2.饺子

饺子是深受中国人民喜爱的传统特色食品。相处为古代医圣张仲景发明。饺子的制作是包括：1）擀皮、2）备馅、3）包馅水煮三个步骤。其特点是皮薄馅嫩，味道鲜美，形状独特，百食不厌。民间有“好吃不过饺子”的俗语。中国人接亲待友、逢年过节都有包饺子吃的习俗，寓意吉利。对崇尚亲情的中国人来讲，“更岁饺子”吃饺子，更是欢度除夕、辞旧迎新必不可少的内容。

Dumplings

Dumplings are one of the Chinese people’s favorite traditional dishes. Accordingto an ancient Chinese legend, dumplings were first made by the medical saint-Zhang Zhong jing. There are three steps involved in making dumplings: 1) make dumplingwrappers out of dumpling flour; 2) prepare the dumpling stuffing; 3) makedumplings and boil them. With thin and elastic dough skin, fresh and tenderstuffing, delicious taste, and unique shapes, dumplings are worth eatinghundreds of times. There’san old saying that claims, “Nothing could be more delicious than dumplings.”During the Spring Festival and otherholidays, or when treating relatives and friends, Chinese people like to followthe auspicious custom of eating dumplings. To Chinese people who show highreverence for family love, having dumplings at the moment the old year isreplaced by the new is an essential part of bidding farewell to the old andushering in the new year.

3.针灸

针灸是中医学的重要组成部分。按照中医的经络理论，针灸疗法主要是通过疏通经络、调和气血，来达到阴阳归于平衡，使脏腑趋于调和之目的。其特点是“内病外治” 。主要疗法是用针刺入病人身体的一定穴位， 或用艾火的温热刺激烧灼病人的穴位，以达到刺激经络。治疗病痛的目的。针灸以其独特的优势，流传至今并传播到了世界，与中餐、功夫、中药一起被海外誉为中国的“新四大国粹” 。

Acupuncture

Acupuncture is an important part of traditionalChinese medicine (TCM). In accordance with the “main and collateral channels” theory in TCM, the purpose of acupuncture is to dredge the channel andregulate qi and blood, so as to keep the body’s yin and yang balanced and achieve reconciliation between theinternal organs. It features in traditional Chinese medicine that “internal diseases are to be treated withexternal therapy”. The main therapy of acupuncture involves using needles to pierce certainacupoints of the patient’s body, or adopting moxibustion to stimulate the patient’s acupoints so as to stimulate thechannels and relieve pain. With its unique advantages, acupuncture has beenhanded down generation after generation and has now spread all over the world.Nowadays, acupuncture, along with Chinese food, kung fu (otherwise known asChinese martial arts), and traditional Chinese medicine, has beeninternationally hailed as one of the“four new national treasures.”

4.中国功夫

中国功夫即中国武术，是将技击寓于搏斗和套路运动之中的中国传统体育项目，承载着丰富的中国民族传统文化。其核心思想是儒家的中和养气之说，同时兼容了道家、释家的思想。中国武术源远流长、流派林立、拳种繁多，讲究刚柔并济、内外兼修，蕴含着先哲们对生命和宇宙的参悟。后世所称十八般武艺，主要指：徒手拳艺，如太极拳、形意拳、八卦掌等；器械功夫，如刀枪剑戟、斧钺钩叉等。

Chinese Kung Fu

Chinese kung fu, or Chinese martial arts,carries traditional Chinese culture in abundance. It is a traditional Chinesesport which applies the art of attack and defence in combat and the motionsengaged with a series of skills and tricks. The core idea of Chinese king fu isderived from the Confucian theory of both “the mean and harmony” and“cultivating qi” (otherwise known as nourishing one’s spirit). Meanwhile, italso includes thoughts of Taoism and Buddhism. Chinese kung fu has a longhistory, with multi-various sects and many different boxing styles, andemphasizes coupling hardness with softness and internal and external training.It contains ancient great thinkers’ pondering of life and the universe. Theskills in wielding the 18 kinds of weapons named by the later generationsmainly involve the skills of bare-handed boxing, such as shadow boxing(Taijiquan), form and boxing (Xingyiquan), eight trigram palm (Baguazhang), andthe skills of kung fu weaponry, such as the skill of using swords, spears,two-edged swords and halberds, axes, tomahawks, kooks, prongs and so on.

5.中国汉字

汉字是从原始人用以记事的简单图画，经过不断演变发展最终成为一种兼具音、形、 意、 韵的独特文字。现存中国古代最早成熟的文字是甲骨文，被认为是现代汉字的初形。此后，汉字又经历了金文、隶书、楷书、草书、行书等不同的阶段。汉字结构“外圆内方”，源于 古人“天圆地方”的观念。汉字有五种基本笔画，即：横、竖、撇、捺、折。

Chinese Characters

Chinese characters were initially meant to besimple pictures used to help people remember things. After a long period of development,it finally became a unique system that embodies phonetic sound, image, idea,and rhyme at the same time. The writing system, which was extremely advanced inancient times, began with inions on tortoiseshells, and these areregarded as the original forms of Chinese characters. Afterwards, Chinesecharacters went through numerous calligraphic styles: bronze inions,official , regular , cursive , running , etc. Chinesecharacters are usually round outside and square inside, which is rooted inancient Chinese beliefs of an orbicular sky and a rectangular Earth. The fivebasic strokes of Chinese characters are “—” (the horizontal stroke), “︱”(the vertical stroke), “丿”(the left-falling stroke), “丶”(the right-falling stroke), and “乙”(the turning stroke).

