR,将Loopback0接口配置为C-RP。 [RouterB] pim [RouterB-pim] c-bsr loopback 1 [RouterB-pim] c-rp loopback 0 [RouterB-pim] quit # 配置MSDP对等体。 [RouterB] msdp [RouterB-msdp] originating-rp loopback 1 [RouterB-msdp] peer 10.2.2.2 connect-interface loopback 1 [RouterB-msdp] return 2. 配置文件display current-configuration # sysname RouterB # multicast routing-enable # interface Serial2/1 link-protocol ppp ip address 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0 pim sm # interface Serial2/2 link-protocol ppp ip address 192.168.3.1 255.255.255.0 pim sm # interface LoopBack0 ip address 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.255 pim sm # interface LoopBack1 ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.255 pim sm # ospf 1 area 0.0.0.0 network 1.1.1.1 0.0.0.0 network 10.1.1.1 0.0.0.0 network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 network 192.168.3.0 0.0.0.255 # pim c-bsr LoopBack1 c-rp LoopBack0 # msdp originating-rp LoopBack1 peer 10.2.2.2 connect-interface LoopBack1 # return 3.3.3 Router C的配置1. 配置步骤# 配置OSPF协议。 system-view [RouterC] ospf 1 [RouterC-ospf-1] area 0.0.0.0 [RouterC-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0] network 1.1.1.1 0.0.0.0 [RouterC-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0] network 10.2.2.2 0.0.0.0 [RouterC-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0] network 192.168.2.0 0.0.0.255 [RouterC-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0] network 10.110.2.0 0.0.0.255 [RouterC-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0] quit [RouterC-ospf-1] quit # 使能IP组播路由,在各接口上使能PIM-SM,并在主机侧接口上使能IGMP。 [RouterC] multicast routing-enable [RouterC] interface ethernet 1/1 [RouterC-Ethernet1/1] pim sm [RouterC-Ethernet1/1] igmp enable [RouterC-Ethernet1/1] quit [RouterC] interface serial 2/1 [RouterC-Serial2/1] pim sm [RouterC-Serial2/1] quit [RouterC] interface loopback 0 [RouterC-LoopBack0] pim sm [RouterC-LoopBack0] quit [RouterC] interface loopback 1 [RouterC-LoopBack1] pim sm [RouterC-LoopBack1] quit # 将Loopback1接口配置为C-BSR,将Loopback0接口配置为C-RP。 [RouterC] pim [RouterC-pim] c-bsr loopback 1 [RouterC-pim] c-rp loopback 0 [RouterC-pim] quit # 配置MSDP对等体。 [RouterC] msdp [RouterC-msdp] originating-rp loopback 1 [RouterC-msdp] peer 10.1.1.1 connect-interface loopback 1 [RouterC-msdp] return 2. 配置文件display current-configuration # sysname RouterC # multicast routing-enable # interface Ethernet1/1 port link-mode route ip address 10.110.2.1 255.255.255.0 igmp enable pim sm # interface Serial2/1 link-protocol ppp ip address 192.168.2.2 255.255.255.0 pim sm # interface LoopBack0 ip address 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.255 pim sm # interface LoopBack1 ip address 10.2.2.2 255.255.255.255 pim sm # ospf 1 area 0.0.0.0 network 1.1.1.1 0.0.0.0 network 10.2.2.2 0.0.0.0 network 192.168.2.0 0.0.0.255 network 10.110.2.0 0.0.0.255 # pim c-bsr LoopBack1 c-rp LoopBack0 # msdp originating-rp LoopBack1 peer 10.1.1.1 connect-interface LoopBack1 # return 3.3.4 Router D的配置1. 配置步骤# 配置OSPF协议。 system-view [RouterD] ospf 1 [RouterD-ospf-1] area 0.0.0.0 [RouterD-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0] network 192.168.3.0 0.0.0.255 [RouterD-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0] network 10.110.3.0 0.0.0.255 [RouterD-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0] network 10.110.4.0 0.0.0.255 [RouterD-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0] quit [RouterD-ospf-1] quit # 使能IP组播路由,在各接口上使能PIM-SM,并在主机侧接口上使能IGMP。 [RouterD] multicast routing-enable [RouterD] interface ethernet 1/1 [RouterD-Ethernet1/1] pim sm [RouterD-Ethernet1/1] quit [RouterD] interface ethernet 1/2 [RouterD-Ethernet1/2] pim sm [RouterD-Ethernet1/2] igmp enable [RouterD-Ethernet1/2] quit [RouterD] interface serial 2/1 [RouterD-Serial2/1] pim sm [RouterD-Serial2/1] quit 2. 配置文件display current-configuration # sysname RouterD # multicast routing-enable # interface Ethernet1/1 port link-mode route ip address 10.110.3.1 255.255.255.0 pim sm # interface Ethernet1/2 port link-mode route ip address 10.110.4.1 255.255.255.0 igmp enable pim sm # interface Serial2/1 link-protocol ppp ip address 192.168.3.2 255.255.255.0 pim sm # ospf 1 area 0.0.0.0 network 192.168.3.0 0.0.0.255 network 10.110.3.0 0.0.0.255 network 10.110.4.0 0.0.0.255 # return 3.3.5 Switch A的配置1. 配置步骤# 全局使能IGMP Snooping。 system-view [SwitchA] igmp-snooping [SwitchA-igmp-snooping] quit # 创建VLAN 10,并把端口Ethernet1/2到Ethernet1/3添加到该VLAN中。 [SwitchA] vlan 10 [SwitchA-vlan10] port ethernet 1/2 to ethernet 1/3 [SwitchA-vlan10] quit # 创建VLAN 20,并把端口Ethernet1/4添加到该VLAN中。 [SwitchA] vlan 20 [SwitchA-vlan20] port ethernet 1/4 [SwitchA-vlan20] quit # 创建VLAN 5,把端口Ethernet1/1添加到该VLAN中;在该VLAN内使能IGMP Snooping,并使能丢弃未知组播数据报文功能。 [SwitchA] vlan 5 [SwitchA-vlan5] port ethernet 1/1 [SwitchA-vlan5] igmp-snooping enable [SwitchA-vlan5] igmp-snooping drop-unknown [SwitchA-vlan5] quit # 配置VLAN 5为组播VLAN,并把VLAN 10和VLAN 20都配置为该组播VLAN的子VLAN。 [SwitchA] multicast-vlan 5 [SwitchA-mvlan-5] subvlan 10 20 [SwitchA-mvlan-5] return 2. 配置文件display current-configuration # sysname SwitchA # igmp-snooping # vlan 5 igmp-snooping enable igmp-snooping drop-unknown # vlan 10 # vlan 20 # multicast-vlan 5 subvlan 10 20 # interface Ethernet1/1 port access vlan 5 # interface Ethernet1/2 port access vlan 10 # interface Ethernet1/3 port access vlan 10 # interface Ethernet1/4 port access vlan 20 # return 3.3.6 Switch B的配置1. 配置步骤# 全局使能IGMP Snooping。 system-view [SwitchB] igmp-snooping [SwitchB-igmp-snooping] quit # 创建VLAN 20,把端口Ethernet1/1到Ethernet1/3添加到该VLAN中;在该VLAN内使能IGMP Snooping,并使能丢弃未知组播数据报文功能。 [SwitchB] vlan 20 [SwitchB-vlan20] port ethernet 1/1 to ethernet 1/3 [SwitchB-vlan20] igmp-snooping enable [SwitchB-vlan20] igmp-snooping drop-unknown [SwitchB-vlan20] return 2. 配置文件display current-configuration # sysname SwitchB # igmp-snooping # vlan 20 igmp-snooping enable igmp-snooping drop-unknown # interface Ethernet1/1 port access vlan 20 # interface Ethernet1/2 port access vlan 20 # interface Ethernet1/3 port access vlan 20 # return 3.3.7 Switch C的配置1. 配置步骤# 全局使能IGMP Snooping。 system-view [SwitchC] igmp-snooping [SwitchC-igmp-snooping] quit # 创建VLAN 30,把端口Ethernet1/1到Ethernet1/3添加到该VLAN中;在该VLAN内使能IGMP Snooping,并使能丢弃未知组播数据报文功能。 [SwitchC] vlan 30 [SwitchC-vlan30] port ethernet 1/1 to ethernet 1/3 [SwitchC-vlan30] igmp-snooping enable [SwitchC-vlan30] igmp-snooping drop-unknown [SwitchC-vlan30] return 2. 配置文件display current-configuration # sysname SwitchC # igmp-snooping # vlan 30 igmp-snooping enable igmp-snooping drop-unknown # interface Ethernet1/1 port access vlan 30 # interface Ethernet1/2 port access vlan 30 # interface Ethernet1/3 port access vlan 30 # return 3.4 验证结果当如上配置完成后,Host A和Host C能够收到视频节目1,Host E能够收到视频节目2。此外,通过相应的display命令还可查看设备上的各种配置及运行效果: (1) 通过使用display multicast-vlan命令可以查看交换机上组播VLAN的信息。例如:# 查看Switch A上所有组播VLAN的信息。 display multicast-vlan Total 1 multicast-vlan(s)
Multicast vlan 5 subvlan list: vlan 10 20 port list: no port 由上可知,VLAN 5为组播VLAN,VLAN 10和VLAN 20为其子VLAN。 (2) 通过使用display igmp-snooping group命令可以查看各交换机上IGMP Snooping组播组的信息。例如:# 查看Switch A上IGMP Snooping组播组的信息。 display igmp-snooping group Total 3 IP Group(s). Total 3 IP Source(s). Total 3 MAC Group(s).
