医学术语:从放弃到入门 |
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要想学习医学术语,先要了解其基本定义、学会分析单词构成成分、掌握常见构词成分(combining form)、词根(root)、词缀(prefix suffix),方能窥知一二、略有所成。 一、什么是医学术语? Medicalterminology is language that is used to accurately describe the human body andassociated components, conditions, processes and procedures in a science-basedmanner. It is to be used in the medical and nursing fields.【1】 医学术语是一门语言,它以科学为基础的方式用来精确描述人体和与之相关的部分、条件、过程和程序。它用于医学和护理领域。 二、学习医学术语的宗旨【2】 Analyze words by dividing theminto component parts. 通过划分构词成分来分析单词。 Relate the medical terms to thestructure and function of the human body. 将医学术语与人体的解剖结构和功能相联系。 Be aware of spelling and pronunciationproblems. 注意拼写和发音问题。 三、单词构成的常见公式 展开全文词根 + 连接元音 + 后缀 或 词根 + 连接元音 + 词根 + 连接元音 + 后缀 四、医学术语的重要成分 词根(root):单词的基础(the foundation of the word)。每个医学术语必有一个或更多。 后缀(suffix):单词的结尾(word ending)。每个医学术语必有一个后缀。 前缀(prefix):单词的开头(word beginning)。并非每个医学术语都有前缀。 连接元音(combining vowel):通常是 o ,连接词根与词缀或词根与词根。 构词成分(combining form):由词根和连接元音组成(root + combining vowel = COMBINING FORM)。 从后缀往前理解整个术语的含义 若后缀是元音打头,则去掉连接元音:gastritis,不是「gastroitis」 用元音连接两个词根:gastroenterology,不是「gastrenterology」 用斜杠「/」来划分每个术语 识记常见词根词缀 制作单词抽认卡(flash cards) 按时复习 Combining Form 构词成分 Meaning Example (Definition) aden/o Gland 腺体 adenopathy 腺体病 (gland disease) carcin/o Cancer 肿瘤 carcinoma 上皮组织来源的恶性肿瘤 (cancerous tumor) cardi/o heart 心脏 cardiac 心脏的 (pertaining to the heart) chem/o chemical 化学的 chemotherapy (treatment withchemicals Cis/o To cut 切开 Incision (process of cutting into) Dermat/o skin 皮肤 Dermatology 皮肤病学 (study of the skin) Enter/o Small intestines 小肠 Pertaining to the small intestines Gastr/o Stomach 胃 Gastric 胃的 (pertaining to the stomach) Gynec/o Female 女性 Gynecology 妇科学 (study of females) Hemat/o Blood 血 Pertaining to the blood) Hydr/o Water 水 Hydrocele 水囊肿 (Protrusion of water含水的凸起) Immune/o Immune 免疫 Immunology 免疫学 (study of immunity) Laryng/o Voice box 喉 Laryngeal 喉的 (pertaining to the voice box) Morph/o Shape 形态 Morphology 形态学 (study of shape) Nephr/o Kidney 肾 Nephromegaly 巨肾 (enlarged kidney) Neur/o Nerve 神经 Neural 神经的 (pertaining to a nerve 与神经有关 ) Ophthalm/o Eye 眼 Ophthalmic (pertaining to the eye) Ot/o Ear 耳 Otic 耳的 (pertaining to the ear) Path/o Disease 病 Pathology 病理学 (study of disease) Pulmon/o Lung 肺 Pulmonary 肺的 (pertaining to the lungs) Rhin/o Nose 鼻子 Rhinoplasty 鼻成型术 (surgical repair of the nose) Ur/o Urine, urinary tract 尿路 Urology 泌尿外科 (study of the urinary tract)2. 常见前缀 Prefix 前缀 Meaning Example (Definition) a- Without, away from 无 Aphasia 失语症 (without speech) An- Without 缺 Anoxia 缺氧 (without oxygen) Ante Before, in front of 前 Antepartum 产前的 (before birth) Anti- Against 抗 Antibiotic 抗生素 (against life) Auto- Self 自体的 Autograft 自体移植物 (a graft from one’s own body) Brady- Slow Bradycardia 心动过缓 (slow heartbeat) Dys- Painful, difficult 困难 Dyspnea 呼吸困难 (painful breathing) Endo- Within, inner 内 Endoscope 内窥镜 (instrument to