6.中国筷子

中国人使用筷子就餐的方式在世界上独树一帜。有史记载用筷的历史已有三千多年。筷子古时称为箸，它看似简单，但却同时具有夹、拨、挑、扒、拌、撮、戳、撕等多种功能。中国民间视筷子为吉祥之物，如婚俗中将筷子隐喻为快生贵子的祝福等。与使用刀叉以及手抓的方式不同，成双结对的筷子含有“和为贵”的意蕴。西方人赞誉筷子是古老的东方文明。Chinese Chopsticks

The Chinese way of eating with chopsticks isunique in the world. The recorded history of chopsticks started more than threethousand years ago. Chopsticks were named zhu in ancient Chinese. They lookdeceptively simple to use, but possess multi-various functions, such as clamping,turning over, lifting up, raking, stiring, scooping, poking, tearing, and soon. Chopsticks were taken as an auspicious mascot by ordinary people in ancientChina. For example, the partial tone of chopsticks is often used by people as ametaphor as weddings to indicate a blessing or benediction for the couple tohave a baby soon. Unlike using a knife and fork or one’s own hands, a pair of chopsticks alsoimplies the meaning of “Harmony is what matters.” Chopsticks are highly praised by Westerners as a hallmark ofancient oriental civilization.

7.中国印章

印章就是图章。中国历代官、私所用的印章有印信、朱记、合同、符、契等等不同的称谓，而帝王所用的印章古时称玺、印、宝、章等。据史料记载，印章在战国时代已普遍使用。印章的制作是将篆隶等字体、图像用阴、阳的形式雕刻而成，形状以圆、方为主。印章用朱色钤盖，除日常应用外，又多用于书画题识，逐渐成为中国特有的艺术形式之一。

Chinese Seal

A seal can also be defined as a stamp. Boththe Chinese official and private seal of various dynasties have different titles,such as stamp, zhu note, contract, fu, lease and others. The seals used by theemperors of ancient China were called xi, yin, bao, etc. According to historicalrecords, seals were widely used during the Warring States Period(475BC-221BC).The making of a seal is to engrave fonts, such as seal characters and official and so on; or images in the form of intaglio and embossment into theseal, basically shaped as round or square. Covered with a vermilion overlay, theChinese seal is not only used in daily life, but it is also used to representsignatures on paintings and calligraphies. It is gradually becoming one ofChina’s unique artworks.

8.天干地支

天干地支是中国历法中用以记录和命名年岁的方法。十天干为：甲、乙、丙、丁、戊、已、庚、辛、壬、癸；十二地支为：子、丑、寅、卯、辰、巳、午、未、申、酉、戊、亥。古人观测朔望月，发现月亮圆缺12 次大体上是一年的天数，而两个朔望月约是 60 天。古人 以十天干与十二地支的顺序依次相配，记录不同年份，60 年为一个轮回。干支纪年法从古 沿用至今。按干支纪年法，2011 年便是辛卯年。

Chinese Era

The Chinese era is the symbol that the Chinesecalendar uses for recording and naming years. The ten Heavenly Stems are: jia,yi, bing, ding, wu, ji, geng, xin, ren, gui. The twelve Earthly Branches are:zi.chou, yin, mou, chen, si, wu, wei, shen, you, xu, hai. After observing thelunar month, the ancients found that the moon always wazes and wanes roughly 12times a year, and two lunar months account for about 60 days, so the order ofthe ten Heavenly Stems and the order of the twelve Earthly Branches areproperly matched in turn. In terms of recording date, 60 years is considered tobe a full time cycle. The Chinese era chronology was first invented in ancienttimes and is still in use now. according to the chronology of the “ten Heavenly Stems,” 2011 is the year of “the seventh of the ten Heavenly Stems” and “ the fifth of the twelve Earthly Branches”.

Part2：

1.中国丝绸

中国是丝绸的故乡。栽桑、养蚕、缫丝、 织绸是中国古代人民的伟大发明。商周时期（前 1600—前 256）丝绸的生产技术就已经发展到相当高的水平。西汉（前 206—公元 25）时张骞通西域，把中原与波斯湾、地中海紧密联系起来，开辟了中外交流贸易的新纪元。从此中国的丝绸以其卓越的品质、精美的花色和丰富的文化内涵闻名于世，成为中国文化的象征、东方文明的使者。

Chinese silk

China is the home of silk. Mulberryplanting, sericulture, silk reeling and thickening are all great inventions ofthe ancient Chinese. As early as the Shang and Zhou Dynasties(1600BC—256BC), the Chinese people’s silk-weaving techniques had reached an extremelyhigh level. During the Western Han Dynasty(206BC—25BC), Zhang Qian, an outstanding diplomat, traveled around centralAsia and connected China with the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean, openingup a new era of Sino-foreign trade, exchange and communication. From then on,China’s silk became well known for its extraordinary quality, exquisitedesign and color, and abundant cultural connotations. Hitherto, Chinese silkhas been accepted as a symbol of Chinese culture and the emissary of orientalcivilization.