Port flags: D-Dynamic port, S-Static port, C-Copy port Subvlan flags: R-Real VLAN, C-Copy VLAN Vlan(id):5. Total 1 IP Group(s). Total 1 IP Source(s). Total 1 MAC Group(s). Router port(s):total 1 port. Eth1/1 (D) ( 00:01:30 ) IP group(s):the following ip group(s) match to one mac group. IP group address:225.1.1.1 (0.0.0.0, 225.1.1.1): Host port(s):total 0 port. MAC group(s): MAC group address:0100-5e01-0101 Host port(s):total 0 port.
Vlan(id):10. Total 1 IP Group(s). Total 1 IP Source(s). Total 1 MAC Group(s). Router port(s):total 0 port. IP group(s):the following ip group(s) match to one mac group. IP group address:225.1.1.1 (0.0.0.0, 225.1.1.1): Host port(s):total 1 port. Eth1/2 (D) ( 00:03:23 ) MAC group(s): MAC group address:0100-5e01-0101 Host port(s):total 1 port. Eth1/2
Vlan(id):20. Total 1 IP Group(s). Total 1 IP Source(s). Total 1 MAC Group(s). Router port(s):total 0 port. IP group(s):the following ip group(s) match to one mac group. IP group address:225.1.1.1 (0.0.0.0, 225.1.1.1): Host port(s):total 1 port. Eth1/4 (D) ( 00:02:16 ) MAC group(s): MAC group address:0100-5e01-0101 Host port(s):total 1 port. Eth1/4 # 查看Switch C上VLAN 30内IGMP Snooping组播组的详细信息。 display igmp-snooping group vlan 30 verbose Total 1 IP Group(s). Total 1 IP Source(s). Total 1 MAC Group(s).
Port flags: D-Dynamic port, S-Static port, C-Copy port Subvlan flags: R-Real VLAN, C-Copy VLAN Vlan(id):30. Total 1 IP Group(s). Total 1 IP Source(s). Total 1 MAC Group(s). Router port(s):total 1 port. Eth1/1 (D) ( 00:01:15 ) IP group(s):the following ip group(s) match to one mac group. IP group address:225.2.2.2 (0.0.0.0, 225.2.2.2): Attribute: Host Port Host port(s):total 1 port. Eth1/2 (D) ( 00:02:35 ) MAC group(s): MAC group address:0100-5e02-0202 Host port(s):total 1 port. Eth1/2 由上可知,Switch A的端口Ethernet1/2和Ethernet1/4下都有组播组G1的接收者,Switch C的端口Ethernet1/2下有组播组G2的接收者。 (3) 通过使用display igmp interface命令可以查看各路由器的主机侧接口上IGMP的配置和运行情况。例如:# 查看Router C的主机侧接口Ethernet1/1上IGMP的配置和运行情况。 display igmp interface ethernet 1/1 Ethernet1/1(10.110.2.1): IGMP is enabled Current IGMP version is 2 Value of query interval for IGMP(in seconds): 60 Value of other querier present interval for IGMP(in seconds): 125 Value of maximum query response time for IGMP(in seconds): 10 Querier for IGMP: 10.110.2.1 (this router) Total 1 IGMP Group reported 由上可知,Router C的接口Ethernet1/1上运行了IGMPv2,并由该接口作为IGMP查询器。 (4) 通过使用display msdp brief命令可以查看路由器之间MSDP对等体建立的情况。例如:# 查看Router B上MSDP对等体的简要信息。 display msdp brief MSDP Peer Brief Information of VPN-Instance: public net Configured Up Listen Connect Shutdown Down 1 1 0 0 0 0
Peer's Address State Up/Down time AS SA Count Reset Count 10.2.2.2 Up 00:10:17 ? 1 0 # 查看Router C上MSDP对等体的简要信息。 display msdp brief MSDP Peer Brief Information of VPN-Instance: public net Configured Up Listen Connect Shutdown Down 1 1 0 0 0 0
Peer's Address State Up/Down time AS SA Count Reset Count 10.1.1.1 Up 00:10:17 ? 1 0 由上可知,Router B和Router C各自的Loopback1接口之间已建立起了MSDP对等体关系。 (5) 通过使用display pim routing-table命令可以查看路由器上PIM路由表的内容。例如:# 查看Router B上有关组播组225.1.1.1的PIM路由表内容。 display pim routing-table 225.1.1.1 VPN-Instance: public net Total 1 (*, G) entry; 1 (S, G) entry
Total matched 0 (*, G) entry; 0 (S, G) entry # 查看Router C上有关组播组225.1.1.1的PIM路由表内容。 display pim routing-table 225.1.1.1 VPN-Instance: public net Total 1 (*, G) entry; 1 (S, G) entry
Total matched 1 (*, G) entry; 1 (S, G) entry
(*, 225.1.1.1) RP: 1.1.1.1 (local) Protocol: pim-sm, Flag: WC UpTime: 00:15:04 Upstream interface: Register Upstream neighbor: NULL RPF prime neighbor: NULL Downstream interface(s) information: Total number of downstreams: 1 1: Ethernet1/1 Protocol: igmp, UpTime: 00:15:04, Expires: -
