考点1：古代中国的农业

一、中国古代农业耕作方式的演进

一、古代中国土地制度的变化：

（1）原始社会：土地归氏族公社公有，集体耕种，平均分配劳动产品。

（2）奴隶社会：井田制

一切土地属于国家，是奴隶社会的土地国有制。国王层层分封土地，受封者世代享用，但不得转让或买卖，并向国王缴纳赋税。奴隶在土地上集体耕作。

（3）封建土地所有制

类型：封建土地国有制（屯田制、均田制）、地主土地私有制、农民土地私有制

原因：铁农具和牛耕的使用，生产力的发展。

确立过程：

随着铁犁牛耕的出现，生产力水平提高，大量私田被开垦。——面对大量私田的出现，一些诸侯国推行税制改革，如鲁国推行“初税亩”，承认私有土地合法化。——战国时期，商鞅推行变法，废井田，开阡陌，以法律形式确立封建土地私有制。

影响：标志着小农经济的确立，推动了我国封建农业经济的发展。

     也造成了土地兼并的严重社会问题。

特别注意：土地兼并的知识点

一、男耕女织的小农经济

1、含义：以家庭为单位，农业和家庭手工业相结合，生产主要是为了满足自家基本生活需要和交纳赋税，是一种自给自足的自然经济。

2、产生条件：

（1）生产工具：铁农具和牛耕。

（2）生产关系:封建土地私有制的确立

（3）政府扶持：政府重农政策

3、特点：

（1）以家庭为基本生产和生活单位，精耕细作

（2）农业和家庭手工业相结合，男耕女织

（3）生产主要是为了满足自家的基本生活需要和缴纳赋税，属于自给自足的自然经济。

（4）规模小，水平低、分散性和脆弱性

4、地位：是封建农业生产的基本模式，是两千多年中国封建社会生存和发展的经济基础。

5、影响：

  积极影响：（1）有利于推动农民提高农业生产技术，促进古代精耕细作技术的发展，有利于封建经济的繁荣发展；

（2）小农经济的稳定也保障了封建国家的财政收入和政治稳定；

（3）奠定了专制主义中央集权制度的经济基础，保障了中华文明的传承性和延续性。

消极影响：（1）小农经济具有分散性、封闭性和落后性。这些特点使之很难扩大再生产，阻碍了社会分工和商品经济的发展，特别是在明朝时期阻碍了资本主义萌芽的发展。

（1）到了后期，容易滋生土地兼并的问题，激化社会矛盾，造成社会的动荡与不稳定。

二、中国古代经济重心的南移

（1）原因:北方战乱，南方相对稳定；北方人口南迁，带来了先进的生产技术；南方优越的自然条件；南方政权的重视；政治中心南移的影响。

（2）影响：江南开发，全国经济重心开始南移；南北人口趋向平衡

   考点2:手工业的发展

古代手工业的类型

二、古代手工业的成就

1、制瓷业

东汉晚期，出现青瓷

魏晋南北朝，出现白瓷

唐朝：形成南青北白两大系统

宋朝：制瓷技术大放异彩，出现了五大名窑（官、汝、定、哥、钧）

明清：宣德年间青花瓷达到顶峰；彩瓷开始出现。清朝时期出现珐琅彩瓷。

2、冶金业

夏商周时期:青铜时代

春秋以后：冶铁技术不断成熟，铁器时代到来。

东汉，杜诗发明水排；南北朝时，发明灌钢法

三、中国古代手工业的特点

（1）生产部门不断增加，劳动分工日益细化，生产技术不断进步

（2）生产规模不断扩大，明朝中后期出现资本主义萌芽

（3）有官营手工业、民营手工业和家庭手工业三种经营形态并存。

（4）手工业生产布局随着经济重心南移发生相应变化

四、资本主义萌芽的产生

资本主义萌芽产生于明朝中后期，清朝前期有了缓慢的发展，但直到鸦片战争期间，资本主义依然处于萌芽阶段。

1、有利条件

（1）发达的农业。明朝以后，外来物种的引进，农作物产量的提高，经济作物的普遍种植，为资本主义萌芽提供了条件。