2.中国园林

中国园林是把人造的山水、植物、建筑等与自然地貌有机结合的环境艺术，是我国古代建筑艺术的珍宝。其建造原则是“妙极自然，宛自天开” 。游赏中国古典园林，能充分领略 “假自然之景，创山水真趣”的园林意境。在世界三大园林体系中，中国园林历史悠久、内涵丰富，被誉为世界造园史上的渊源之一。

The Chinese Classical garden

The Chinese Classical garden is a precioustreasure of our ancient Chinese architecture. Itis a kind of environmental art,which systematically combines artificial mountains and rivers, plants andbuildings with the natural landscape. The construction standard of a Chineseclassical garden is “artificial as it is, the garden must look ingenious and natural.” When you go sightseeing in a Chineseclassical garden, you should be able to appreciate its artistic concept which “makes use of the natural landscape tocreate the real fun of mountains and rivers for

viewers.” Of the world’s three major garden systems, the Chinese classical garden is hailedas one of the origins of the world’s garden due to its long history and abundant connotations.

3.文房四宝

笔墨纸砚是中国古代文人书房中必备的宝贝，被称为“文房四宝”。用笔墨书写绘画在 中国可追溯到五千年前。秦（前 221---前 206）时已用不同硬度的毛和竹管制笔；汉代（前 206—公元 220）以人工制墨替代了天然墨；有了纸张之后，简牍锦帛逐失其用；砚台则随笔墨的使用而发展。“文房四宝”到宋朝（960--1279）以后特指湖笔（浙江湖州）、徽墨（安徽徽州）、宣纸（安徽宣州） 、端砚（广东肇庆，古称端州）可以说文房四宝书写了整个中华文明。

Four Treasures of the Study The writing brush,inkstick, inkstone, and paper were requisite treasures in the study of thescholars of ancient China, and they are often referred to as the “Four Treasures of the Study.” The writing brush and inkstick have beenused by the Chinese to write and paint since 5,000 years ago. In the Qin Dynasty(221BC—206BC), people already used feathers ofdifferent hardness and bamboo trunks to make brushes. During the HanDynasty(206BC—220AD), man-made ink was used instead of natural ink. After paperwas invented by the Chinese, bamboo slips, wooden tablets, brocade and silk,which originally functioned as writing surfaces, gradually faded out. Theinkstone was first developed with the use of writing brushes and ink. After theSong Dynasty(960AD—1279AD), the“Four Treasures of the Study” particularly referred to hubi, the writing brush produced inHuzhou, Zhangjiang province; huimo, the inkstick produced in Huizhou, Anhuiprovince; xuan paper, a kind of paper produced in Xuanzhou, Anhui province; andduanyan, the inkstone made in Zhapqing, Guang dong province(Zhaoqing wasearlier called Duanzhou). Indeed, the “Four Treasures of the Study” have written the whole Chinese civilization, as it is.

4.对联

对联又称楹联或对子，是以中文语言一字一音的特征撰写的一种民族文体。中国对联的 哲学渊源及深层民族文化心理， 乃是古代中国人把握和认识事物的阴阳二元观念。对联的特征是“对仗”：字数相等，词性相当，平仄相合，内容相关，节奏相应。对联习俗多样，有 春联、婚联、寿联、挽联、茶联等。

The antithetical couplet Theantithetical couplet(also called duilian)is also known as yinglian or duizi. Anantithetical couplet is a kind of national writing style, which is composed bythe skillful manipulation of the characteristic of the Chinese language thatone character corresponds with one syllable . The philosophical origin andnational cultural psychology of the antithetical couplet are the notion ofyin-yang duality, according to which the Chinese recognize and master things.The feature of the antithetical couplet is an “antithesis”: equal characters, the same part of speech, the level and obliquefitting with each other, the content being related, and the rhythms corresponding.There are many types of antithetical couple ts, such as Spring Festivalcouplets, marriage couplets, birthday couplets, elegiac couplets, and antitheticalcouplets about tea, etc.

5.中国围棋

中国古代四大艺术“琴棋书画”的“棋”特指围棋。围棋可谓中国的国棋。故称为弈，别称坐隐，手谈。围棋规则简单而玄妙无穷。棋盘方圆不及二尺，有十九纹棋路，三百六十一枚棋子。表面上对弈双方是对黑白棋子的排布，实则是个人心智、胆识、耐力的比拼。围棋象征宇宙天地，包含了象数易理，兵法策略、治国安邦等无穷的哲理，充分体现了中国文化中的智慧与灵性。

Chinese Weiqi.

The four art forms in ancient China are guqin,chess, penmanship, and painting. And chess particularly refers to ChineseWeiqi. Weiqi could be called the national chess of China. In ancient times,Weiqi was called yi, with the alternative names

Zuoyin and Shoutan. The regulations of Weiqiare both simple and complex at the same

time. A full weiqi set has 361 playing piecesand is played on a board with a 19 by 19 grid. The circumference of the boardis less than 2/3 meter. Playing Weiqi may look like an arrangement of two sides’ black and white pieces. However, it isactually a competition between two players and it tests their wisdom, courage,and patience. Weiqi symbolizes Heaven and Earth. It contains philosophicaltheories,

such as the theories embodied in the image-numerologyin The Book of Changes, the art of war, and theories on state administrationand national security, which embodies the wisdom and the spirit of Chineseculture.

