辅音字母发音没那么多变，先解决辅音字母。辅音字母共21个，即b c d f g h j k l m n p q r s t v w x y z，本文整理各个辅音字母及其组合的发音规则。

目录

/b/ 通常情况下发/b/，如bike, bus, bag./ / 在有些bt字母组合的单词，b不发音，如debt, doubt, subtle。但也有例外，如obtain, obtrude.

/s/

在字母e, i, y前，如certain, receive, since, scarce, absence; city, circumstance, civility, society, civil; fancy, intimacy, secrecy, decency, legacy(据我所知，cy都在结尾). 注：字母组合sc在e, i, y前，c不发音，如scene, science, scythe. 有一个例外soccer(/’sɒkə/, 足球)。

/k/

在字母a, o, u前，如can, carriage, occasion, capable; course, consider, account, common; particular, excuse, occur, secure, accuse, cure. 但c+ae，c发/s/，如：Caen, Caelum.以-c结尾的词，如public, domestic, music, emphatic, impolitic, laconic, panegyric, pedantic, philosophic, sarcastic, terrific, topic. 又如suc-cess, ac-cede, ac-cident.接辅音，如cry, credit, across, uncle, incline, subject, defect, picture. 但字母组合ch发/tʃ/,/k/,/ʃ/,/h/,/ /，详情见后面的字母h。

/ /

字母组合sc在e, i, y前，c不发音，如science, scene, condescend, conscience, ascend, ascertain, conscious, discern, susceptibility, scythe.字母组合ck, cq，c不发音，如back, struck, acknowledge, lucky, shock; acquaintance, acquire, acquit.

注：在cion, cien发/ʃ/，如suspicion(/sə’spɪʃən/), insufficient, deficient, sufficient(/sə’fɪʃnt/).

几乎都发/d/，但在字母组合dg, dj中，d不发音，如judge, knowledge, edge, lodge, pledge, fidget; adjust, adjourn(/ə’dʒɝn/, 推迟).

总是发/f/, 如feel, father, family, often, few, left, friend, half, off, affection, perfect, offer, fortune.

/dʒ/，在字母e,I,y之前。

在字母e之前，如general, marriage, gentlemen, carriage, advantage, change(以-ge结尾都是). 但也有例外，如get, together, eager, anger, longer, youngest.在字母i之前，如imagine, regiment, eligible, imagine, agitate, apologise, original, lodging, intelligible, irreligious, obliging, prodigious. 但也有例外，如give, girl, begin, giddiness(/’gɪdɪnɪs/, 轻率的); hanging, changing(不以-ge结尾的动词ing形式).在字母y之前，如apology, clergyman, energy, panegyric.

/g/

在字母a, o, u之前，如again, regard, elegant, gallery; good, ago, gown, agony, vigorous; guard, distinguish, figure, disgust, guess, language, vogue.以-g结尾的词，如beg, hug, shrug. 但大多数情况不发音，如-ing(/ɪŋ/)，nothing, morning; –ong, long, strong, among; -ang, hang, pang, rang, sang; young.接辅音字母(gh比较复杂，详情见5.1)，如great, agreeable, glad, degree, gratitude, agree, neglect, gratify, single. 但也有例外，如length, design.

/ /

以gn开头或者结尾的词，g不发音，如gnu(/nu/), gnome(/nəʊm/);design, sign, consign, resign(/rɪ’zaɪn/, 辞职).字母组合gh有时不发音，如night, caught, sigh. 详情见5.1 gh.

/g/

以gh-开始的词，如ɡhost(/ɡost/, 幽灵). 电影恶灵骑士就叫Ghost Rider.

/f/

以-ough结尾的词，如enough, cough, rough, tough, laugh. 但也有例外，如though(/ðo/), thorough(/’θɜro/, 彻底的).

/ /

在i+gh中，gh不发音，如might, high, right, delight, night, slight, neighbour, fortnight, sight. eight, light.在ought字母组合中，gh不发音，如thought, brought, ought, sought, bought.以-ough结尾的词，有些发/f/，有些不发音，如though(/ðo/), thorough(/’θɜro/, 彻底的).

注：当gh不是字母组合，分属前后两音节，不适合上述规则，如dininghall/’daɪnɪŋhɔːl/.