（2）发达的手工业。民营手工也的发展，规模的扩大。

（3）发达的商业。商品经济的发展，白银的大量流通。

2、不利因素

（1）自然经济的根深蒂固，造成市场、自由劳动力、资本的匮乏

（2）土地买卖制度和高额地租吸引着资本投向土地，促进了封建经济的发展。缺乏资本积累，手工业难以扩大生产规模。

（3） 封建制度的束缚，重农抑商和闭关锁国政策都严重阻碍了资本主义萌芽的成长。

（4）科技水平的落后

考点3：古代商业的发展

一、商业发展的概况

1、先秦时期：周朝时，“工商食官”，春秋战国时期，私人经商开始出现。官府控制商业的局面被打破。

2、隋唐时期：长途贸易得到了发展；柜坊和飞钱、邸店出现。

3、宋代：逐渐打破了时间和空间的限制，交子出现；瓦子的发展

4、明清：城镇商业空前繁荣，出现了四大名镇；白银得到广泛使用；农产品商品化程度提高；商帮的出现。

二、古代中国城市的发展

（1）城市的特点：

唐以前：城市有严格的市坊之分；

宋代以后：坊市界限被打破，城市经济职能大大增强。

明清时期：江南地区城镇得到很大的发展。

（2）城市功能的变化

从兴起原因看，战国的城市多是政治中心，军事重镇。唐朝以来，城市多以工商业发展而兴起。

从功能看，商业城市的政治功能逐渐减弱，经济功能逐渐增强。

从商业管理看，政府逐渐放宽对城市商业活动的限制，比如宋代打破了市坊的界限，有早市和夜市。

从地域分布看，唐朝以前主要分布在北方，唐朝以后，南方城市逐渐得到了发展。

三、官府控制下的对外贸易

1、表现

西汉：由于开通丝绸之路，中外贸易逐渐发展起来。

唐朝：海上丝绸之路发展，政府设立市舶使，广州成为重要的对外贸易港口。

两宋：海上丝绸之路得到了快速发展，政府设立市舶司。海外贸易税收成为南宋国库的重要来源。

元朝：泉州成为世界第一大港。

清朝：对外贸易逐渐萎缩，政府只开放广州一处通商，设立“十三行”统一经营对外贸易。

2、特点：

以朝贡贸易为主；以宣扬国威，加强与海外各国的联系为目标；官府控制下的。

考点4：古代中国的经济政策

1、重农抑商

（1）含义：重视农业的发展，限制工商业的发展。开始于战国时期的商鞅变法，一直沿袭到整个封建社会。

（2）目的：保护农业经济，确保封建赋税的来源，巩固封建统治。

（3）影响：促进了封建农业经济的繁荣，巩固了封建统治。后期阻碍了工商业的发展，尤其是阻碍了资本主义的萌芽。

2、海禁和闭关锁国政策

（1）内容： 明初推行海禁政策，禁止商民私自出海贸易。清初推行闭关锁国，只开放广州“十三行”统一经营管理对外贸易。   

（2）背景：

  明清时期，南方政局不稳。（明朝时期沿海有倭患，清初南方出现反清复明运动）

15世纪新航路开辟后， 外国殖民者开始了殖民扩张之路，中国也遭遇荷兰、葡萄牙殖民者入侵，为抵御海外殖民侵略。

中国自给自足的小农经济具有封闭性、保守性和落后性。

（3）影响：

积极：在一定程度上防范了外国殖民者的殖民扩张，巩固了封建统治秩序。

消极：妨碍了海外市场的开拓，抑制了资本的原始积累，阻碍了资本主义萌芽的发展，导致中国与世隔绝，最终落后于西方。                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  

【考点精练】

一．选择题

1.电视纪录片《舌尖上的中国》有这样一段描述：“（明中期）扬州是中国食盐的集散中心，大批的商人来到这里，靠着食盐贸易发家，他们同时带来的还有各自家乡的厨师、食材、口味……富有盐商，没有政治的地位，只能攀比花园和家厨的手艺……”这反映出明朝扬州地区（   ）