(10.110.1.100, 225.1.1.1) RP: 1.1.1.1 (local) Protocol: pim-sm, Flag: SPT 2MSDP ACT UpTime: 00:20:28 Upstream interface: Serial2/1 Upstream neighbor: 192.168.2.1 RPF prime neighbor: 192.168.2.1 Downstream interface(s) information: Total number of downstreams: 1 1: Ethernet1/1 Protocol: pim-sm, UpTime: - , Expires: - 由上可知,组播组G1当前有效的RP为Router C的Loopback0接口。 4 域间三层组播配置举例4.1 组网需求(1) 需求分析l 两个ISP拥有各自的网络:AS 100和AS 200,AS内部通过OSPF协议互连。AS 200中的视频源(Source)通过组播组G(225.1.1.1)传送节目,AS 100和AS 200中都有该节目的点播者(Receiver):Host A和Host B。要求在AS内通过使用PIM-SM和IGMP协议实现视频流的组播分发和按需送达。同时根据业务需要,AS 100独自构成组播域PIM-SM 1,而AS 200则划分为两个组播域:PIM-SM 2和PIM-SM 3。 l 为了解决组播域之间、以及各AS之间组播信息的交换,要求通过配置MSDP对等体实现各PIM-SM域之间组播源信息的交换,通过配置MBGP协议实现各AS之间组播路由信息的交换。 (2) 网络规划设备 接口 IP地址 设备 接口 IP地址 Router A Eth1/1 10.110.1.1/24 Router D Eth1/1 10.110.2.1/24
S2/1 192.168.1.1/24
S2/1 192.168.5.1/24
S2/2 192.168.2.1/24
POS5/1 192.168.4.2/24
Loop0 1.1.1.1/32
Loop0 4.4.4.4/32 Router B S2/1 192.168.1.2/24 Router E S2/1 192.168.5.2/24
S2/2 192.168.3.1/24
S2/2 192.168.6.1/24
Loop0 2.2.2.2/32
Loop0 5.5.5.5/32 Router C S2/1 192.168.2.2/24 Router F Eth1/1 10.110.3.1/24
S2/2 192.168.3.2/24
S2/1 192.168.6.2/24
POS5/1 192.168.4.1/24
Loop0 6.6.6.6/32
Loop0 3.3.3.3/32 Source - 10.110.3.100/24 图3 域间三层组播配置组网图 4.2 配置思路(1) 配置域内组播路由:l 在所有路由器上都配置OSPF协议,在其各接口上使能PIM-SM协议,并在Router A和Router D的主机侧接口上使能IGMP协议; l 为了避免物理接口down而导致的网络振荡,将Router C、Router D和Router E各自的Loopback0接口配置为C-BSR和C-RP; l 划分PIM-SM域,将Router C和Router D各自的POS5/1接口、Router D和Router E各自的Serial2/1接口配置为BSR的服务边界(即PIM-SM域的边界)。 (2) 配置域间组播路由:l 在PIM-SM域的RP之间,即Router C和Router D、Router D和Router E之间分别建立MSDP对等体关系; l 在所有相邻路由器之间建立MBGP对等体关系,即Router A、Router B和Router C两两之间、Router D和Router E之间、Router E和Router F之间分别建立IBGP/MBGP对等体关系,Router C和Router D之间则建立EBGP/MBGP对等体关系。 4.3 配置步骤& 说明: 以下配置均是在实验室环境下进行的配置和验证,配置前设备的所有参数均采用出厂时的缺省配置。如果您已经对设备进行了配置,为了保证配置效果,请确认现有配置和以下配置不冲突。 本文档不严格与具体软、硬件版本对应。 4.3.1 Router A的配置1. 配置步骤 # 配置OSPF协议。 system-view [RouterA] ospf 1 [RouterA-ospf-1] area 0.0.0.0 [RouterA-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0] network 1.1.1.1 0.0.0.0 [RouterA-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0] network 10.110.1.0 0.0.0.255 [RouterA-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0] network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 [RouterA-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0] network 192.168.2.0 0.0.0.255 [RouterA-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0] quit [RouterA-ospf-1] quit # 使能IP组播路由,在各接口上使能PIM-SM,并在主机侧接口上使能IGMP。 [RouterA] multicast routing-enable [RouterA] interface ethernet 1/1 [RouterA-Ethernet1/1] pim sm [RouterA-Ethernet1/1] igmp enable [RouterA-Ethernet1/1] quit [RouterA] interface serial 2/1 [RouterA-Serial2/1] pim sm [RouterA-Serial2/1] quit [RouterA] interface serial 2/2 [RouterA-Serial2/2] pim sm [RouterA-Serial2/2] quit [RouterA] interface loopback 0 [RouterA-LoopBack0] pim sm [RouterA-LoopBack0] quit # 配置BGP协议和MBGP对等体,并引入直连和OSPF路由。 [RouterA] bgp 100 [RouterA-bgp] router-id 1.1.1.1 [RouterA-bgp] peer 192.168.1.2 as-number 100 [RouterA-bgp] peer 192.168.2.2 as-number 100 [RouterA-bgp] import-route direct [RouterA-bgp] import-route ospf 1 [RouterA-bgp] ipv4-family multicast [RouterA-bgp-af-mul] peer 192.168.1.2 enable [RouterA-bgp-af-mul] peer 192.168.2.2 enable [RouterA-bgp-af-mul] import-route direct [RouterA-bgp-af-mul] import-route ospf 1 [RouterA-bgp-af-mul] return 2. 