a.

安居工程 housing project for low-income families

按成本要素计算的国民经济总值 gnp at factor cost

按揭贷款 mortgage loan

按劳分配 distribution according to one's performance

暗亏 hidden loss

奥姆真理教 japanese aum doomsday cult

b.

巴黎证券交易所 paris bourse

把握大局 grasp the overall situation

白色行情表 white sheet

白手起家 starting from scratch

摆架子 put on airs

拜年 pay new year call

搬迁户 relocated families

半拉子工程 uncompleted project

棒球运动记者 scribe

包干到户 work contracted to households

包工包料 contract for labor and materials

保持国民经济发展的良好势头 maintain a good momentum of growth in the national economy

保持国有股 keep the state-held shares

保健食品 health-care food

保税区 the low-tax, tariff-free zone; bonded area

保证重点支出 ensure funding for priority areas

保值储蓄 inflation-proof bank savings

北欧投资银行 nordic investment bank

本本主义 bookishness

《本草纲目》 compendium of materia medica

本垒打 circuit clout, four-master, round trip

本命年 one's year of birth considered in relation to the 12 terrestrial branches

奔小康 strive for a relatively comfortable life

蹦击 bungee, bungee jumping

逼上梁山 be driven to drastic alternatives

闭门羹 given cold-shoulder

边际报酬 marginal return

边缘科学 boundary science

标书 bidding documents

表演赛 demonstration match

剥夺冠军 strip the gold medal of somebody

补缺选举 by-election

布达拉宫 potala palace

不败记录 clean record, spotless record

不承诺放弃使用武器 not undertake to renounce the use of force

不打不成交 no discord, no concord.

《不见不散》 be there or be square.

不良贷款 non-performing loan

不夜城 sleepless city, ever-bright city

不正之风 bad (harmful) practice; unhealthy tendency

步行天桥 foot bridge

c.

擦边球 edge ball, touch ball

擦网球 net ball

采取高姿态 show magnanimity

菜篮子工程 shopping basket program

参政、议政 participate in the management of state affairs

层层转包和违法分保 multi-level contracting and illegal sub-contracting

差额投票 differentail voting

差额选举 competitive election

茶道 sado

拆东墙补西墙 rob peter to pay paul

禅 dhyana

产粮大省 granary province

产品结构 product mix

产权明晰、权责明确、政企分开、科学管理 clearly established ownership, well defined power and responsibility, separation of enterprise from administration, and scientific management

产权制度、产权关系 property relations; property order

产销直接挂钩 directly link production with marketing

长二捆 lm-2e

长期共存、互相监督、肝胆相照、荣辱与共 long-term coexistence, mutual supervision, sincere treatment with each other and the sharing of weal or woe

畅通工程 "smooth traffic project"

唱高调 mouth high-sounding words

超高速巨型计算机 giant ultra-high-speed computer

超前消费 overconsuming, excessive consumption

城市规划 city's landscaping plan

城乡信用社 credit corroborative in both urban and rural areas

吃大锅饭 egalitarian practice of "everybody eating from the same big pot"

抽杀成功 hit through

筹备委员会 preparatory committee

出风头 show off;in the limelight

出口创汇能力 capacity to earn foreign exchange through exports

出口退税制度 the system of refunding taxes on exported goods

出口转内销 domestic sales of commodities orginally produced for exports

出家 pravrajana; cloister

创建卫生城市：build a nationally advanced clean city

春蕾计划 spring buds program

《春秋》 spring and autumn annals

从粗放经济转变为集约经济 shift from extensive economy to intensive economy

促进全球经济一体化 foster integration with the global economy

存款保证金 guaranty money for deposits

d.

"达标"活动 "target hitting" activities

打白条 issue iou

打黑 crack down on speculation and profiteering

打破僵局 break the deadlock

打顺手 find one's touch, get into gear, settle into a groove

大包干 all-round responsibility system

大轰动 blockbuster

大力扣杀 hammer

大路货 staple goods

大满贯 grand slam

大款 tycoon

大排挡 sidewalk snack booth

大事化小，小事化了 try first to make their mistake sound less serious and then to reduce it to nothing at all

大胜 white wash

大腕 top notch

大要案 major and serious criminal cases

大专生 junior college student

大专文凭 associate degree

大藏经 tripitaka

带薪分流 assign redundant civil servants to other jobs while allowing them to retain their original rank and benefits

待岗 await job assignment, post-waiting

待业 job-waiting

单循环制 single round-robin system

盗用公款 embezzlement

单刀赴会 start a solo run

倒计时 countdowm

倒爷 profiteer

等外品 off-grade goods, rejects

第二产业 secondary industry

第一发球权 first inning

第一发球员 first server

第一双打 first pair

地方保护主义 regional protectionism

地方财政包干制 system whereby local authorities take full responsibility for their finances

地区差异 regional disparity

点子公司 consultancy company

电话号码升位 upgrade telephone number

电话会议 teleconference

电视直销 tv home shopping

吊球 drop shot

吊销执照 revoke license

定向培训 training for specific posts

豆腐渣"工程 jerry-built project

独立核算工业企业 independent accounting unit(enterprise)

"渡假外交" holiday-making diplomacy

短期债务 floating debt

对外招商 attract foreign investment

队长袖标(足球） skipper's armband

多党合作制 multi-party co-operation in exercising state power

多任务小卫星 small multi-mission satellite (smms)

夺冠 take the crown

e.