6.京剧

京剧被誉为"东方歌剧"， 是地道的中国国粹。它起源于中国多种古老的地方戏剧，特别是南方的"徽班"。到了19世纪末，京剧形成并成为中国最大的戏曲剧种。京剧是综合性表演艺术，集唱（歌唱）、念（念白）、做（表演）、打（武）、舞（舞蹈）为一体，通过程式化的表演手段，叙述故事，刻画人物。角色主要分生（男性）、旦（女性）、净（男性）、丑（男性女性皆有）四大行当。

Beijing Opera

Praised as "Oriental Opera", BeijingOpera is a genuine national quintessence of China. It originated from manykinds of ancient local operas, especially huiban in southern China. At the endof the 19th Century, Beijing Opera evolved and took shape, becoming the greatestkind of opera in China. Beijing Opera is a blend of performing arts——song, speech, performance, acrobaticfighting and dance. Beijing Opera portrays and narrates the plot and charactersthrough stylized acting. The main types of roles in Beijing Opera aresheng(male), dan (young female), jing(painted face, male), and chou( clown,male or female).

7.道教

道教是中国土生土长长的宗教。创始人是春秋末期的哲学家、思想家老子。道教以老子所著的《道德经》为主要经典。道教主张“重人贵生”。崇尚清静无为，修身养性。“道可道，非常道。名可名，非常名。无名天地之始；有名万物之母。故常无，欲以观其妙；常有，欲以观其徼”便是老子的至理名言。

Chinese Taoism

Taoism first originated in China. The founderof Taoism is Laozi, a philosopher and thinker who lived in the late Spring andAutumn Period (770BC-476BC). Tao Te Ching whose authorship has been attributedto Laozi, is considered to be the main Taoist classic. Tao is m advocates thevalue of a human being’s life, recommends the discarding of all desires and worries fromone’s mind, andencourages the cultivation of moral character and the nourishment of humannature. The following is an example of Laozi’s golden saying: The way that can be told of is not an unvaryingway; The names that can be named are not unvarying names. It was from thenameless that Heaven and Earth sprang; The named is but the mother that rearsthe ten thousand creatures, each after its kind. Truly, only he that ridshimself forever of desire can see the secret essences; He that has never ridhimself of desire can see only the outcomes.

8.成语

中国成语是汉语中意义完整的表示一般概念的固定词组或短语。“成语”中的“成”既是约定俗成。成语是比词大而语法功能又相当于词的语言单位。绝大多数的中国成语由四个汉字组成，例如：自强不息、青出于蓝、厚积薄发。成语主要从民间谚语、古代文学作品、诗歌、寓言、典故、名言警句等方面提炼而成，是汉语语言中精炼而又富有生命力的一部分。

Chinese Idioms

Chinese idioms refer to comprehensive and integratedfixed phrases and expressions. Idioms are established and accepted by constantusage and common practice. An idiom is a language unit that is larger than aword, but has the same grammatical function as a word. Most Chinese idiomsconsist of four characters. For example, ziqiangbuxi ( make unremitting effortsto improve oneself), qingchuyulan(bluer than indigo), and houjibofa (successcomes with time and effort). Idioms are extracted from folk proverbs, ancientworks of literature, poems, fables, allusions, and well-known sayings. Idioms are a part of the Chineselanguage that are concise and havegreat vitality.

Part3：

1.中国传统节日

传统节日以中国的农历为依据。农历年的岁首为春节，俗称“过年”，有祈年等多种习俗， 是中国人民最隆重的传统节日，象征团结兴旺。其他主要的节日有元宵节、清明节、 端午节、七夕节、中秋节、重阳节、冬至节、腊八节等等。每个节日都有其来源讲究和风俗 习惯。农历节日和农历中的二十四节气不同。农历节日是中华民族凝聚力和生命力的体现。

Traditional Chinese Festivals

Traditional Chinese festivals are usually fixedaccording to the Lunar calendar. January 1 on the lunar calendar has been designedas the Spring Festival (generally referred to as guonian). There are severalcustoms during the Spring Festival, such as praying for a good harvest, etc.The Spring Festival is the most ceremonious traditional festival in China andsymbolizes unity and prosperity. Some other Chinese festivals include the LanternFestival, the Pure Bright Festival, the Dragon Boat Festival, the Double-SeventhFestival, the Mid-Autumn Festival, the Double-Ninth Festival, the WinterSolstice, and the Eighth Day of the Twelfth Lunar Month, etc. Each festival hasits own unique origin and custom. These Chinese festivals that follow the Lunarcalendar are different from the 24 Solar Terms in the Lunar calendar. They embodyChina’s cohesion and vitality.

2.中国茶文化

茶是中华民族的举国之饮，发端于神农，兴盛于唐宋（618-1279）。开门七件事，柴米油盐酱醋茶，是中国人日常生活的写照。茶文化是茶的自然和人文双重属性的引申与概括。中国的茶道精神将儒释道三教融入其中，其主要目的是借助饮茶艺术来修炼身心， 体悟大道，提升人生境界。

Chinese tea

As a traditional drink for Chinese people, Chinesetea is believed to have first started with Chinese Emperor Shen Nong, andflourished in the Tang and Song Dynasties (618AD-1279AD). Making tea was consideredone of the seven basic daily necessities along with fuel, rice, oil, salt, soysauce, and vinegar, while drinking tea is an apt portrayal of daily life inChina. Tea culture is the extension and generalization of the science andhumanities character of tea. In China, the tea spirit blends the thoughts of Confucianism,Buddhism, and Taoism, and it aims to help people cultivate both mind and body,comprehend the truth, and elevate the realm of life through the art of drinkingtea.