配置文件display current-configuration # sysname RouterA # multicast routing-enable # interface Ethernet1/1 port link-mode route ip address 10.110.1.1 255.255.255.0 igmp enable pim sm # interface Serial2/1 link-protocol ppp ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 pim sm # interface Serial2/2 link-protocol ppp ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0 pim sm # interface LoopBack0 ip address 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.255 pim sm # bgp 100 router-id 1.1.1.1 import-route direct import-route ospf 1 undo synchronization peer 192.168.1.2 as-number 100 peer 192.168.2.2 as-number 100 # ipv4-family multicast import-route direct import-route ospf 1 peer 192.168.1.2 enable peer 192.168.2.2 enable # ospf 1 area 0.0.0.0 network 1.1.1.1 0.0.0.0 network 10.110.1.0 0.0.0.255 network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 network 192.168.2.0 0.0.0.255 # return 4.3.2 Router B的配置1. 配置步骤# 配置OSPF协议。 system-view [RouterB] ospf 1 [RouterB-ospf-1] area 0.0.0.0 [RouterB-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0] network 2.2.2.2 0.0.0.0 [RouterB-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0] network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 [RouterB-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0] network 192.168.3.0 0.0.0.255 [RouterB-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0] quit [RouterB-ospf-1] quit # 使能IP组播路由,并在各接口上使能PIM-SM。 [RouterB] multicast routing-enable [RouterB] interface serial 2/1 [RouterB-Serial2/1] pim sm [RouterB-Serial2/1] quit [RouterB] interface serial 2/2 [RouterB-Serial2/2] pim sm [RouterB-Serial2/2] quit [RouterB] interface loopback 0 [RouterB-LoopBack0] pim sm [RouterB-LoopBack0] quit # 配置BGP协议和MBGP对等体,并引入OSPF路由。 [RouterB] bgp 100 [RouterB-bgp] router-id 2.2.2.2 [RouterB-bgp] peer 192.168.1.1 as-number 100 [RouterB-bgp] peer 192.168.3.2 as-number 100 [RouterB-bgp] import-route ospf 1 [RouterB-bgp] ipv4-family multicast [RouterB-bgp-af-mul] peer 192.168.1.1 enable [RouterB-bgp-af-mul] peer 192.168.3.2 enable [RouterB-bgp-af-mul] import-route ospf 1 [RouterB-bgp-af-mul] return 2. 配置文件display current-configuration # sysname RouterB # multicast routing-enable # interface Serial2/1 link-protocol ppp ip address 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0 pim sm # interface Serial2/2 link-protocol ppp ip address 192.168.3.1 255.255.255.0 pim sm # interface LoopBack0 ip address 2.2.2.2 255.255.255.255 pim sm # bgp 100 router-id 2.2.2.2 import-route ospf 1 undo synchronization peer 192.168.1.1 as-number 100 peer 192.168.3.2 as-number 100 # ipv4-family multicast import-route ospf 1 peer 192.168.1.1 enable peer 192.168.3.2 enable # ospf 1 area 0.0.0.0 network 2.2.2.2 0.0.0.0 network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 network 192.168.3.0 0.0.0.255 # return 4.3.3 Router C的配置1. 配置步骤# 配置OSPF协议。 system-view [RouterC] ospf 1 [RouterC-ospf-1] area 0.0.0.0 [RouterC-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0] network 3.3.3.3 0.0.0.0 [RouterC-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0] network 192.168.2.0 0.0.0.255 [RouterC-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0] network 192.168.3.0 0.0.0.255 [RouterC-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0] network 192.168.4.0 0.0.0.255 [RouterC-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0] quit [RouterC-ospf-1] quit # 使能IP组播路由,并在各接口上使能PIM-SM。 [RouterC] multicast routing-enable [RouterC] interface serial 2/1 [RouterC-Serial2/1] pim sm [RouterC-Serial2/1] quit [RouterC] interface serial 2/2 [RouterC-Serial2/2] pim sm [RouterC-Serial2/2] quit [RouterC] interface pos 5/1 [RouterC-Pos5/1] pim sm [RouterC-Pos5/1] quit [RouterC] interface loopback 0 [RouterC-LoopBack0] pim sm [RouterC-LoopBack0] quit # 配置BSR的服务边界。 [RouterC] interface pos 5/1 [RouterC-Pos5/1] pim bsr-boundary [RouterC-Pos5/1] quit # 将Loopback0接口配置为C-BSR和C-RP。 [RouterC] pim [RouterC-pim] c-bsr loopback 0 [RouterC-pim] c-rp loopback 0 [RouterC-pim] quit # 配置BGP协议和MBGP对等体,并引入OSPF路由。 [RouterC] bgp 100 [RouterC-bgp] router-id 3.3.3.3 [RouterC-bgp] peer 192.168.2.1 as-number 100 [RouterC-bgp] peer 192.168.3.1 as-number 100 [RouterC-bgp] peer 192.168.4.2 as-number 200 [RouterC-bgp] import-route ospf 1 [RouterC-bgp] ipv4-family multicast [RouterC-bgp-af-mul] peer 192.168.2.1 enable [RouterC-bgp-af-mul] peer 192.168.3.1 enable [RouterC-bgp-af-mul] peer 192.168.4.2 enable [RouterC-bgp-af-mul] import-route ospf 1 [RouterC-bgp-af-mul] quit [RouterC-bgp] quit # 配置MSDP对等体。 [RouterC] msdp [RouterC-msdp] peer 192.168.4.2 connect-interface pos 5/1 [RouterC-msdp] return 2. 配置文件display current-configuration # sysname RouterC # multicast routing-enable # interface Serial2/1 link-protocol ppp ip address 192.168.2.2 255.255.255.0 pim sm # interface Serial2/2 link-protocol ppp ip address 192.168.3.2 255.255.255.0 pim sm # interface Pos5/1 link-protocol ppp ip address 192.168.4.1 255.255.255.0 pim bsr-boundary pim sm # interface LoopBack0 ip address 3.3.3.3 255.255.255.255 pim sm # bgp 100 router-id 3.3.3.3 import-route ospf 1 undo synchronization peer 192.168.2.1 as-number 100 peer 192.168.3.1 as-number 100 peer 192.168.4.2 as-number 200 # ipv4-family multicast import-route ospf 1 peer 192.168.1.1 enable peer 192.168.3.1 enable peer 192.168.4.2 enable # ospf 1 area 0.0.0.0 network 3.3.3.3 0.0.0.0 network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 network 192.168.3.0 0.0.0.255 network 192.168.4.0 0.0.0.255 # pim c-bsr LoopBack0 c-rp LoopBack0 # msdp peer 192.168.4.2 connect-interface Pos5/1 # return 4.3.4 Router D的配置1. 配置步骤# 配置OSPF协议。 system-view [RouterD] ospf 1 [RouterD-ospf-1] area 0.0.0.0 [RouterD-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0] network 4.4.4.4 0.0.0.0 [RouterD-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0] network 10.110.2.0 0.0.0.255 [RouterD-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0] network 192.168.4.0 0.0.0.255 [RouterD-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0] network 192.168.5.0 0.0.0.255 [RouterD-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0] quit [RouterD-ospf-1] quit # 使能IP组播路由,在各接口上使能PIM-SM,并在主机侧接口上使能IGMP。 [RouterD] multicast routing-enable [RouterD] interface ethernet 1/1 [RouterD-Ethernet1/1] pim sm [RouterD-Ethernet1/1] igmp enable [RouterD-Ethernet1/1] quit [RouterD] interface serial 2/1 [RouterD-Serial2/1] pim sm [RouterD-Serial2/1] quit [RouterD] interface pos 5/1 [RouterD-Pos5/1] pim sm [RouterD-Pos5/1] quit [RouterD] interface loopback 0 [RouterD-LoopBack0] pim sm [RouterD-LoopBack0] quit # 配置BSR的服务边界。 [RouterD] interface serial 2/1 [RouterD-Serial2/1] pim bsr-boundary [RouterD-Serial2/1] quit [RouterD] interface pos 5/1 [RouterD-Pos5/1] pim bsr-boundary [RouterD-Pos5/1] quit # 将Loopback0接口配置为C-BSR和C-RP。 [RouterD] pim [RouterD-pim] c-bsr loopback 0 [RouterD-pim] c-rp loopback 0 [RouterD-pim] quit # 配置BGP协议和MBGP对等体,并引入直连和OSPF路由。 [RouterD] bgp 200 [RouterD-bgp] router-id 4.4.4.4 [RouterD-bgp] peer 192.168.4.1 as-number 100 [RouterD-bgp] peer 192.168.5.2 as-number 200 [RouterD-bgp] import-route direct [RouterD-bgp] import-route ospf 1 [RouterD-bgp] ipv4-family multicast [RouterD-bgp-af-mul] peer 192.168.4.1 enable [RouterD-bgp-af-mul] peer 192.168.5.2 enable [RouterD-bgp-af-mul] import-route direct [RouterD-bgp-af-mul] import-route ospf 1 [RouterD-bgp-af-mul] quit [RouterD-bgp] quit # 配置MSDP对等体。 [RouterD] msdp [RouterD-msdp] peer 192.168.4.1 connect-interface pos 5/1 [RouterD-msdp] peer 192.168.5.2 connect-interface serial 2/1 [RouterD-msdp] return 2. 