恶性通货膨胀 hyperinflation

二板市场(创业板市场） second board on the country's stock market

二流选手 scrub, second-rater

f.

发展不平衡 disparate development

法治国家 a country under the rule of law

法制国家 a state with an adequate legal system

翻两番 quadruple

反败为胜 bring about a complete turnabout, pull out of the fire

防洪工程 flood-prevention project

放高球 lob

飞行药检 spot check

费改税 transform administrative fees into taxes

分流 reposition of redundant personnel

分期付款 installment payment

（产品）分销 subunderwriting, distribution

锋利扣杀 razor-sharp smash

封闭式基金 close-ended fund

封杀出局 force out

“封圣” canonization of "saints"

福利彩票 welfare lotteries

福利分房 welfare-oriented public housing distribution system

扶贫 poverty alleviation

覆盖率 coverage rate

复式住宅 compound apartment

g.

改制上市：an enterprise is re-organized according to modern corporate system so that it will get listed on the stock market.

干部队伍革命化、年轻化、知识化、专业化 make the ranks of cadres more revolutionary, younger in average age, better educated and professionally more competent

高层次、全方位的对话 high-level and all-directional dialogue

高产优质 high yield and high quality

高级商务师 certified business executive

高难度动作 stunner, stunt

高新技术产业开发区 high and new technology industrial development zone

(公路）隔离带 median

根本政治制度 fundamental political system

个人收入应税申报制度 the system of the declaration of individual incomes for tax payment

"各就位" "on your marks!"

跟踪审计 follow-up auditing

工商局 industrial and commercial bureau

工业园区 industrial park

公积金public accumulation funds, public reserve funds

公款吃喝 recreational activities using public funds

公正、公平、公开 just, fair and open

共产党领导下的多党合作与政治协商 multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of communist party

国产化率 import substitution rate; localization rate of parts and components

国防动员体制 the mobilization for national defense

国际惯例 international common practice

《国际先驱论坛报》 international herald tribune

国家经济体制改革委员会 the state commission for restructuring the economic systems

国家一级保护 first-grade state protection

国库券 treasury bonds

过度开垦 excess reclamation

h.

海湾战争综合症 the complexities of the gulf war

豪赌 unrestrained gambling

好事不出门，恶事传千里 good news never goes beyond the gate, while bad news spread far and wide.

好出风头的运动员 exhibitionist, grandstander

好莱坞大片 hollywood blockbuster

"好球" "strike"

合理引导消费 guide rational consumption

合议庭 collegiate bench

黑店 gangster inn

宏观调控 macro-control efforts

红包 （中）red paper containing money as a gift, (贬) bribe, kickback

环太平洋地区 pacific rim

后防空虚 leave the defense exposed

胡子工程 long-drawn-out project (a project which takes so long that young workers become bearded)

虎父无犬子 a wise goose never lays a tame egg.

户口管理制度 domicile system, residence registration system

户主 head of a household

护身法宝 amulet

华表 ornamental column/cloud pillar/stele

华盖 canopy

"坏球" "ball"

还俗 resume secular life, unfrock

"黄、赌、毒" pornography, gambling and drug abuse and trafficking

黄金时段 prime time

挥棒 swing

挥棒不中 fan

灰色收入 income from moonlighting

汇丰银行 hong kong and shang hai banking corporation

婚外恋 extramarital love

活到老，学到老 one is never too old to learn.

货币回笼 withdrawal of currency from circulation

j.

机构臃肿 overstaffing in organizations (government)

基本路线要管一百年 the basic line must be followed unswervingly for a very long time to come.

基本国情 fundamental realities of the country

基层民主 democracy at the grassroots level

基层组织 organizations at the grass-roots level

绩优股 blue chip

激烈竞争 cut-throat competition

吉祥物 mascot

缉私力量 the forces engaged in the fight against smuggling

集体婚礼 collective wedding ceremony

集中精力把经济建设搞上去 go all out for economic development

计划生育责任制 responsibility system of family planning

计算机中央处理器 central processing unit(cpu)

记者席 press box

技术下乡 spread technological knowledge to farmers

嘉宾 distinguished guest, honored guest

加班 work extra shifts

加密 encrypt

加强舆论监督 ensure that the correct orientation is maintained in public opinion

家庭联产承包责任制 the household contract responsibility system

假唱 lip-synch

假动作 deception, feint

甲骨文 inscriptions on oracle bones

假日经济 holiday economy

坚持统一，反对分裂，增加了解，化解歧见 persist in reunification, oppose separation, increase understanding and iron out differences

监督部门 watchdog

尖端产品 highly sophisticated products

剪彩 cut the ribbon

剪刀差 the scissors gap between the prices of ... and ...

减负 alleviate burdens on sb.