view within) Epi- Upon, over 上 Epigastric 上腹部 (upon or over the stomach) Eu- Normal, good 正常 Eupnea 平静呼吸 (normal breathing) Hetero- Different Heterograft 异种移植 (a graft from another person’s body) Homo- Same Homozygous 纯合子 (having two identical genes) Hydro- Water 水 Hydrotherapy 水疗法 (water therapy) Hyper- Over, above 超过 Hypertrophy 肥大 (overdevelopment) Hypo- Under, below Hypoglossal 舌下的 (under the tongue) Infra- Under, beneath, below Infraorbital 眶下的 (below, under the eye socket 眼窝 ) Inter- Among, between Intervertebral 椎间盘 (between the vertebrae) Intra- Within, inside Intravenous 静脉内的 (inside, within a vein) Macro- Large Macrocephalic 巨头 (having a large head) Micro- Small Microcephalic 小头 (having a small head) Neo- New Neonate 新生儿 (newborn) Pan- All Pancarditis 全心炎 (inflammation of all the heart) Para- Beside, beyond, near Paranasal 鼻旁的 (near or alongside the nose) Per- Through Percutaneous 经皮的 (through the skin) Peri- Around Pericardial 心包的 (around the heart) Post- After Postpartum 产后 (after birth) Pre- Before, in front of Prefrontal 前额的 (in front of the frontal bone) Pseudo- False Pseudocyesis 假孕 (false pregnancy) Retro- Backward, behind Retrograde 逆行 (movement in a backwards diretion) Sub- Below, under 下 Subcutaneous 皮下的 (under, below the skin) Super- Above, excess Supernumerary 额外的 (above the normal number) Supra- Above 前 Suprapubic 耻骨前 (above the pubic bone) Tachy- Rapid, fast Tachycardia 心动过速 (fast heartbeat) Trans- Through, across Transurethral 经尿道的 (across the urethra) Ultra- Beyond, excess Ultrasound 超声 (high-frequency sound waves)3. 数字前缀 Prefix Meaning Example (Definition) Bi- Two Bilateral 双侧 (two sides) di- Two Diplegic 双侧瘫 (paralysis of two extremities四肢) Hemi- Half Hemiplegia 偏瘫 (paralysis of one side of the body Mono- One Monoplegia 单瘫 (paralysis of one extremity) Multi- Many Mutigravida 经产妇 (woman pregnant more than once) Nulli- None Nulligravida 未孕妇 (woman with no pregnancies) Poly- Many Polyuria 多尿 (large amounts of urine) Quad- Four Quadriplegia 四肢瘫痪 (paralysis of all four extremities) Semi- Partial, half Semiconscious 半意识 (partially conscious) Tri- Three Triceps 三头肌 (muscle with three heads) Uni- one Unilateral 单侧 (one side)4. 常见后缀 Suffix 后缀 Meaning Example (Definition) -algia Pain 疼痛 Gastralgia 胃痛 (stomach pain) -cele Hernia 疝, protrusion 突出 Cystocele 膀胱突出症 (protrusion of the bladder) -cise Cut Excise 切除 (to cut out) -dynia Pain Cardiodynia 心痛 (heart pain) -ectasis dilatation 扩张 Bronchiectasis 支气管扩张 (dilated bronchi) -ectopia Displacement 异位 Corectopia 瞳孔异位 (pupil of the eye not centered) --gen That which produces 致 Mutagen 诱变剂 (that which produces mutations) -genesis Produces, generates 生成 Osteogenesis 骨生成 (produces bone) -genic Producing Carcinogenic 致癌的 (producing cancer) -ia State, condition状态 Hemiplegia 偏瘫 (condition of being half paralyzed) -iasis Abnormal condition Lithiasis 结石症 (abnormal condition of stones) -ism State