3.中国画

中国古代四大艺术“琴棋书画”的“画”特指国画。其绘画形式是用毛笔蘸水、墨、颜料作画于绢、帛、 宣纸之上，古代称之为水墨丹青。为区别于西方的油画而称之为 “中国画” ，简称“国画” 。其题材有人物、山水、花鸟等。技法可分为工笔和写意。国画的艺术特质在 于“笔墨”，强调以形写神，画尽意在。国画在艺术创作上反映了中华民族的审美意识和情趣。

Traditional Chinese Painting

The four art forms in ancient China areguqin, chess, penmanship, and painting. And painting particularly refers totraditional Chinese painting. Traditional Chinese painting is done with a brushdipped into black or colored ink and is painted on silk or xuan paper. Inancient China, it was called “ink-painting”. In order to distinguish it fromWestern oil-paintings, the Chinese people term their works “traditional Chinesepainting” (abbreviated to “Chinese painting”). The subject matters of Chinesepaintings are typically figures, landscapes, birds and flowers. The drawingskills and techniques employed by Chinese painters can be divided into two forms:fine brushwork and free-hand brushwork. The artistic characteristics lie in“the writing brush and ink”. Chinese painting emphasizes using the shape toconvey the feelings of the painter. Even though a painting is a finishedproduct, it endlessly conveys a meaning. In terms of artistic creation,traditional Chinese painting is a reflection of the aesthetic consciousness andartistic sentiment of the Chinese people.

4.中国酒文化

中国是酒的故乡。古人将酒的作用归纳为治病、养生、礼仪三类。酒文化是中华饮食文化的重要组成部分，它的精神文化价值体现在社会政治生活、文学艺术乃至人生态度、审美情趣等诸多方面。无酒不成宴，酒筹文化是中国合餐制的产物。宴席上的酒令五花八门，猜拳、文字令、筹令等都富有丰厚的文化内涵，若胸中无数，则难以自如应付。

Chinese Wine and Spirits Culture

China is the home of wine and spirits. The functionsof wine and spirits were classified by the ancients into three kinds: treatingpatients, keeping in good health, and showing politeness and respect to others.China’s wine and spirits culture is an important part of Chinese foodculture, and it embodies its values in many respects, such as in social andpolitical life, literature and art, life philosophies, aesthetics, and soon.There is an old saying which goes, “It is not a banquet without wine.”Under the custom of having dinner together in China, drinking gameswere therefore introduced. There are many kinds of banquet betting and drinkinggames, like the morra (a finger-guessing game), wine/spirits words, wine/spiritschips (a drinking game), all with rich cultural connotations. In reality, it isdifficult to win unless you have a card up your sleeve.

5.中国石窟

中国石窟主要反映的是佛教文化艺术。敦煌莫高窟、大同云冈石窟、洛阳龙门石窟、天水麦积山石窟，号称中国四大石窟艺术景观。佛教石窟随山雕凿、彩绘，形象生动自然，将崇高美与世俗融为一体，把天然造化与人工创造有机结合，是由建筑、绘画、雕塑等组成的博大精深、绚丽夺目的综合艺术殿堂。其艺术成就为世界所瞩目，已成为重要的世界文化遗产。

Chinese Grottoes

Chinese grottoes mainly reflect the art of Buddhistculture. In China, there are four major art landscapes of grottoes: the MogaoGrottoes at Dunhuang, the Yungang Grottoes at Datong, the Longmen Grottoes atLuoyang, and the Maijishan Grottoes at Tianshui. Carved and painted onmountains, the Buddhist grottoes mingle both sublimity and secular feelings together,presenting us a vivid and natural appearance. They embody thesy stematiccombination of both the exceptional artistry of great nature and the extremelyfine craftsmanship of mankind. The Chinese Buddhist grottoes are regarded as aprofound and stunning general art gallery, which are composed of architecture,painting, sculptures, etc. The artistic achievements of Chinese grottoes haveattracted the attention of the world, and have become important internationalcultural heritage.

6.中国古典文学名著

中国古典文学包括诗歌、散文、小说以及词、赋、曲等多种文体，艺术表现手法丰富各异。而小说中的《三国演义》、 《水浒传》、 《西游记》、《红楼梦》则被称为中国四大古典文学 名著，至今在国内外都有着广泛而深远的影响。研读四大名著能够了解中国传统人文社会、民俗之心理，是汲取古代文明精粹、处事为人策略与智慧的重要途径。

Chinese Classical Literature

Chinese classical literature includes poetry,prose, fiction, and ci (new lyrics written to pre-existing tunes), fu(“deive poems” of prose-poetry), qu (freer formbased on the new popular songs and dramatic arias), and many other styles.Its artistic expressions are various in technique. Four classics of Chineseliterature are Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Water Margin, Journey to theWest, and Dream of Red Mansions, which have extensive and far-reachingsignificance both on a national and international level. Through reading “the four famous novels” carefully, you can experiencetraditional Chinese society and human culture, and folklore customs. And it isan important way to absorb the quintessence of traditional Chinese culture aswell as to pick up strategies and wisdom on how to get along with others.