减员增效 downsizing for efficiency; cut payroll to improve efficiency

讲诚信，反欺诈： honor credibility and oppose cheating

脚踩两只船 sit on the fence

脚踏实地 be down-to-earth

侥幸球 fluke

接口 interface

解放生产力 emancipate the productive forces

解放思想、实事求是的思想路线 ideological line of emancipating the mind and seeking truth from facts

结售汇制度 the system of exchange, settlement and sales

戒毒所 drug rehabilitation center

戒急用忍 overcome impetuosity and exercise patience

金本位 gold standard

金边债券 gilt-edged bonds

金刚经 vajra sutra|

金降落伞 golden parachute

紧箍咒 inhibiting magic phrase

紧密型企业集团 tightly-knit groups of enterprises

紧追 cling to, shadow, thunder on one's trail

近海渔业 offshore fishery

进出口商会 chamber of import and export trade

进口渗透 import penetration

禁渔期 closed fishing seasons

禁止在任何地方、任何环境进行一切方式的释放核能的核武器试验保爆炸 prohibit any nuclear weapon test explosion which releases nuclear energy at any place and in any environment

经常项目顺差favorable balance of current account, surplus of current account

经常性贷款 commercial lending

经常性支出 running expenses

经济林 cash tree

经营管理高度科学化的现代化大企业 modern big enterprise with highly scientific management system

精简机构 streamline government organs

京剧票友 peking opera fan

景泰蓝 cloisonné

劲射 power shot

竣工式 completion ceremony

k.

卡丁车 kart

开放式基金 open-ended fund

开工不足 enterprises running under their production capacity

坎儿井 karez

抗美援朝战争 war to resist us aggression and aid korea

抗震棚 quake-proof shelter

考研 take part in the entrance exams for postgraduate schools

科技成果转化为生产力 transfer of scientific and technological achievements

科技含量 technology content

科技是第一生产力 science and technology constitute a primary productive force.

科教兴国 rely on science and education to rejuvenate the nation

可持续发展 sustainable development

空头支票 accommodation note, lip service

控股公司 holding company

扣帽子 put a label on

跨实际工程 a trans-century project

亏损企业 enterprises running in the red/under deficit

困难职工 the needy

国民党 kuomintang

l.

垃圾债券 junk bond

拉动经济增长 fuel economic growth

拉拉队 cheering squad

拉拉队长 cheer-leader, rooter king

拉关系 try to curry favor with

劳动合同制 labor contract system

老字号 an old and famous shop or enterprise

"篱笆墙" barriers/ blockage to inter-regional trading

礼仪小姐 ritual girl

利改税 substitution of tax payment for profit delivery

利基 niche

立体农业 three-dimensional agriculture

联合联络小组 joint liaison group

廉政、勤政、务实、高效政府 an honest, diligent, pragmatic and efficient government

廉洁奉公，以正治国 (of an official) clean and devoted, and govern the state with his own example of uprightness

联合兼并 conglomeration and merger of enterprises

联合投标 syndicated tender

联想集团 legend group

练摊 to be a vendor

粮食收购部门 (government's) grain procurement (purchasing) agencies

粮油关系：grain and oil rationing registration

两岸直航促进会 association for promotion of cross-straits direct transportation

两弹一艇 a-bomb, h-bomb and nuclear-powered submarine

"两个对等的政治实体" "two equal political entities

两个文明一起抓 place equal emphasis on material and ethical progress

"两思"（致富思源，富而思进） to think of the source of getting rich and of making progress after becoming affluence

老少边穷地区 former revolutionary base areas, areas inhabited by minority nationalities, remote and border areas and poverty-stricken areas

猎头公司 head-hunting company

临时主教练 caretaker coach

领头羊 bellwether

留职停薪 retain the job but suspend the salary

留学咨询：consulting on the study abroad

流动人口 transient population

乱集资、乱摊派、乱收费 unwarranted pooling of funds, arbitrary requisition of donations and exaction of fees from enterprises

乱收费、乱摊派、乱罚款 arbitrary charges, fund-raising quotas and fines

《论语》 analects of confucius

裸机：bare mobile phone

绿地覆盖率 forest coverage rate

绿化 afforestation

m.

满意度 degree of satisfaction

盲流和倒流人员 transient from the countryside

帽子戏法 hat trick

买一送一 two-for-one offer, buy one get one free

门前三包 be responsible for general sanitation, green covering and keeping good social order in a designated area outside the unit building

朦胧诗 misty poetry

民工潮 farmers' frenzied hunt for work in cities

民进党 democratic progressive party

民主党派、工商联与无党派人士 non-communist parties, federations of industry and commerce, personages without party affiliation

民族凝聚力 national cohesion

民族委员会 ethnic affairs commission

明明白白消费（2000年保护消费者权益工作主题）transparent consumption

磨洋工 dawdle along

n.

纳米 nanometer

囊括 complete a sweep

耐用消费品 durable consumer items (goods)

南水北调 south-to-north water diversion

能官能民 be ready to both serve as an offical and be one of the common people

能上网的手机 wap phone

内耗 in-fighting

年同比 year-on-year; on an annual basis

年夜饭 family reunion dinner

扭转局面 reverse the tide, turn the table

农村剩余劳动力 surplus rural labour (labourers)

o.

p.