/h/

字母h通常情况下发/h/，如her, he, heart, happy, comprehend, habit, hair.

/ /

wh+a/i/e/u的词(wh+o, w不发音，如who)，h不发音，如white, which, while, whilst, whip, whim, whimsical, whisper, whither; what, whatever; when, where, whether, whenever, wherever, whence, nowhere; whup.以h+e/o开始的少数词，h不发音，如heir(/ɛr/,[法]继承人); honour, hour.以exh-开始的词，h不发音，如exhaust(/ɪɡ’zɔst/), exhilarate, exhibit. 但有例外，如exhale(/ɛks’hel/,呼气).以rh-开始的词，h不发音，如rheumatism(/’rumətɪzəm/, 风湿病), rhinoceros, rhyme.

/f/，如photo, telephone, sphere, nephew, triumph, phaeton, philosophy, emphatic.

gh发/g/, /f/, / /，详情见5.1。

/ʃ/，如fresh, she, should, shall, wish, short, astonishment, ladyship, ashamed,share.

/ð/

在代词、冠词、介词、连词或副词中如within/wi’ðin/，without/wi’ðaut/，these/ði:z/，therefore/’ðeәfɔ:/，although/ɔ:lðәu/，those/ðәuz/，the/ðә/，thus/ðas/.但也有例外：through/θru:/，throughout/θru:’aut/.以-er结尾的词如altogether/ɔ:ltә’geðә/，farther/’faðә/, feather/’fe ðә/，whether/’we ðә/，either/’aiðә/，gather/’gæðә/.

/θ/

在数词(包括基数词和序数词)中如three/θri:/，thirty/’θә:ti/，thirteen/’θә:’ti:n/，third/ θә:d/，fourth/fɔ:θ/，fiftieth/’fiftiiθ/，thousand/’θauzәnd/，hundredth/’handrәdθ/.以-th结尾的单词如truth/tru:θ/，worth/wә:θ/，breath/breθ/，both/bәuθ/，cloth/klɔθ/，path/pa:θ/，wealth/welθ/，length/leŋθ/，strength/streŋθ/. 但也有特殊，如smooth/smu:ð/.除上述单词外，一般位于词首的th读/θ/如theatre/’θiәtә/，thick/θik/，thin/θin/，throat/θrәut/，theory/’θiәri/，thrust/θrast/，thread/θred/，thorough/’θarә/，Thursday/’θә:zdi/.

其他无规则可循的词分列如下：

maths/mæθs/，arithmetic/ә’riθmәtik/，clothing/klәuðiŋ/，clothes/klәuðz/，southern/’saðәn/，northern/’nɔ:ðәn/，worthy/’wә:ði/，author/’ɔ:θә/，sympathy/’simpәθi/.

注：复合词中，th的读音与在原词中的读音相同。如something/’samθiŋ/，anything/’eniθiŋ/，nothing/’naθiŋ/，within，without等。

/tʃ/

最常见的就是发/tʃ/，如China, which, such, each, reach, church, speech, teach, fetch, approach, vouch, cheese, peach, chicken, lunch, kitchen, chair, chimney, watch, cheese, peach, chicken, lunch, kitchen, chair, chimney, watch,arch(据我了解，以-ch结尾的词都发/tʃ/)注：字母组合tch中t不发音，如：match, watch, wretch, catch, fetch, stretch, bewitch, sketch, pitch, hotchpotch, Scotch.

/k/

来源于希腊表示艺术、文学、神话、音乐、医学、宗教、科学领域的词，可以理解成h不发音，如school, technology, stomach(复数为stomachs) ache, chemistry, scheme, Christian, Christmas, chrysanthemum(菊花), echo, chaos, chorus, choir, orchestra, psychiatrist.

/ʃ/

来自法语的词，如chef, moustache, champagne, chandelier, parachute, brochure, machine, crochet, Chicago, Michigan.

/h/

来自希伯来语Hebrew，challah(/’hɑːlə/, 白面包), chutzpah(/’hʊtspə/, 肆无忌惮), Chanukah(/’hɑ:nəkə/, 光明节).

/ /

不发音，只有一个词，yacht(/jɑt/, 游艇)。

/dʒ/, 如just, subject, object, enjoy, prejudice, rejoice, injure, jealousy.