配置文件display current-configuration # sysname RouterD # multicast routing-enable # interface Ethernet1/1 port link-mode route ip address 10.110.2.1 255.255.255.0 igmp enable pim sm # interface Serial2/1 link-protocol ppp ip address 192.168.5.1 255.255.255.0 pim bsr-boundary pim sm # interface Pos5/1 link-protocol ppp ip address 192.168.4.2 255.255.255.0 pim bsr-boundary pim sm # interface LoopBack0 ip address 4.4.4.4 255.255.255.255 pim sm # bgp 200 router-id 4.4.4.4 import-route direct import-route ospf 1 undo synchronization peer 192.168.4.1 as-number 100 peer 192.168.5.2 as-number 200 # ipv4-family multicast import-route direct import-route ospf 1 peer 192.168.4.1 enable peer 192.168.5.2 enable # ospf 1 area 0.0.0.0 network 4.4.4.4 0.0.0.0 network 10.110.2.0 0.0.0.255 network 192.168.4.0 0.0.0.255 network 192.168.5.0 0.0.0.255 # pim c-bsr LoopBack0 c-rp LoopBack0 # msdp peer 192.168.4.1 connect-interface Pos5/1 peer 192.168.5.2 connect-interface Serial2/1 # return 4.3.5 Router E的配置1. 配置步骤# 配置OSPF协议。 system-view [RouterE] ospf 1 [RouterE-ospf-1] area 0.0.0.0 [RouterE-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0] network 5.5.5.5 0.0.0.0 [RouterE-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0] network 192.168.5.0 0.0.0.255 [RouterE-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0] network 192.168.6.0 0.0.0.255 [RouterE-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0] quit [RouterE-ospf-1] quit # 使能IP组播路由,并在各接口上使能PIM-SM。 [RouterE] multicast routing-enable [RouterE] interface serial 2/1 [RouterE-Serial2/1] pim sm [RouterE-Serial2/1] quit [RouterE] interface serial 2/2 [RouterE-Serial2/2] pim sm [RouterE-Serial2/2] quit [RouterE] interface loopback 0 [RouterE-LoopBack0] pim sm [RouterE-LoopBack0] quit # 配置BSR的服务边界。 [RouterE] interface serial 2/1 [RouterE-Serial2/1] pim bsr-boundary [RouterE-Serial2/1] quit # 将Loopback0接口配置为C-BSR和C-RP。 [RouterE] pim [RouterE-pim] c-bsr loopback 0 [RouterE-pim] c-rp loopback 0 [RouterE-pim] quit # 配置BGP协议和MBGP对等体,并引入OSPF路由。 [RouterE] bgp 200 [RouterE-bgp] router-id 5.5.5.5 [RouterE-bgp] peer 192.168.5.1 as-number 200 [RouterE-bgp] peer 192.168.6.2 as-number 200 [RouterE-bgp] import-route ospf 1 [RouterE-bgp] ipv4-family multicast [RouterE-bgp-af-mul] peer 192.168.5.1 enable [RouterE-bgp-af-mul] peer 192.168.6.2 enable [RouterE-bgp-af-mul] import-route ospf 1 [RouterE-bgp-af-mul] quit [RouterE-bgp] quit # 配置MSDP对等体。 [RouterE] msdp [RouterE-msdp] peer 192.168.5.1 connect-interface serial 2/1 [RouterE-msdp] return 2. 配置文件display current-configuration # sysname RouterE # multicast routing-enable # interface Serial2/1 link-protocol ppp ip address 192.168.5.2 255.255.255.0 pim bsr-boundary pim sm # interface Serial2/2 link-protocol ppp ip address 192.168.6.1 255.255.255.0 pim sm # interface LoopBack0 ip address 5.5.5.5 255.255.255.255 pim sm # bgp 200 router-id 5.5.5.5 import-route ospf 1 undo synchronization peer 192.168.5.1 as-number 200 peer 192.168.6.2 as-number 200 # ipv4-family multicast import-route ospf 1 peer 192.168.5.1 enable peer 192.168.6.2 enable # ospf 1 area 0.0.0.0 network 5.5.5.5 0.0.0.0 network 192.168.5.0 0.0.0.255 network 192.168.6.0 0.0.0.255 # pim c-bsr LoopBack0 c-rp LoopBack0 # msdp peer 192.168.5.1 connect-interface Serial2/1 # return 4.3.6 Router F的配置1. 配置步骤# 配置OSPF协议。 system-view [RouterF] ospf 1 [RouterF-ospf-1] area 0.0.0.0 [RouterF-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0] network 6.6.6.6 0.0.0.0 [RouterF-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0] network 10.110.3.0 0.0.0.255 [RouterF-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0] network 192.168.6.0 0.0.0.255 [RouterF-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0] quit [RouterF-ospf-1] quit # 使能IP组播路由,并在各接口上使能PIM-SM。 [RouterF] multicast routing-enable [RouterF] interface ethernet 1/1 [RouterF-Ethernet1/1] pim sm [RouterF-Ethernet1/1] quit [RouterF] interface serial 2/1 [RouterF-Serial2/1] pim sm [RouterF-Serial2/1] quit [RouterF] interface loopback 0 [RouterF-LoopBack0] pim sm [RouterF-LoopBack0] quit # 配置BGP协议和MBGP对等体,并引入直连和OSPF路由。 [RouterF] bgp 200 [RouterF-bgp] router-id 6.6.6.6 [RouterF-bgp] peer 192.168.6.1 as-number 200 [RouterF-bgp] import-route direct [RouterF-bgp] import-route ospf 1 [RouterF-bgp] ipv4-family multicast [RouterF-bgp-af-mul] peer 192.168.6.1 enable [RouterF-bgp-af-mul] import-route direct [RouterF-bgp-af-mul] import-route ospf 1 [RouterF-bgp-af-mul] return 2. 配置文件display current-configuration # sysname RouterF # multicast routing-enable # interface Ethernet1/1 port link-mode route ip address 10.110.3.1 255.255.255.0 pim sm # interface Serial2/1 link-protocol ppp ip address 192.168.6.2 255.255.255.0 pim sm # interface LoopBack0 ip address 6.6.6.6 255.255.255.255 pim sm # bgp 200 router-id 6.6.6.6 import-route direct import-route ospf 1 undo synchronization peer 192.168.6.1 as-number 200 # ipv4-family multicast import-route direct import-route ospf 1 peer 192.168.6.1 enable # ospf 1 area 0.0.0.0 network 6.6.6.6 0.0.0.0 network 10.110.3.0 0.0.0.255 network 192.168.6.0 0.0.0.255 # return 4.4 验证结果当如上配置完成后,Host A和Host B能够收到视频节目。此外,通过相应的display命令还可查看设备上的各种配置及运行效果:。 (1) 通过使用display bgp multicast peer命令可以查看路由器之间MBGP对等体的信息。例如:# 查看Router C上的MBGP对等体的信息。 display bgp multicast peer
BGP local router ID : 3.3.3.3 Local AS number : 100 Total number of peers : 3 Peers in established state : 3
Peer V AS MsgRcvd MsgSent OutQ PrefRcv Up/Down State
192.168.2.1 4 100 56 51 0 23 00:40:54 Established 192.168.3.1 4 100 43 39 0 15 00:35:23 Established 192.168.4.2 4 200 37 32 0 9 00:32:18 Established # 查看Router D上的MBGP对等体的信息。 display bgp multicast peer
BGP local router ID : 4.4.4.4 Local AS number : 200 Total number of peers : 2 Peers in established state : 2
Peer V AS MsgRcvd MsgSent OutQ PrefRcv Up/Down State
192.168.4.1 4 100 52 46 0 21 00:38:44 Established 192.168.5.2 4 200 35 28 0 7 00:30:25 Established 由上可知,Router C分别与Router A和Router B建立起了IBGP/MBGP对等体关系,Router C和Router D之间建立起了EBGP/MBGP对等体关系,Router D与Router E建立起了IBGP/MBGP对等体关系。 (2) 通过使用display msdp brief命令可以查看路由器之间MSDP对等体建立的情况。例如:# 查看Router D上MSDP对等体的简要信息。 display msdp brief MSDP Peer Brief Information of VPN-Instance: public net Configured Up Listen Connect Shutdown Down 2 2 0 0 0 0
Peer's Address State Up/Down time AS SA Count Reset Count 192.168.4.1 Up 00:08:23 100 7 0 192.168.5.2 Up 00:10:17 200 9 0 由上可知,Router D分别与Router C和Router E建立起了MSDP对等体关系。 5 相关资料5.1 相关协议和标准l RFC 2236:Internet Group Management Protocol, Version 2 l RFC 4541:Considerations for Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) and Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) Snooping Switches l RFC 4601:Protocol Independent Multicast-Sparse Mode (PIM-SM): Protocol Specification (Revised) l RFC 3973:Protocol Independent Multicast-Dense Mode (PIM-DM): Protocol Specification (Revised) l RFC 5059:Bootstrap Router (BSR) Mechanism for Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) l RFC 3618:Multicast Source Discovery Protocol (MSDP) l RFC 3446:Anycast Rendevous Point (RP) mechanism using Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) and Multicast Source Discovery Protocol (MSDP) l RFC 2858:Multiprotocol Extensions for BGP-4
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