跑龙套 utility man

泡沫经济 bubble economy

配股 allotment of shares

配套政策 supporting policies

碰钉子 get snubbed

疲软股票 soft stock

皮包公司 bogus company

票贩子 scalper, ticket tout

骗汇、逃汇、套汇 obtain foreign currency and false pretenses, not turn over foreign currency owed to the government and illegal arbitrage

贫富悬殊 polarization of rich and poor

瓶颈制约 “bottleneck”restrictions

扑网 rush-up, rushing

q.

起跑器 block

千代田寿险公司（日本） chiyoda mutual life insurance co.

抢跑 false start, beat the gun

亲民党 people first party

屈体 jackknife, pike

全能冠军 all-around winner

全球通 global system for mobile communications

拳头产品 competitive products; knock-out products; blockbuster

r.

绕圈子 beat around the bush

人才流失brain drain

人浮于事 overstaffing

人工智能 artificial intelligence(ai)

人机交互 human-computer interaction

人类免疫缺陷病毒human immunodeficiency virus(hiv)

人情债 debt of gratitude

任意球 free kick

融资渠道 financing channels

入水时水花很少 clean entry

软新闻 soft news

s.

三八线 38th parallel

三步走战略 the three-step development strategy

三大作风 the party's three important styles of work (integrating theory with practice, forging close links with the masses and practicing self-criticism

"三个代表" "three represents" theory (the party should always represent the development needs of china's advanced social productive forces, always represent the onward direction of china's advanced culture, and always represent the fundamental interests of the largest member of the chinese people.)

三个有利于 "three favorables" (whether it promotes the growth of the productive forces in a socialist society, increases the overall strenth of the socialist state and raises the people's living standards

三好学生 merit student

"三讲"教育（讲学习、讲政治、讲正气） "three emphases" education (to stress theoretical study, political awareness and good conduct)

三角债 chain debt

三通 three direct links of trade, mail, and air and shipping services across the taiwan straits

三通一平 "three supplies and one leveling"; supply of water, electricity and road and leveled ground (conditions ready for further economic development)

三下乡 a program under which officials, doctors, scientist and college students go to the countryside to spread scientific and literacy knowledge and offer medical service to farmers

三字经 three-character scripture

"扫黄"、"打非" eliminate pornography and illegal publications

《山海经》the classic of mountains and rivers

商检局 commodity inspection bureau

商品条码 bar code

上市 to be listed

少数服从多数、下级服从上级、局部服从全体、全党服从中央 the minority is subordinate to the majority, the lower level to the higher level, the part to the whole and the entire membership of the party to the central committee

社会热点问题 hot spots of society

社会治安情况 public security situation

审时度势 size up the situation

渗透、颠覆和分裂活动 infiltrative, subversive and splittist activities

《生死抉择》 "live or die"

生态农业 environmental-friendly agriculture

失学儿童 dropout实践是检验真理的唯一标准 practice is the sole criterion for testing truth.

实体经济 the real economy

实现中华民伟大复兴 bring about a great rejuvenation of the chinese nation

实行国民待遇 grant the national treatment to

实行计划生育、控制人口数量、提高人口素质 promotion of family planning to control the population size and improve the health of the people

实现小康目标 to achieve the goal of ensuring our people a relative comfortable life

市场疲软 sluggish market

市场准入 market access

适度从紧的财政政策 moderately tight financial policy

适销对路的产品 readily marketable products

手机入网费 mobile access fee

受灾地区 disaster-affected are

售后服务 after-sale services

树立企业良好形象 foster a good and healthy company image

涮羊肉 instant-boiled mutton

双刃剑 double-edged sword

水货 smuggled goods

水墨画 chinese brush drawing; ink and wash painting

思乡曲 nostalgia

思想僵铁 fossilized concept

四项基本原则 the four cardinal principles of adherence to the socialist road, the people's democratic dictatorship, the leadership of the communist party of china, and marxism-leninism and mao zedong thought

素质教育 education for all-around development

t.

弹性外交 elastic diplomacy

套利 arbitrage

提高农产品收购价格 the government's increase in its procurement prices (for farm products)

铁饭碗 iron rice bowl

统一市场 single market

统一税 flat tax, consolidated tax

同乡会 an association of fellow provincials or townsmen

筒子楼：tube-shaped apartment

偷税漏税 tax evasion

偷税、骗税、逃税、抗税 tax evasion, tax fraud, and refusal to pay taxes

投手 pitcher

透过现象看本质 see through the appearance to perceive the essence

团身 bunch up the body

推广科研成果 turning laboratory achievements into commercial/mass production; commercialization of laboratory achievements

退耕还林还草 grain for green

脱贫 cast off poverty

脱手 release grip

w.

汪辜会谈 wang daohan-koo chen-fu talks (wang-koo talks)

网络出版 online publishing

网上冲浪surf the internet

稳定压倒一切 maintaining stability is of top priority

维护人权和不断改善人权状况 safeguard human rights and steadily improve the human rights situation

伪劣产品 fake and shoddy products

卫冕世界冠军 reigning world champion

屋顶花园 roof garden

无氟冰箱 freon-free refrigerator

无人售票 self-service ticketing

无线应用协议 wap（wireless application protocol）

物价局 price bureau

物业管理 estate management, property management

x.