7.中草药

中药主要由植物药（根、茎、叶、果）、动物药（内脏、皮、骨、器官）和矿物药组成。因以植物药为主，故也称中草药。中药的应用理论独特，认为中药有四气五味。“四气”指药性的“寒热温凉” ，“五味”指药物的“辛酸甘苦咸” 。中国人探索中草药已有几千年的历 史，如今中医药及其诊疗方法已传播到世界各地。

Chinese Herbal Medicine

Traditional Chinese medicine mainlyconsists of plant medicine (roots, stems, leaves, fruits), animalmedicine(viscera, skins, bones, organs), and mineral medicine. Chinese herbalmedicine is based on plant medicine. According to the unique application theoryof traditional Chinese medicine, it is believed that it contains “four natures and five flavors.” “Four Natures” refers to the properties of “coldness, heat, mildness, and coolness,” while “five flavors” refers to the properties of being“pungent, sour, sweet, bitter, and salty.” It is said that Chinese people have beenconducting research into herbal medicine for thousands of years. Nowadays,traditional Chinese medicine and its therapeutic methods have extensively beenspread to the far corners of the globe.

8.中国瓷器

瓷器是中华民族对世界文明的伟大贡献。早在八千年前的新石器时代，中国的先民就发明使用了陶器。商代（前 1600-前 1046）中期创造出了原始瓷器。汉代（前 206-公元 220） 末期烧制出成熟的青瓷。以后瓷器由中国传播到世界各地，中国也博得了 “瓷之国”的称号。英文中“瓷器(china)”一词已成为“中国”的代名词。

Chinese Porcelain

Porcelain is regarded as one of China’s outstanding contributions to the world’s civilization. As early as the NeolithicAge about 8,000 years ago, the Chinese ancestors invented and began to usepottery. Proto-porcelain was invented in the mid-Shang Dynasty(1600BC-1046BC).Celadon was molded in the late Han Dynasty (206BC-220AD). From then on,porcelain was introduced by China to the rest of the world. China was thereforedubbed the “porcelain country.” In English, the word “china” has become a word that represents “China.”

Part4：

1.剪纸

剪纸又叫刻纸、窗花或剪画。剪纸在纸的发明之前就已经流行，当时人们运用金箔、绢帛、皮革等片状材料，通过镂空雕刻的技法制成工艺品。汉代（前 206-公元 220），纸张的 发明促使了剪纸的发展与普及。民间剪纸的题材多来源于现实生活，充满纳福迎祥的主题， 表达对美好生活的向往。

Paper-cutting

Paper-cutting (otherwise known asjianzhi)is also called kezhi, chuanghua or jianhua. Paper –cutting was popular even before paper wasinvented. When there was no paper, people carved on gold leaf, silk, feathers,and so on, with a carving technique known as hollow-cutting to makehandicrafts.In the Han Dynasty (206 BC-220AD), the invention if paper promoted thedevelopment and popularity of paper-cutting. The folk themes of thepaper-cutting are rooted in real life, filled with the themes of enjoying alifeof ease and comfort, and expressing the desire for a happy life.

2.儒家思想

儒家思想也称为儒学，有春秋（前 770 年-前 476 年）末期伟大的思想家、教育家孔子所创立。历代代表人物有孟子、董仲舒、朱熹、王阳明等。主要经典有：四书（《大学》 、《中庸》、 《论语》、 《孟子》），五经（ 《周易》、《尚书》 、《诗经》 、《礼记》、 《春秋》） 等。儒家学派以“仁、义、礼、智、信”为核心内容，构成了其伦理思想体系，是中国古代长达两千余年封建社会的主流意识。

Confucianism

Confucian thought, also called Confucianism,was established by Confucius, a great thinker and educator who lived in thelate Spring and Autumn Period (770BC-476BC). Some representatives ofConfucianism throughout Chinese history include Mencius, Dong Zhongshu, ZhuXi,and Wang Yangming. The main classics of Confucianism are the Four Books (TheGreat Learning, The Doctrine of the Mean, The Analects of Confucius, andMencius) and the Five Classics (Zhouyi, Shangshu (Collection of Ancient Texts),The Book of Songs, The Rites, and The Spring and Autumn Annals). The Confucianschool regards“benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and fidelity” as being at the core of its ethicalsystem. Confucianism was the main ideology of feudal society for more than2,000 years in China.

3 中国象棋

中国象棋早在战国时期（前 475—前 221）就有记载，最初称为六博，用象牙做成，到了北宋（960—1127）末期定型为近代模式。棋盘为九竖十横线画成的长方形平面，是中国封建社会制度和文化的缩影 —有中军帐（九宫） 、士位（士、仕）、文官（象、相）、武将 （车、马、炮）、士兵（兵、卒） 。是世界四大棋类（中国围棋、中国象棋、国际象棋、日本将棋）之一。

Chinese Chess

The earliest records of Chinese chess can betraced back to the Warring States Period (475BC—221BC). The early-stage Chinese chess was composed of six piecescarved out of ivory, and was therefore called “Six Boxing.” Its final form of play was fixed at the end of the Northern SongDynasty (960AD—1127AD) after a long period of development. The chessboard is arectangular board that is 9 lines wide by 10 lines long. Composed of marshal orgeneral, advisors (scholar or official), civil officials(elephant or minister),military officers (chariots, horses and cannons), and soldiers (soldiers orpawns), Chinese chess is Chinese social institution and culture in miniature.It is also one of the four most popular chess games in the world, the otherthree being Chinese Weiqi, the games of chess, and shogi(or general’s chess).