音标是一样的，但发音有两种，即light l(清晰的l，舌侧音)和dark l(模糊的l，舌尖音)。

light l

以l-开始的词，如light, lamb, lake, let, lever, life, live, love. 以l+元音的词，如alive, selling, elephant, lollipop.

dark l

以-l结尾的词，如girl, ball, full, sell, spill,  all, pull, ill, bicycle, sale(结尾e不发音).以l+辅音的词, 如world, old,could, would, should, felt, told, himself.

/ /

在al+辅音的词，l少数情况不发音，如talk, walk, calm, balm, fall(可视为第一个l不发音，第二个发音).

注：还有一个词这两种情况都含有的，如illegal, lull(light + dark).

/k/ 通常情况下发/k/，如think, make, speak, struck, remark. / / 以kn-开头的词，k不发音，如know, knight, knowledge, knees, unknown. 

/m/ 通常情况下发/m/，如my, man, marry, determine, amiable, handsome. / / 以mn-开头的词，m不发音，如mnemonic(记忆力的).     以-mn结尾的词，n不发音，如solemn(庄严的), condemn(谴责).

/n/

通常情况下发/n/，以下情况也发/n/：n属于前缀一部分时，即使n在/k/,/g/前，也不发/ŋ/，而是发/n/，如:unkind，uncommon, uncountable，unclean，unclear，uncover，uncomfortable，unconditional，income，incomplete.n在ge前，若g不发/g/而发/dʒ/，则n不发/ŋ/而是/n/，如change，orange，arrange，anger，dangerous, strange.

/ŋ/

在音素/k/,/g/前，如think，thank，English，language，ankle，uncle，anxious, handkerchief, conquer. 但前缀除外，如inquire(/ɪn’kwaɪr/).以-ng结尾，如-ing(/ɪŋ/)，nothing, morning, bring, ring; -ong, long, strong, among; -ang, hang, pang, rang, sang; young.

/ /

以-mn结尾的词，n不发音，如autumn，column, solemn(/’sɑləm/, 庄严的), condemn(/kən’dɛm/, 谴责)

/p/ 通常情况下发/p/，如speak, spite, appearance, pride, particular, surprise. / / 以pn-开头的词，p不发音，如pneumonia(肺炎), pneumothorax(气胸).     以ps-开头的词，p不发音，如psychology, psychiatrist, psalm(诗篇).

/k/, 如Iraq, inquire, quest, quite, quarrel, acquaint.（词几乎以qu出现，读/kw/）

r发两个音，元音字母前发辅音/r/，元音字母后发元音/ɝ,ɚ/。/ɝ/与/ɚ/区别，见维基百科《元音的儿化现象》，摘抄部分如下：

重音元音/ɝ/：assert, mirth, work, turkey, myrtle.弱化元音/ɚ/：apparatus, dinner, editor, measure.

/r/

元音字母前发/r/，如speak, spite, appearance, pride, surprise. 双写rr，发/r/，r与前面的元音字母(不可能是辅音字母)不能构成r音节，如error(/’ɛrɚ/), arrange, arrear, arrest, arrive, borrow, carry, hurry, correct, correspond. 注：动词过去式双写rr不算，如deferred.重读元音+r+非重读元音(理解成不属于同一音节，不同于re音节)，r发/r/，如direct(/daɪˈrɛkt/), apparent, ceremony, different, interference, parent, zero, during, story, inspiring.

元音字母+re，即are,ere,ire,ore,ure，也称re音节。re音节很少出现在非重读音节，ure在非重读音节中发/jɚ/,/ɚ/.

re音节在重读音节读音

are，发/ɛr=ɛɚ/，如aware, bare, care, compare, dare, declare, fare, prepare, share, spare, stare, threadbare, welfare. 但are(/ɑr/)例外。ere，发/ɪr=ɪɚ/，如here, adhere, mere, sphere, severe, sincere.     发/ɛr=ɛɚ/，如ere, there, were, where. 特例were(/wɚ/). ire，发/aɪɚ/，如admire, desire, entire, fair, fire, hire, inquire, inspire, tire, transpire.ore，发/ɔr=ɔɚ/，如more, before, bore, explore, forego, foresee, score, sore, store, wore.ure，发/jʊr=jʊɚ/，如pure, cure, inure, procure.     发/ʊr=ʊɚ/, 如sure(/ʃʊr/), allure(/əˈlʊr/，诱惑), endure.