西部大开发 west development

吸收游资 absorb idle fund

希望工程 project hope

喜忧参半 mingled hope and fear

洗钱 money laundering

下放权力给 delegating the management of ... (to ...)

下岗 laid-off workers

下海 plunge into the commercial sea

下网 off line

险胜 cliff-hanging win, narrow victory, nose out

县改市：county upgraded to city

县级市：county-level city

现代企业制度 modern enterprise system; modern corporate system

向钱看 mammonism, put money above all

项目立项：approve and initiate a project

消费信贷 consumer credit services

削减战略核武器会谈 strategic arms reduction talks (start)

小康 a comfortable level of living; a better-off life; moderate prosperity

新秀 up-and-coming star, rising star

信息港 inforport

信息化 informationize

信用紧缩 credit crunch

形象小姐/先生 image representative of a product or a brand

虚拟网 virtual net

选举权和被选举权 the right to vote and the right to be elected

徇私枉法 bend the law for the benefit of relatives or friends

y.

压水花技术 rip entry

压线(口令) line!

严打斗争strike-hard operation, campaign to crack down relentlessly on criminal activities

阳春（最经济方式） no-frills

羊肉串小摊 barbecue stall

养老金 pension

摇钱树 cash cow

药物检查 dope control, drug testing

一式两联 (receipt or invoice) in duplicate

一手抓物质文明，一手抓精神文明；一手抓经济建设，一手抓民主法制；一手抓改革开放，一手抓打击犯罪惩治腐败 we must always work for material progress and at the same time for cultural and ethical progress; we should develop the economy and at the same time strengthen democracy and the legal system; we should promote reform and opening to the outside world and at the same time fight crime and punish corruption.

以公有制为主体，多种经济成分共同发展 the pattern with the public sector remaining dominant and diverse sectors of the economy developing side by side

以经济建设为中心 focusing on the central task of economic construction

以谋略制胜 outmaneuver

以权谋私 abuse of power for personal gains

以人为本 people oriented; people foremost

以质量求生存、求发展、求效益 strive for survival, development and efficiency on the basis of equality

义和团运动 boxer uprising

义务兵役制 compulsory military service, conscription

义务教育 compulsory education

义演收入 proceeds from benefit performmance

易拉罐 pop can

因材施教 teach students according to their aptitude

隐性就业 unregistered employment

硬道理 absolute principle, top priority

营业税 turnover tax; business tax

应试教育 examination-oriented education system

优化结构 optimize structure

有法可依，有法必依，执法必严，违法必究 there must be laws to go by, the laws must be observed and strictly enforced, and law-breakers must be prosecuted.

有理想、有道德、有文化、有纪律 with lofty ideals, integrety, knowledge and a strong sense of discipline

有望夺金者 a gold medal hopeful

有勇无谋 use brawn rather than brain

与国际市场接轨 integrate with the world market; become integrated into the global market

舆论导向 direction of public opinion

舆论监督 supervision by public opinion

冤假错案 cases in which people were unjustly, falsely or wrongly charged or sentenced; unjust, false or wrong cases

圆寂 parinirvana

缘分 chemical, (as if by) predestination, be preordained to come together

远景计划 long-term development targets

运球 dribble

z.

"宰人" rip off

在职博士生 on-job doctorate

再贷款 re-lending; subloan

再就业服务中心 re-employment service center

藏学 tibetology

糟粕 dross

早恋 puppy love

造假帐 falsified accounts

斋月 ramadan

债转股 debt-to-equity swap

沾光 benefit from one's association

站票 standing-room-only ticket

涨落线 advance balance line

朝阳产业 sunrise industry

招标投标制 the system of public bidding for project

正式照会 formal note

政府搭台，部门推动，企业唱戏 governments set up the stage, various departments cooperate and enterprise put in the show.

政府上网工程government online project

政企不分 without a clear line between the functions of the government and enterprises; the functions of the government and enterprises mixed up

政企分开 separate government functions from enterprise management

政务公开 make government affairs public

知识产权 intellectual property rights

知识经济 knowledge economy , knowledge-base economy

致命要害 achilles' heel

掷钱猜先 toss

《中华人民共和国消费者权益保护法》 law of the people's republic of china on the protection of consumers' rights and interests

中流砥柱 mainstay, chief corner stone

中美战略核武器互不瞄准对方 non-targeting strategic nuclear weapons against each other

中央大型企业工委：central work committee for large enterprises

中央商务区 central business district (cbd)

重点发展 prioritize

主体经济 the mainstay of the economy

主持人 anchorperson

住房分配货币化进程 capitalization process of housing distribution/allocation

助跑 approach run, run-up

抓大放小 to invigorate large enterprises while relaxing control over small ones; focus on the restructuring of major enterprises and leave minor ones to fend for themselves

抓住机遇 seize the opportunity

转化机制 (of state-owned enterprises) to shift to new management mechanisms

转基因食品 gm food (genetically modified food)追平 produce the equalizer

转体 truck rotation, turn, twist

撞线 breast the tape

追赶型和跨越式发展 pursuant and leap-forward development

资产保值增值 maintain and increase the value of assets; maintenance and appreciation of assets value