A. 重农抑商政策松动               B.私商成为商人主体

C.商品经济较为发达                D.政府鼓励对外贸易

【答案】C

【解析】本题考查的是中国古代的商业发展。题中材料表明扬州成为工商业市镇，商品经济发达。故C正确；A不符合史实，排除；明清实行海禁政策，限制对外贸易，排除D；B不符合材料意思。·

2.据考证，从公元994年起，成都的铁钱监铸钱就停止了，一直到公元1005年，成都没有再铸过钱，但成都市场上并没有出现钱荒。出现这种现象的原因最有可能的是（   ）

A. 白银成为主流货币         B.铜钱已经取代铁币     

B. 民间发行纸币交子         D.经济萧条，铁钱需求下降

【答案】C

【解析】从时间判断此时应该是北宋初年，中国古代的纸币交子在成都的出现和流通是铁币铸造停止但市场仍正常运转的原因。故选C。

3.“（明政府规定）政府以钱粮、银两或预先购好的私料分发机户，机户织毕交官取酬。但钱粮往往每发后期（延误时期），且多克扣。以剥削之余，市积压之料。”对材料理解最准确的是（   ）

A．明政府阻碍资本主义萌芽       B．明朝出现资本主义萌芽

C．机户没有生产自主权           D．明政府组织机户有序生产

【答案】A

【解析】根据材料信息可知，机户织好后交给政府，但官府经常不及时付工钱，机户代表的是早期的资本主义萌芽，故A正确；B项说法不全面；CD两项在材料中没有体现。

4. 《宋朝事实》中云：“……益州……诸豪以时聚首，用同一色纸印造。印文用屋木人物，铺户押字，各自隐密题号，朱墨间错，以为私记。……每岁私蚕米麦将熟，又印交子一两番，捷如铸钱，收买蓄积。”从材料中可以看出（   ）

A. 交子的印刷及管理比较规范          B.钞币的流通地域仅限于四川

C.商品经济发达促使钞币产生           D.地方豪商协商由官府印制钞币

【答案】A

【解析】“用同一色纸印造。印文用屋木人物，铺户押字，各自隐密题号，朱墨间错，以为私记。”反映了交子的印刷比较规范；故此判断A正确。材料反映了交子的发行地点，但无法反映交子的流通地区，B错误。C项与材料无关，可以排除；交子最初由四川地方富商发行，后来收归官府发行管理。故D错误。

5. 《吕氏春秋上农》在描述农耕之利时不无夸张地说，一个农夫耕种肥沃的土地可以养活九口人，耕种一般的土地也能养活五口人。战国时期农业收益的增加（   ）

A. 促进个体小农经济的形成      B.抑制了手工业和商业的发展

C.导致畜力与铁制农具的使用     D.阻碍了大土地所有制的成长

【答案】A

【解析】材料反映的是自给自足的小农经济模式。这种农业收益的增加直接促进了小农经济的形成和发展。故A正确。农业的发展会促进手工业和商业的发展，故B错误；生产力决定生产关系，是铁犁牛耕的出现使得农业收益增加，C项因果关系颠倒，错误。D项农业收益的增加不仅促进了个体小农经济的发展，也促进了大地主阶级的发展。故错误。

6. 汉唐制定土地法规，限制私有大土地的发展，宋代一改此法，“不抑兼并”。据此可知宋代（   ）

A. 中央集权弱化     B.流民问题严重     C.土地兼并缓和      D.自耕小农衰退

【答案】D

【解析】A项不符合史实，宋朝中央集权比唐代强化；B项不符合题意。流民问题严重和宋代不抑兼并没有直接的因果关系。尽管不抑兼并会带来自耕农的破产，但这些人一般会转化成佃农，而不是直接成为流民。C项错误；D项，不抑兼并导致土地兼并的盛行，结果是自耕小农的破产，土地集中。

7.唐宋时期，户籍中出现了茶户、桑户、药户、漆户、蚕户等许多新的称谓。这反映出当时  （   ）

A.自然经济开始解体     B.传统农业生产衰退

C.农业生产商品化程度提高      D.农民对地主的人身依附加强

【答案】C

【解析】题干中的“茶户、桑户、药户、漆户、蚕户等”指的都是从事经济作物和其他商品类产品工作的户籍称谓，说明当时农业生产商品化程度提高。故C正确。