注：ure在非重读音节中发/ɚ/，如picture, pleasure, injure(/’ɪndʒɚ/). 还发/jɚ/，如failure(/’feljɚ/), figure(/’fɪɡjɚ/),verdure(/’vɝdjɚ/, 碧绿).

元音字母+r，即ar, er, ir, or, ur，属于r音节(还包括元音字母组合+r，即air, ear, eer, eir, oar, oor, our)。发音时，先判断重读还是非重读音节，关于重读与非重读音节，可参考之前博文《英语中开/闭音节和重/非重读》。r音节在非重读音节通常读/ɚ/。

(1)ar

非重读音节，发/ɚ/，如forward(/’fɔrwɚd/), afterward, backward, dollar. 重读音节，音[w]+ar，发/ɔː/,/ɔr=ɔɚ/，如warm, worker, worse, ward.  重读音节，通常发/ɑr=ɑɚ/，如are, tar, heart, car, farm, dark, sharpener.oar，发/ɔː/,/ɔr=ɔɚ/，如roar, board, coarseness.

ear发音比较复杂，可发/ɪr=ɪɚ/,/ɛr=ɛɚ/,/ɝ/

以-ear结尾的词，发/ɪr=ɪɚ/，如dear, hear, near, appear, fear, year, clear, arrear, overhear, reappear. 但也有例外，如bear(/bɛr/), wear(/wɛr/), tear(/tɛr/).以-ear结尾的词，发/ɛr=ɛɚ/，如bear, wear, pear, tear, swear.发/ɝ/，如heard, early, earnest, heartily, learn, earl, earthly, search.

注：heart(/hɑrt/)比较特殊。

(2)or

非重读音节，发/ɚ/，如forget(/fɚ’ɡɛt/), . 重读音节，音[w]+or，发/ɝ/，如world, word, work, worth, worse, worst. 但有例外，如worn(/wɔrn/).重读音节，通常发/ɔr=ɔɚ/，如forty(/’fɔrti/), morning, short, worn.oor，发/ɔː/,/ɔr=ɔɚ/，如door, floor. 但有例外，如poor(/pʊr/).

(3)er,ir,ur

重读音节，读/ɝ/，如herself, certain, perfect; girl, dirt, first, stir, shirt, circumstance; hurt, turn, return, curtain, fur, further, Thursday, occur. 非重读音节，读/ɚ/，如her, sister, manner; surprise.

但也有例外，如iron(/’aɪɚn/, 熨斗)。

元音+er,ir,ur

air，发/ɛr=ɛɚ/，如air, hair, chair, pair, repair, stair, fair, affair.eer，发/ɪə,ɪr/，如pioneer, deer, beer, cheer.eir，发/ɛr=ɛɚ/，如their(/ðɛr/), heir(/ɛr/,[法]继承人).

our发音比较复杂，可发/aʊə=aʊɚ/,/ɔr=ɔɚ/,/ɝ/，搜了很久，都没找到有信服的our读音规则

/aʊə=aʊɚ/，如our，ourself, hour(h不发音). /ɔː,ɔr/，如your, four, pour, course, intercourse, court, source./ɝ/，如journey(/’dʒɝni/), journal, courteous, nourish, courage./ɚ/，honour, behaviour, endeavour,favour, humour, neighbour, humour, colour, candour, parlour, labour, harbour.(以-our结尾的？)

名词变复数，s的读音为/s/或/z/，百度文库《字母s的发音规则》真是讲到本质上了，摘抄如下：

为了顺口，s发/s/和/z/两个音(弱/强，无声/有声，清/浊辅音，不响亮/响亮)。为了追求发音的顺口和协调，让清辅音与清辅音连在一起(即不响亮与不响亮，如/ps/, /ts/, /ks/, /fs/)，让响亮音与响亮音在一起(即元音和浊辅音，如/bz/, /dz/, /mz/, /nz/, /rz/, /az/)。

以/s/, /z/, sh, ch结尾的词(如bus, fox, dish, watch)，这些词的结尾音与/s/发音一样或者特别接近，如果在这些词后面再加s表达复数的话，那么单词结尾的发音将很困难。为了解决这难题，在两个s音塞个e(如buses, foxes, dishes, watches)，并且让e发/i/的音。既然-es的e发元音/i/，响音，很自然s发/z/的音。综述，有如下规则：

s在清辅音(不响亮音)后发/s/s在浊辅音或元音(响亮音)后发/z/

/ʃ/ 如fresh, she, should, shall, wish, short, astonishment, ladyship, ashamed,share.