资产阶级自由化 bourgeois liberalization

资源配置 the distribution (allocation) of resources

《资治通鉴》 history as a mirror

自律机制 the self-discipline system

自我保护意识 self-protection awareness

自由港 free-trade port，free port

综合国力 comprehensive national strength

综合业务数字网 integrated service digital network (isdn)

综合治理 comprehensive treatment

遵纪守法、廉洁奉公 observe the relevant code of conduct and the law and honestly perform one's official duties

套曲cycle

一种由多乐章组合而成的大型器乐曲或声乐器。

组曲suite

由几个具有相对独立性的器乐曲组成的乐曲 。

奏鸣曲sonata

指类似组曲的器乐合奏套曲.自海顿.莫扎特以后,其指由3-4个乐章组成的器乐独奏套曲(钢琴奏鸣曲)或独奏乐器与钢琴合奏的器乐曲(小提琴奏鸣曲) 。

交响曲symphony

大型管弦乐套曲,通常含四个乐章.其乐章结构与独奏的奏鸣曲相同 。

协奏曲concerto

由一件或多件独奏乐器与管弦乐团相互竞奏,并显示其个性及技巧的大型器乐套曲.分独奏协奏曲、大协奏曲、小协奏曲等 。

交响诗symphonic poem

单乐章的标题****响音乐 。

音诗poeme

单乐章管弦乐曲，与交响诗相类似 。

序曲overture

歌剧、清唱剧、舞剧、其他戏剧作品和声乐、器乐套曲的开始曲。十九世纪又出现独立的音乐会序曲 。

前奏曲prelude

带有即兴曲的性质、有独立的乐思、常放在具有严谨结构的乐曲或套曲之前作为序引的中、小型器乐曲。

托卡塔toccata

节奏紧凑、快速触键的富有自由即兴性的键盘乐曲。

幻想曲fantasia

形式自由，给人以即兴创作或自由幻想之感的器乐曲 。

随想曲capriccio

形式自由的赋格式的幻想曲，19世纪后是一种富于幻想的即兴性器乐曲 。

狂想曲rhapsody

始于19世纪初以民族或民间曲调为主要素材的具有鲜明民族特色的器乐幻想曲 。

练习曲study

为提高乐器演奏者技术水平而写的乐曲 。

无词歌songs wighout

抒情的小型器乐曲，有伴奏声部，旋律声肯蟾枨母智偾?。

浪漫曲romance

罗曼司，主要指具有抒情性的声乐曲和富有歌唱性的器乐曲 。

叙事曲ballade

富于叙事性、戏剧性的钢琴独奏曲 。

夜曲nocturne

流行于18世纪西洋贵族社会中的器乐套曲，常在夜间露天演奏 。

小夜曲serenade

晨歌的对称。起源于中世纪欧洲吟唱诗人在恋人窗前所唱的情歌 。

谐谑曲scherzo

诙谐曲。节奏强烈，速度较快、轻松活泼的三拍子器乐曲或声乐曲。

间奏曲intermezzo

为歌剧或戏剧中的过场音乐或幕间曲；另一种为形式较自由篇幅较小的器乐曲。

赋格曲fugue

拉丁文音译意为遁走。以复调手法写成的大型乐曲 。

卡农canon

纯以模仿手法构成的复调音乐形式。

轮唱曲round

用同度或八度卡农手法写成的声乐曲 。

创意曲invention

复调结构的钢琴小曲。类似前奏曲或小赋格曲。巴赫始用此名称 。

练声曲vocalization

没有歌词而用韵母、音节或唱名演唱的声乐练习曲 。

回旋曲rondo

由相同的主部和几个不同的插部交替出现而构成的乐曲 。

变奏曲variation

主题及其一系列变化反复，并按照统一的艺术构思而组成的乐曲 。

进行曲march

用步伐节奏写成的乐曲 。

特性曲character piece

指富于诗情画意和生活情趣的器乐小曲，主要是钢琴小曲 。

晨歌alborada

起源于西班牙西北部的加利西亚的田园风味乐曲 。

田园曲pastorable

原为欧洲16-17世纪一种乡村题材的戏剧表演，歌剧的前身之一。近代音乐中是模仿牧人所吹肖姆管曲调和圣诞吹奏乐的器乐曲或声乐曲，源于意大利。

船歌barcarolle

威尼斯船工所唱的歌曲以及模仿这种歌曲的声乐曲和器乐曲 。

悲歌elegy

表现哀伤情绪的声乐曲或器乐曲 。

摇篮曲berceuse

抒情声乐曲或器乐曲。描写摇篮摆动的节奏，近似船歌。

嬉游曲divertimento

18世纪欢娱宾客的一种器乐重奏组曲 。

即兴曲impromptu

偶发创作的抒情特性曲，19世纪成为器乐短曲曲名，形式类似歌曲 。

无穷动perpetuum mobile

从头至尾贯穿着急速节奏的乐曲 。

小品bagatelle

轻快，幽默的特性曲，常为钢琴小曲 。

