重组人血小板生成素对非重型再生障碍性贫血免疫抑制治疗疗效的影响

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重组人血小板生成素对非重型再生障碍性贫血免疫抑制治疗疗效的影响

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Zhonghua Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi. 2020 Aug; 41(8): 637–642. Chinese. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2020.08.004PMCID: PMC7525171PMID: 32942816

Language: Chinese | English

重组人血小板生成素对非重型再生障碍性贫血免疫抑制治疗疗效的影响Evaluation of the efficacy of cyclosporin A combined with recombined human thrombopoietin for treating patients with non-severe aplastic anemia张 梦露, 陈 婉淑, and 韩 冰Guest Editor (s): 刘 爽Author information Article notes Copyright and License information PMC Disclaimer中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院北京协和医院血液内科 100730, Department of Hematology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences, Beijing 100730, ChinaCorresponding author.通信作者:韩冰(Han Bing), Email:nc.moc.anis@il_gnibnahReceived 2020 Mar 8Copyright 2020年版权归中华医学会所有Copyright © 2020 by Chinese Medical AssociationThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (CC-BY-NC). The Copyright own by Publisher. Without authorization, shall not reprint, except this publication article, shall not use this publication format design. Unless otherwise stated, all articles published in this journal do not represent the views of the Chinese Medical Association or the editorial board of this journal.Abstract目的

比较环孢素A(CsA)联合重组人血小板生成素(rhTPO)和单用CsA治疗非重型再生障碍性贫血(NSAA)的疗效。

方法

回顾2014年8月至2019年2月83例初治NSAA患者临床资料,男35例,女48例,中位年龄45(14~85)岁。其中57例使用CsA+rhTPO治疗(TPO治疗组),TPO 15 000 U,皮下注射,每日1次,共7 d,28 d为1个疗程,最多治疗3个疗程;26例为同期基线相匹配的患者,仅单用CsA治疗(对照组)。入选患者CsA使用至少6个月,并随访至少1年。比较两组的疗效及转归。

结果

TPO治疗组患者男23例,女34例;中位年龄46(14~85)岁;CsA中位应用时间为17(8~28)个月;中位随访时间为27(12~45)个月。对照组26例,男12例,女14例;中位年龄40(20~64)岁;CsA中位应用时间为19(9~30)个月;中位随访时间为29(16~66)个月。两组基线水平差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。两组1、3、6、12和24个月的CR率及OR率差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。TPO治疗组1个月[8(−12~86)×109/L对3(16~57)×109/L,P=0.029]、3个月[24(−6~102)×109/L对7(−9~76)×109/L,P=0.006]和6个月[33.5(−4~123)×109/L对12.5(−14~109)×109/L,P=0.048]血小板升高水平均显著高于对照组,但12个月及24个月与对照组差异无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。两组6个月时骨髓巨核细胞变化水平差异无统计学意义[3(0~4)个对2(0~5)个,z=−0.868,P=0.385]。TPO治疗组10.5%(6/57)出现注射部位疼痛,除此之外,两组不良反应无明显差异。随访期间,两组患者各有1例阵发性睡眠性血红蛋白尿(PNH)克隆>10%;TPO治疗组1例进展为SAA;均无死亡、无血栓事件发生,未见网状纤维及胶原纤维增生,未见骨髓增生异常综合征和急性髓系白血病转化。

结论

CsA联合TPO治疗相比CsA单药治疗可较快提升NSAA患者血小板水平,而不增加明显的不良反应。

Keywords: 再生障碍性贫血, 血小板生成素, 环孢素A, 治疗结果, 不良反应AbstractObjective

To compare the efficacy of cyclosporin A (CsA) alone and CsA combined with recombined human thrombopoietin (rhTPO) in patients with non-severe aplastic anemia (NSAA).

Methods

Data from 83 patients with NSAA between August 2014 and February 2019 were collected retrospectively. The study population included 35 men and 48 women, with a median age of 45 years (14–85 years). Among them, 57 had been treated with CsA + rhTPO, TPO was administered at 15 000 U QD for 7 days, once a month for 3 months, and the other 26 patients with compatible baseline characters were treated with CsA alone. All the enrolled patients had been treated with CsA for at least 6 months and were followed up for at least 1 year. The efficacy and outcome were compared between the two groups.