4.二十四节气

中国古代的先民们，根据太阳在黄道（即地球绕太阳公转的轨道）上的位置，将一年均分为二十四个等分，并分别赋予具有特定含义的专有名称，如春分、清明等，这便是二十四节气。二十四节气以黄河流域气候为背景，把自然季节现象与农事活动的相互联系作为内容列入历法，用以指导农业生产。它是中国古代先民们发明的一种独特而伟大的历法。

The 24 Solar Terms The ancient Chinese divideda year into 24 equal segments according to the positions of the sun on theecliptic. Names were given with special connotations for these segments; such asvernal equinox (occurs on March 20 or 21) and pure brightness (occurs on April4, 5, or 6); and hence they are called the 24 Solar Terms. Originating from theReaches of the Yellow River, the 24 Solar Terms are basically

a calendar to govern agricultural arrangementswhich takes into account the changes in climate and practical agriculturalneeds. The 24 Solar Terms are considered a great and unique creation of theancient Chinese.

5.中国书法

中国古代四大艺术“琴棋书画”的“书”特指书法。它是用毛笔书写篆、隶、楷、行、草等各体汉字的艺术。中国书法在技法上讲究笔法、墨法、章法等，其艺术的和谐之美体现在字里行间。隶书的蚕头燕尾，楷书的中规中矩，草书的龙飞凤舞，行书的潇洒飘逸，可谓异彩纷呈，千姿百态。中国书法体现了中华民族豪爽大气、端庄含蓄的特点。

Chinese Calligraphy

The four ancient Chinese artistic forms arecalled guqin, chess, penmanship, and painting; and penmanship particularlyrefers to Chinese calligraphy. Chinese calligraphy id a kind of art using abrush to write seal , official scrip, regular , cursive ,grass , and other various writing styles of Chinese characters. Thewriting techniques of Chinese calligraphy are highlighted by the manner ofusing a brush, the way ink is used, the art of composition, and so on. Itsharmonious beauty of art is reflected in between the lines. Chinese calligraphyexhibits its beauty in different poses, such as the uniqueness of the official’s“silkworm head and swallow tail,” the regular ’s requirement to “stick to the norm and rules,” the characteristic of grass ’s “flying dragons and dancing phoenixes,” and the distinctive “natural grace” of the cursive . Chinese calligraphy reflects the personalityof Chinese people’s straightforwardness, dignity, and reticence.

6.中国古琴

中国古代四大艺术“琴棋书画”的“琴”特指古琴，亦称瑶琴、玉琴、七弦琴，是中国古老的一种弹拨乐器。据《史记》记载，琴的出现不晚于尧舜时期。为区分于西方乐器，现被称作“古琴”。古琴依风之身形而制并命名各部位，反映出儒家的礼乐思想及中国人所重视的和合性。

Chinese Guqin

As one of the four art forms (namely guqin,chess, penmanship, and painting) in ancient china, guqin is a kind of plucked stringinstrument which is also known as yaoqin, yuqin and qixian qin. Accordingto Chinese history book Shih Chi, qin

appeared no later than the Yao and Shuner as.In order to distinguish it from similar musical instruments of the West, it wascalled guqin. The guqin’s design imitates the shape of a phoenix. People also nameddifferent parts of the guqin after the names various body parts of the phoenix.This naming method reflects Confucius’ thoughts on music and the ideology of harmony that Chinese peoplevalue.

7.十二生肖

十二生肖是中国用十二种动物所组成的记年方法。我国自古就有“干支记年法”，而我国西北地区游牧的少数民族则以动物记年，两种记年法相互融合，形成了现在的十二生肖，即：子鼠、丑牛、寅虎、卯兔、辰龙、巳蛇、午马、未羊、申猴、酉鸡、戍狗、亥猪。属相的基本意义在于使人们圆融通达、和衷共济。

The Chinese Zodiac

The Chinese Zodiac is the Chinese way of numberingthe years. It attributes an animal to each year, according to a12-year cycle.Since ancient times, the Chinese people began to use the Heavenly Stems andEarthly Branches to record the passing of years. At the same time, Chinesenomadic people who lived in northwest China instead used animals to number theyears. The two ways of numbering the years were smoothly integrated, and theChinese Zodiac took shape. The 12 animals in the Chinese Zodiac are: rat, ox,tiger, rabbit, dragon, snake, horse, ram, monkey, rooster, dog, and pig. Themeaning of the symbolic animal of the birth year is that it can make peoplemagnanimous and be of one mind in times of difficulty.

8.唐宋诗词

唐诗代表了中华诗歌的最高成就。知名诗人多若星辰，李白、杜甫、白居易都是世界闻名的伟大诗人。唐诗分为古体诗、律诗、绝句，又有五言、七言之分，其题材广泛，数量庞大，风格和流派多样。宋词是继唐诗之后中国古代文学史上的又一座高峰，历来与唐诗并称双雄。宋词以长短句为主，依词牌填词，豪放派和婉约派词风各异，主要代表有辛弃疾、苏轼、柳永、李清照等。

Tang Poetry and Song Ci

Tang Poetry represents the highest achievementof Chinese poetry. There were many distinguished poets in the Tang Dynasty,including Li Bai, Du Fu, and Bai Juyi, who are world-famous. There arevariousforms of Tang Poetry, such as pre-Tang poetry, regular poems, short poems.Regular poems and short poems can also be divided into pent asyllabic and heptasyllabicaccording to the characters contained in each line. There is an enormouscollection of Tang Poetry, with a wide range of subjects, styles, and schools.Its artistic charm touches everyone deeply. Song Ci is another summit in thehistory of classical Chinese literature. Tang Poetry and Song Ci have consistentlybeen called the two literary giants. The main form of Song Ci is a kind ofpoetry that chie fly consists of seven-character lines interspersed with shorterand longer ones. The writers poetize according to particular tunes. There aretwo major styles of Song Ci, called the Powerful and Free School, and the Softand Tuneful School.