幽默曲humoreske

富于幽默风趣或表现恬淡朴素、明朗愉快情致的器乐曲。

新事曲novellette

始创于r.舒曼的一种钢琴特性曲 。

演绎曲paraphrase

14--16世纪教会音乐中的演绎曲是自由加工的素歌旋律。f.李斯特借用此名称称其为著名声乐曲和器乐曲，特别是为歌剧选曲所作的钢琴改编曲为演绎曲 。

舞曲dance music

根据舞蹈节奏写成的器乐曲或声乐曲 。

小步舞曲menuet

起源于法国民间的三拍子舞曲，因舞步极小而得名。

加沃特gavotte

起源于法国民间的中速、四拍子舞曲 。

塔兰泰拉tarantella

起源于意大利的速度迅急、情绪热烈的舞曲 。

波尔卡polka

起源于捷克的速度较快的二拍子舞曲 。

华尔兹waltz

圆舞曲。一种起源于奥地利民间的三拍子舞曲。

马祖卡mazurka

起源于波兰民间的情绪活泼热烈的三拍子双人舞曲 。

波罗乃兹polonaise

波兰舞曲。起源于波兰民间的庄重，缓慢的三拍子舞曲 。

哈巴涅拉habanera

阿伐奈拉。由非洲黑人传入古巴的中速二拍子舞曲 。

探戈tango

起源非洲后传入阿根廷的中速、二拍子或四拍子的舞曲。

偶又找了一些放在楼主这儿

独唱solo

由一人演唱，常用乐器或乐队伴奏的演唱形式，有时也用人声伴唱

齐唱unison

两人以上的歌唱者，按同度或八度音程关系同时演唱同一旋律的演唱形式

重唱ensemble

每个声部均由一人演唱的多声部声乐曲及演唱形式。按声部或人数分二重唱、三重唱、四重唱

领唱lead a chorus

由一人唱众人和的演唱形式

合唱chorus

两组以上的演唱者，各按本组所担任的声部演唱同一乐曲的演唱形式

无伴奏合唱

a cappella

纯粹由人声演唱不用乐器伴奏的合唱形式

合奏ensemble

由多种乐器组成，常按乐器种类的不同而分为若干组，各组分别担任某些声部，演奏同一乐曲的演奏形式

伴奏accompaniment

由一件或多件乐器奏出，用以衬托主要的歌唱或器乐演奏部分。用以烘托舞蹈的器乐配乐也常称为伴奏

独奏solo

由一人演奏某一乐器，常用其他乐器或乐队伴奏

齐奏unison

两个以上的演奏者，按同度或八度音程关系同时演奏同一曲调

室内乐chamber music

通常指由少数人演奏，演唱的重奏曲、重唱曲。

二重奏duet

由两件乐器分奏两个声部的室内乐

三重奏trio

由三件乐器分奏三个声部的室内乐

弦乐三重奏string trio

由小提琴、中提琴、大提琴分奏三个声部的室内乐

钢琴三重奏piano trio

由钢琴与另两件乐器（弦乐器或管乐器）演奏的室内乐

四重奏quartet

由四件乐器分奏四个声部的室内乐

弦乐四重奏string quartet

由两个小提琴，一个中提琴、一个大提琴演奏的室内乐

钢琴四重奏piano quartet

由小提琴、中提琴、大提琴、钢琴演奏的室内乐

五重奏quintet

由五件乐器分奏五个声部的室内乐

弦乐五重奏string quintet

由两把小提琴、两把中提琴、一把大提琴（或一把中提琴、两把大提琴）演奏的室内乐

钢琴五重奏piano quintet

由四件弦乐器与钢琴演奏的室内乐

歌剧opera

综合音乐、诗歌、舞蹈等艺术而以歌唱为主的一种戏剧形式。

轻歌剧operetta

题材轻松、内容抒情、结构短小的一种戏剧性歌剧

音乐喜剧musical comedy

融戏剧、歌舞、音乐于一体的一种音乐剧。富于幽默情趣与戏剧色彩，音乐通俗易懂。

咏叹调aria

西洋歌剧、清唱剧或康塔塔中的独唱曲

宣叙调recitative

一种用以代替对白的歌剧。节奏自由，曲调接近与朗诵

歌曲song

由歌词和音乐相结合、以表达思想、抒发情感的一种声乐体裁。

艺术歌曲art song

侧重表现人的内心世界，歌词多采用著名诗词，曲调表现力强的抒情歌曲

声乐套曲song cycle

以同一诗人的诗为歌词，由一组内容为同一主题，同一故事歌曲组成的音乐统一体

民歌folksong

民间口头流传的歌曲

牧歌madrigal

由14世纪意大利田园曲演变成的多声部声乐曲

清唱剧oratorio

神剧或圣剧，介于歌剧和康塔塔之间的多乐章大型声乐套曲

康塔塔cantata

多乐章的大型声乐套曲

大合唱grand vocal cycle

包括独唱、重唱、对唱、齐唱与合唱（有时穿插朗诵）的，通常由管弦乐队伴奏的多乐章的大型声乐套曲

声部voice

凡结合两行以上的旋律或两个以上的音同时进行的音乐，称多声部音乐，其中每一行旋律或构成和弦进行的每一条音的线条即为一个声部

美声唱法bel canto

意大利文为优美的歌唱，并兼有美丽的歌曲的含义

女高音soprano

女声音域中最高的声部

次女高音

mezzo soprano