Results

Total 23 men and 34 women, with a median age of 46 years (14–85 years) were treated with CsA + rhTPO. The median duration of CsA treatment was 17 (8–28) months, and the patients were followed up for a median of 27 (12–45) months. Total 12 men and 14 women, with a median age of 40 years (20–64) were treated with CsA alone. The median duration of CsA treatment was 19 months (9–30 months), and the median follow-up duration was 29 months (16–66 months). There was no significant difference in the baseline characteristics of the two groups (P>0.05). There was no significant difference in the CR and OR rates of the two groups at 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months of treatment (P>0.05). The change in the platelet level for the CsA + rhTPO treated group after 1 month[8 (−12–86) ×109/L vs. 3 (16–57) ×109/L, P=0.029), 3 months[24 (−6–102) ×109/L vs. 7 (−9–76) ×109/L, P=0.006], and 6 months[33.5 (−4–123) ×109/L vs. 12.5 (−14–109) ×109/L, P=0.048] of treatment was higher than that in the CsA alone group, while no significant difference was found between the two groups at other time points. There was no significant difference in the change in the megakaryocyte level between the two groups[3 (0–4) vs. 2 (0–5), z=−0.868, P=0.385] after 6 months of treatment. Apart from 10.5% (6/57) of the patients in the CsA + rhTPO treated group who reported soreness at the injection site, there was no other significant difference between the two groups in terms of adverse effects. During the follow-up period, there were two cases of increasing paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria clone to over 10%, one in the CsA + rhTPO treated group, the other in the CsA alone group; and there was one case of progression to SAA in the CsA + rhTPO treated group; while no case of death or thromboembolic event (TEE), fibrosis or reticulin proliferation, progression to myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), or acute myeloid leukemia was observed in either group. There was one case of progression to SAA in the CsA + rhTPO treated group but none in the CsA alone group.

Conclusion

Compared to CsA alone, CsA + rhTPO treatment can accelerate the recovery of the platelet level with acceptable adverse effects.

Keywords: Aplastic anemia, Recombined human thrombopoietin, Cyclosporin A, Treatment outcome, Adverse effects

获得性再生障碍性贫血(AA)是一种骨髓造血衰竭综合征[1]。按照血细胞减少的程度,AA分为重型(SAA)及非重型(NSAA)[2]。重组人血小板生成素(rhTPO)是肝脏分泌的特异性调节血小板生成的造血生长因子,通过与TPO受体(MPL)结合,诱导造血干细胞向巨核细胞分化,刺激巨核细胞增殖分化,促进血小板生成和释放[3]–[4]。文献报道,免疫抑制治疗(IST)联合rhTPO可以提高SAA近期有效率,减少血小板输注量,改善血小板数量,且不增加克隆演变和骨髓纤维化发生率[5]–[6]。但rhTPO在NSAA中的作用国内外尚无相关研究。本研究我们回顾性分析了单中心83例NSAA患者,比较环孢素A(CsA)联合rhTPO和单用CsA的疗效,旨在探索rhTPO对NSAA近期疗效及疾病转归的影响。

病例与方法

1.病例:回顾性分析2014年8月至2019年2月在北京协和医院就诊的有治疗指征的初治NSAA患者83例,其中57例接受了标准的CsA联合rhTPO治疗,设为TPO治疗组,26例仅接受了标准CsA治疗,为对照组。NSAA诊断参照《再生障碍性贫血诊断与治疗中国专家共识(2017年版)》标准[7],分型满足Camitta标准[8]。所有患者均行染色体检查,外周血细胞流式细胞术CD55、CD59检查,40岁以下的患者诊断时常规进行彗星试验、丝裂霉素试验和端粒酶基因检测,以排除遗传性骨髓衰竭。纳入标准:①治疗前PLT10%。1例TPO治疗组患者在治疗1个月后进展为SAA,且在随访期末仍为SAA;对照组无一例患者进展为SAA。

讨论

TPO是调节巨核细胞增殖成熟和血小板生成的内源性因子,通过与造血干细胞、巨核系祖细胞表面的特异性受体c-MPL结合,激活JAK/STAT信号传导途径而发挥生物作用[3]–[4],被广泛用于各类血小板减少症的治疗[9]–[12]。近年来,国内学者采用rhTPO联合IST一线治疗SAA,亦获得较好疗效[5]–[6]。部分NSAA患者同样存在严重的血小板减少,甚至引起严重的出血而威胁生命。然而,在IST基础上联合rhTPO是否可以增加疗效、加快血小板水平的提升,尚未见相关报道。

在本研究中,从血小板的计数变化可以看出,使用TPO组在治疗1、3、6个月后,较对照组血小板恢复更快。这一结果与既往关于SAA的结果[5]–[6]类似,即TPO联合IST可以在治疗早期快速提升患者PLT水平。由于治疗早期的出血是治疗失败、甚至是威胁患者生命的重要因素,这一研究结果表明,治疗早期在IST基础上联合使用TPO,对于减少出血事件、降低治疗失败的风险、提高患者治疗的信心等,是有积极意义的。由于本研究TPO使用时间小于3个月,且每月仅1周,疗效可能无法持续。随着治疗时间延长,CsA有效率也逐渐上升,到1年及随访期末,两组血小板水平变化无显著差异。