以元音+sion结尾的词，发/ʒ(ə)n/，如occasion, conclusion, persuasion, allusion, confusion, exclusion, intrusion.以辅音+sion结尾的词，发/ʃən/，如expression, apprehension, compassion, possession, commission, impression, confession, permission, admission.

以元音+sure结尾的词，发/ʒɚ/，如pleasure(/ˈplɛʒɚ/), leisure, composure, measure, closure, treasure, discomposure, displeasure. 以辅音+sure结尾的词，发/ʃʊr/，如sure, assure(/ə’ʃʊr/), assured, censure, ensure.

/t/

通常情况下发/t/，以-ture结尾的词，发/tʃɚ/，如nature, future, creature, rapture, venture, mixture, picture, conjecture, departure.

/ /

字母组合tch中t不发音，如：match(/mætʃ/), watch, wretch, catch, fetch, stretch, bewitch, sketch, pitch, hotchpotch, Scotch. 详情见6.5 ch.字母组合st中，t有时不发音，如listen, whistle, bristle.

/v/ 如have, love, believe, endeavour, perceive, provoke, grieve(悲痛).

w是半元音，当与元音组合(aw, ew, ow)时，尤为复杂。

/w/

除了以下情况(wh+o, wr-, 元音字母+w)，几乎都发/w/。如will, bewail, between, away, woman, forward, aware, twelve.

/ /

字母组合wh在o前，w不发音，如who, whom, whole, whose, wholly.以wr-开始的词，w不发音，如write, wrote, wretch, wrong, wraith, wreath, wrap.其他，answer(/’ænsɚ/), two(/tu/)

据我了解，不存在包含iw, uw的词，这样子就好理解了，元音字母+w，不发/w/。

(1)aw

字母组合aw，发/ɔː/，如saw, awkward, draw, awe, awful, law. 但有例外(理解成不是一在同一音节或者合成词)，如await, away, aware, awake, awoke.

(2)ew

/uː/

在j,l,r,s+ew词中，发/uː/，如jewel(/’dʒuːəl/); flew(fly过去式); drew, threw, grew, withdrew, shrewish(/’ʃruːɪʃ/); sewage, sewer. 但有例外，如sew(/so/, 缝合).

/juː/

其他情况，发/juː/，如few, knew, new, view, renewal, nephew, steward. 少有的例外，如shew(/ʃəʊ/, 展出，同show).

注：合成词不符合上述规则，如likewise, rewarded, farewell, somewhat.

(3)ow[8]

字母组合ow，发/əʊ/,/aʊ/,/ɒ/，在网上找了很久，都没找到有信服的规则。如果您有，希望您能与我分享，谢谢！

/əʊ/

发字母O的音，如arrow, below, blow, borrow, bow(for shooting arrows), bowl, crow, elbow, fellow, flow, follow, grow, grown, growth, know, low, narrow, owe, own, row(line), shadow, show, slow, snow, throw, tomorrow, tow, window, yellow.

/aʊ/

allow, bow(inclination), brow, brown, browse, clown, cow, coward, crowd, crown, down, drown, eyebrow, flower, frown, how, now, owl, powder, power, row(quarrel), shower, towel, tower, town, vowel.

/ɒ/

极少情况发/ɒ/，如knowledge(/ˈnɒlɪdʒ/), knowledgeable(/ˈnɒlɪdʒəbəl/).

注：合成词不符合上述规则，如toward.

/ks/

在词尾，如six, fix, sex, tax, mix, vex. 但有例外：beaux(/boz/花花公子，法语词，beau的复数)x+辅音，如mixture,excuse，export，exclude，explain, explore x+元音，并且在非重读音节，如exercise, experience, exit, exhibition.