Part5：

1.秧歌舞

秧歌舞是中国汉族的一种民间传统舞蹈，通常在北方省份表演。秧歌舞者通常穿上明亮 多彩的表演服装，他们的表演动作有力迅速。在农历春节、元宵节等节日期间，人们一旦听到锣鼓声，不管外面天气有多冷，他们都会蜂拥到街上看秧歌舞表演。近年来，中国东北某些城市的老年人自发组织了了秧歌队，队员常年通过跳秧歌舞来保持健康， 同事他们也乐在 其中。

Yangko

Yangko is one of tradition folk dance of Hanin China. It is usually performed in northern provinces. The dancers usually wearcolorful and light costumes, and the performance is powerful and rapid. Duringsome festivals such as Spring Festival, Lantern Festival, if people hear thesound of drum and gong, no matter how cold the weather is , they will come tostreet and appreciate the Yangko. Recent years, the

old people in city of east-northern of Chinaorganized the team of Yangko by themselves, the teamers keep their health bydancing Yangko the whole year.

2.长城

长城是人类创造的世界奇迹之一。如果你到了中国却没去过长城，就想到了巴黎没有去看看菲尔铁塔，或者就像到了埃及没有去看金字塔一样。人们常说：“不到长城非好汉。”实际上，长城最初只是一些断断续续的城墙，直到秦朝统一中国后才将其连城长城。然而，今天我们看到的长城——东起山海关，西至嘉峪关——大部分都是在明代修建的。

The Great Wall

The Great Wall is one of the wonders of theworld that created by human beings! If you come to China without climbing the GreatWall, it's just like going Paris without visiting the Eiffel Tower; or going toEgypt without visiting the Pyramids! Men often say, "He who does not reachthe Great Wall is not a true man."In fact, it began as independent wallsfor different states when it was first built, and did not become the"Great Wall" until the Qin Dynasty. However, the wall we see today,starting from Shan hai guan Pass in the east to Jiayuguan Pass in the west, wasmostly built during the Ming Dynasty.

3.秦始皇陵兵马俑

The Terra-cotta Warriors

Qin Shihuang 秦始皇, the first emperor of the feudal Chinese society, brought with him massivefunerary belongings when he die — a move to show off the authority and splendor he’d enjoyed during his lifetime (秦始皇是中国封建社会的第一个皇帝。他死后，为了显示他生前的辉煌和权威，在他的墓中陪葬了许多东西 ). Among them were the three barracks of Terra-cotta Warriors (兵马俑阵), which have been marveled at as the “World’s Eighth Miracle” 世界第八大奇迹. The Underground Army 地下军阵 Yong is either a human or animalfigure made with clay. The QinShihuang’s Tomb 秦始皇陵 and its great army of Terra-Cotta Warriors — 7000 soldiers, 100 horses and 100chariots in all, give us a picture of the kind of grand scale of the army andthe comple

teness of the army’s military services more that 2000 yearsago (再现了 2000 多年前气势宏伟，兵种齐全的军阵队形).

4.年画

New Year’s Painting

New Year’s painting is a kind of traditional Chinese paintings produced bymeans of woodcut process printing. Asan old form of folk art in China, thiskind of paintings all has festival themes and a sharp contrast in colors (年画是中国画的一种， 它采用木刻套印的方法作画，内容喜庆、色彩对比强烈，是中国古老的民间美术形式).Theyare specially created for decoration of homes, warding off evil spirits andominous occurrences in the celebration of the Chinese New Year (它是专门为过农历新年时装饰环境、除凶辟邪而创作的). That is whythey are called New Year’s paintings.

5.元宵节

The Lantern Festival

The 15th day of the first lunar month is theChinese Lantern Festival, which coincides with the first full-moon night oftheyear (这一天正好是新年的第一个月圆之夜). The major activities of the day include watching paintedlanterns, solving riddles, setting off fireworks, and eating yuanxiao 元宵(sweet dumplings) made of glutinous riceflour （糯米面，糯米粉）.Eating Yuanxiao 吃元宵 Eating yuanxiao 元宵 on the day ofthe Lantern Festival symbolizes family reunion andhappiness. Yuanxiao are made with glutinous rice flour dough, stuffed with avariety of food such as red bean paste, sesame, mixed nutlets with sugar.Minced meat is another favored flavor (元宵用糯米粉包馅制成，馅儿有豆沙、芝麻、各类果仁加白糖，还有肉糜馅等). In southern China, people also eat tangyuan 汤圆(like yuanxiao 元宵). Watching Painted Lanterns 赏花灯 On the night of the Lantern Festival,lines of painted lanterns are hung around the courtyard and along both sides ofthe street. The colorful lights against the full moon create quite a visualfeast for people to enjoy (人们观灯赏月，其乐融融). Solving Lantern Riddles 猜灯谜 Solving riddles written or printed on lanterns is another way of entertainingvisitors on the night.

如何获取电子版？

长按扫描下方二维码

关注“中考英语”

进入左侧消息框回复关键词

传统文化

即可获取资料网盘链接！

\注意/

看下方，不是在留言区回复哦~ 返回搜狐，查看更多