of Hypothyroidism 甲状腺功能减退 (state of low thyroid) -itis Imflammation 炎 Cellulitis 蜂窝织炎 (inflammation of cells) -logist One who studies 学家 Cardiologist 心脏病学家 (one who studies the heart) -logy Study of 学科 Cardiology 心脏病学 (study of the heart) -lysis Destruction Osteolysis 溶骨 (bone destruction) -malacia Abnormal softening 软化 Chondromalacia 软骨软化 (abnormal cartilage softening) -megaly Enlargement, large 扩大 Cardiomegaly 心脏扩大 (enlarged heart) -oma Tumor, mass 癌 Carcinoma 癌 (cancerous tumor) -osis Abnormal condition Cyanosis 发绀 (abnormal condition of being blue) -pathy Disease 病 Myopathy 肌病 (muscle disease) -plasia Development, growth 发育 Dysplasia 发育不良 (abnormal development) -plasm Formation, development Neoplasm 新生物 (new formation) -ptosis Drooping 脱垂 Roctoptosis 直肠脱垂 (drooping rectum) -rrhage Excessive, abnormal flow Hemorrhage 出血 (excessive bleeding) -rrhea Discharge, flow 分泌物 Rhinorrhea 鼻溢 (discharge from the nose) -rrhexis Rupture 破裂 Hysterorrhexis 子宫破裂 (ruptured uterus) -sclerosis Hardening 硬化 Arteriosclerosis 动脉硬化 (hardening of an artery) -stenosis Narrowing 狭窄 Angiostenosis 血管狭窄 (narrowing of a vessel) -therapy Treatment 疗法 Chemotherapy 化疗 (treatment with chemicals) -trophy Nourishment,development Hypertrophy 肥大 (excessive development) -uria Condition of the urine 尿 Hematuria 血尿 (blood in the urine)5. 手术相关后缀 Suffix Meaning Example (Definition) -centesis Puncture to withdraw fluid 穿刺术 Anthrocentesis (puncture to withdraw fluid from a joint) -ectomy Surgical removal 切除术 Gastrectomy 胃切除术 (surgically remove the stomach) -ostomy Surgically create an opening 造口术 Colostomy 结肠造口术 (surgically create an opening for the colon through the abdominal wall) -otomy Cutting into 切开术 Thoracotomy 胸廓切开术 (cutting into the chest) -pexy Surgical fixation 固定术 Nephropexy 肾固定术 (surgical fixation of a kidney) -plasty Surgical repair 整形术 Dermatoplasty 植皮术 (surgical repair of the skin) -rrhaphy suture 缝合 Myorrhaphy 肌缝合术 (suture together muscle)6. 检查相关后缀 Suffix Meaning Example (Definition) -gram Record or picture 图 Electrocardiogram 心电图 (record of heart’s electricity) -graph Instrument for recording 记录仪 Electrocardiograph 心电图仪 (instrument for recording the heart’s electrical activity) -graphy Process of recording 方法 Electrocardiography 心电图描记法 (process of recording the heart’s electrical activity) -Meter Instrument for measuring 测定仪 Audiometer 听度计 (instrument to measure hearing) -metry Process of measuring 测定 Audiometry 听力测定 (process of measuring hearing) -scope Instrument for viewing 镜 Gastroscope 胃镜 (instrument to view stomach) -scopy Process of visually examining Gastroscopy 胃镜检查法 (process of visually examining the stomach)参考文献 【1】维基百科 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_terminology 【2】THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE, TENTH EDITION P2 译匠编辑,内容参考源:丁香园医生。 特别推荐: ....返回搜狐,查看更多 责任编辑: |
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