/gz/

x+元音，并且在重读音节，如executive(/ɪg’zɛkjətɪv/), exact, exist, exam, exaggerate.

/z/

以x-开头的词，这类词很少。如xylitol(/’zaɪlɪtɒl/, 木糖醇), xylophone(木琴),xanadu(/’zænədju:/，世外桃园), xanthous(黄色人种的), xebec(小型三桅船).

注：还有这样的发音，complexion(/kəm’plɛkʃən/，肤色).

/j/

以j-开始的词，如you, young, yet, year, yesterday, beyond, youth, yield, yard, yawn.

/aɪ/

动词后缀-ify(转为turn into, 变为make/become)，如justify, gratify, mortify, signify, testify, beautify, diversify, simplify.以-y结尾的单音节单词，如my, cry, try, why, by, fly, buy, shy, sly.除此之外，还有dying, eye, dye, occupy, style, reply, supply, apply, comply, gratify, testify, defy.

/i/

字母组合ey发/i/，如monkey, curtsey, money, journey, attorney, hackney. 见下方。名词后缀-(i)ty(表示性质、状态、程度)，如party, opportunity, civility, pretty, beauty, vanity, curiosity.副词后缀ly，如only, really, certainly, hardly, scarcely, immediately, perfectly, likely, exactly, merely, highly, particularly, wholly.除此之外，还有anything, everything, marry, fancy, syllable, symptom, carry, clergyman, everyone, hurry, study, accompany, family, stuffy.

据我了解，不存在包含iy的词，包含uy的词，只有buy(/baɪ/)。这样子就好理解了，元音字母+w，就剩下ay, ey, oy.

(1)ay

字母组合ay只发/eɪ/，如pray, betray, delay, pay, day, betray, delay, play, allay.

(2)ey

/eɪ/

如they, convey, survey, obey, prey.

/i/

monkey, curtsey, money, journey, attorney, hackney.

注：有例外，如eye(/aɪ/)，属于单音节。

(3)oy

字母组合oy只发/ɔɪ/, 如employ, joy, boy, destroy, employ, unalloyed.

/z/ 如amaze, puzzle, seize, authorize, moralize, size, dozen, glaze.

附：英语字母发音表和英语国际音标表[9]

英语字母发音表

A a [ei]         B b [bi:]         C c [si:]          D d [di:]E e [i:]         F f [ef]          G g [d3i:]         H h [eit∫]I i [ai]         J j [dʒeɪ]         K k [kei]          L l [el]M m [em]         N n [en]          O o [əu]           P p [pi:]Q q [kju:]       R r [a:]          S s [es]           T t [ti:]U u [ju:]        V v [vi:]         W w [‘dʌblju:]     X x [eks]Y y [wai]        Z z [zi:][zed]

单元音

前元音  [i:]  [i]   [e]   [æ]中元音  [ə:]  [ə]后元音  [u:]  [u]   [כ]  [כ:]   [a:]  [۸]　双元音  [ei]  [ai]  [כi]  [əu]  [au]  [iə]  [εə]  [uə]

辅音

爆破音 [p]   [b]   [t]   [d]   [k]   [g]鼻  音 [m]   [n]　 [ŋ]摩擦音 [f]　 [v]   [θ]  [ð]   [s]   [z]   [∫]   [з]   [r]   [h]爆破音 [t∫] [dз] [ts]  [dz]  [tr]  [dr]半元音 [w]　 [j]舌元音 [l]　

参考资料：[1]博文：:附赠音节划分口诀[2]百度文库《英语单词拼读规则》[3]字母组合th的读音规则总结[4]博文《辅音字母X的发音: /ks/，/gz/或/z/》[5]Youtube视频《written ch = /t͡ʃ, k, ʃ, h, silent/》[6]百度文库《gh和ph的发音》[7]百度文库《n发音规则》[8]Pronunciation exercises: “ow”[9]英语字母发音表和国际音标表[10]天涯博文《-ty,-ity：体与一体》[11]音标L的发音规则[12]视频Perfect Your Pronunciation – Light /l/ & Dark /l/[13]视频Lesson 5a – R – English Pronunciation[14]百度文库《r音节》[15]百度文库《英式和美式英语从书写系统到习惯、发音比较详述的对比资料》[16]百度百科：re音节

微信赞赏支付宝赞赏