TPO治疗AA的机制尚未得到深入的阐述。研究发现,rhTPO可以促进SAA患者移植后血小板的植入[13]–[14]。Liu等[15]进一步研究发现,TPO可以促进联合免疫缺陷小鼠的骨髓移植后造血干/祖细胞(HSPC)的归巢。在研究其他TPO受体激动剂如艾曲泊帕时发现,其在体外不仅可以扩增巨核细胞和血小板,还有刺激骨髓中造血干细胞和祖细胞的作用;同时,还发现其有免疫调节作用[16]。尽管结合位点不尽相同,TPO也可能有类似的作用机制,有待于进一步的研究。

虽然TPO的使用加快了血小板恢复的速度,但本组研究结果显示,在3、6、12及24个月时,TPO治疗组与对照组相比,无论是CR还是OR率差异均无统计学意义。这与既往的报道并不完全一致。由于MPL存在于各种造血细胞表面,包括造血干细胞和各系造血祖细胞,因此,TPO理论上也可以对ANC、HGB恢复起作用。文献报道,TPO可以促进SAA患者三系血细胞的恢复[6],[17]–[18]。张莉等[5]及Wang等[6]发现rhTPO联合IST组治疗SAA/极重型AA(VSAA),患者疗效明显提高,血小板输注依赖和血小板支持治疗输注比例均明显减少。他们的研究还表明,对于SAA患者,TPO不仅对血小板的上升有帮助,对部分患者红细胞和粒细胞的生成也有一定促进作用。Komatsu等[18]使用rhTPO对AA和MDS患者进行治疗时,发现其不仅增加血小板计数,在部分患者中也有多系血细胞反应的效果。其他TPO受体激动剂如艾曲泊帕、罗米司亭等在多项研究中被证实可以有效治疗难治SAA,提升初治SAA患者IST的疗效[19]–[22],并可以提升各系血细胞的反应[23]。由于本组入组患者都是NSAA,疾病相对较轻,且我们使用TPO时间较短,我们并未比较其他两系的变化。本组研究在CR和OR率上与上述文献存在一定差异,原因可能为:国际上使用艾曲泊帕或罗米司亭治疗SAA时间都较长,且为持续给药,停药都需逐渐减量,Wang等[6]使用TPO中位时间也达7.8个月。而我们TPO使用时间相对较短,剂量也较小,可能影响了疗效;TPO和其他TPO受体激动剂可能存在一定的疗效差异;NSAA残存造血相对较多,IST基础上短期联合TPO可能难以显示统计学差异;两组在绝对值上有差异,但未达到统计学意义,可能受到例数的影响。未来通过前瞻性设计,扩大样本量,并探索合适的TPO剂量,可进一步明确联合使用TPO是否可以增加CsA治疗NSAA的疗效。

同样的发现也见于骨髓的检查。治疗后6个月骨髓复查也并未发现TPO组和对照组巨核细胞数量变化的明显差别。Wang等[6]报道了在SAA患者中,与单用IST相比,联合使用TPO与IST在治疗3、6、9个月后,骨髓巨核细胞数的提升幅度明显更大。在一项艾曲泊帕治疗SAA的研究中,使用艾曲泊帕后并停用一段时间后,部分患者还可以保持骨髓细胞数的正常,提示骨髓造血的恢复[24]。这些差异同样可能与我们的患者多为NSAA,基础造血残存较多,且使用TPO的疗程较短有关。

本研究中TPO治疗组患者个别出现注射部位疼痛的不良反应,经治疗都可好转。根据Ghanima等[25]的综述,TPO受体激动剂可能增加静脉血栓的风险,但其增加骨髓纤维化风险的观点并未得到证实,只有少部分患者发生网状蛋白纤维化、胶原蛋白纤维化,并且在停药后都能得到缓解。目前报道克隆演化的患者,在治疗初始时就存在高风险转化的可能。有研究者发现TPO可以增加AA向MDS转化,但艾曲泊帕未发现类似现象[6],[21],[25]。本组患者rhTPO治疗时间较短,随访时间相对较长,密切监测尚未发现克隆演变证据。

综上,本研究结果显示对于初治NSAA患者,使用CsA联合rhTPO治疗,可以加速PLT回升,而未明显增加不良反应。

Funding Statement

基金项目:北京市自然科学基金(7192168);中国医学科学院医学创新基金(2016-I2M-3-004);中国医学科学院中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(2019XK320047)

Fund program: Natural Science Foundation of Beijing(7192168); Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences(CAMS)Innovation fund for Medical Sciences(2016-I2M-3-004); Non-profit Central Research Institute Fund of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences(2019XK320047)

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