次于女高音的女声。音域在女高音与女中音之间。（有人将次女高音称为女中音）

女中音

alto或contralto

女声最低的声部。（有人将女中音称为女低音）

抒情女高音lyric soprano

音色柔美、清丽的女高音

花腔女高音

coloratura soprano

音色绚丽轻巧而富有弹性的女高音

戏剧女高音

dramaltic soprano

音色壮实，浑厚有力的女高音

男高音tenor

最高的男声

男中音bariton

次于男高音的男声

男低音bass

次于男中音的男声

抒情男高音lyric tenor

音色恬美柔和而富于歌唱性的男高音

戏剧男高音

dramatic tenor

音色浓厚、壮实而饱满的富有英雄气慨的男高音

童声child’s voice

少年儿童在未变声以前的嗓音，音色与女声相似。无男女之分

假声falsetto

人们日常说话的声音为真声，与之不同的发声状态所发出的声音（男作女）为假声。其为成人的最高声区

经文歌motet

欧洲中世纪和文艺复兴时期演唱解释《圣经》的复调合唱歌曲

弥撒mass

天主教在举行弥撒仪式时所唱的复调风格声乐套曲

安魂曲requiem

追思曲。一种用于天主教追悼仪式的合唱套曲

音程interval

指两音间的距离，计算单位为“度”

名pitch names

指西洋音乐中的七个基本音级的名称，即cdefgab

唱名

syllable names

把七个基本音级依次唱出来的do、re、mi、fa、sol、la、si为唱名，简谱写作1234567

音区register

乐器或人声的整个音域

音域range

指某一乐器或人声所能发出的最低音到最高音之间的范围

标准音standard pitch

指音乐中用作定音标准的a1音，其频率为440赫兹。也就是c大调音阶中6（la）这个音

音高pitch

听觉赖以分辨乐音高低的一种特性

音阶scale

指调式中的各音从主音到其八度音，按音高次序排列而成的音列（如c大调的音阶为1234567i）

调式mode

指音阶的不同的组合形式。西洋音乐有大调式与小调式之分。

调key

调门。一般指某个调式的主音（起始音）的音高，这个主音音高的音名，就是这个调式的调（调门）的名称。

旋律melody

曲调。指音与音有组织的横向组合

节奏rhythm

指音的长短、强弱作周期性的变化的形态。一般将节奏、旋律、和声三者称为音乐形成的三大要素

节拍meter

乐曲中周期性出现的节奏序列

和声harmony

指两个以上的音按一定的音和关系同时发声的纵向组合。

速度tempo

指音乐进行时节拍的相对快慢程度

力度dynamics

指音乐演奏时音响的强弱程度。

曲式form

指乐曲的结构形式。其基本的模式有两种：二段式（二部曲式）和三段式（三部曲式）

主题theme

乐曲中具有特征的并处于显著地位的旋律。

副歌

accessory theme

指一首歌曲中每遍所唱的歌词都相同的部分。起着集中表达全曲中心思想的作用

乐句phrase

由许多乐节组成的，能表达一定意思的一个旋律

乐段period

由若干乐句组成的，表现一段大致完整的乐思的段落

二段体binary form

指由两个乐段组成的曲式，前后两段形成对比

三段体fernary form

由三个乐段组成的曲式。第一段与第三段相同或基本相同，第二段则具有对比性质

复三段体compound ternary form

由三个二段体或三段体组成的曲式。

乐章movement

大型套曲中在结构上有相对独立性的一个章节

前奏anabole

乐曲前面的序奏

华彩段cadenza

乐曲中由独奏者自由发挥其表演技术的段落，通常乐队暂停演奏

尾声postlude

指乐曲的结束部分，起着补充总结或推向高潮的作用

单声音乐monophony

由单一旋律所构成的音乐，包括没有伴奏的独唱、独奏、以及旋律作同度或八度重叠的齐唱、齐奏。

复调音乐polyphony

由若干旋律性声部同时进行而组成的乐曲，其每一个声部都同等地重要并具有独立性，但同时各声部又彼此形成和声关系

主调音乐homophony

在众多的声部中，以一个旋律性最强的声部为主，其余声部作为陪衬

指挥conductor

领导乐队或合唱队进行排练和演出的人

标题音乐program music

有文字说明乐曲内容的音乐作品。

古典音乐classical music

泛指时指过去时代具有典范意义或代表性的音乐（不含民间音乐）；专指时指维也纳古曲乐派的音乐或师法于该乐派的音乐

爵士乐jazz

本世纪初产生于叛国新奥尔良的一种溶合了黑人的散拍乐，灵歌与布鲁斯的音乐形式。

管弦乐团orchestra

由弦乐器、管乐器与打击乐器组成的大型器乐合奏团体。

交响乐团symphony orchestra

指大型的管弦乐团

铜管乐团brass band

由铜管乐器和部分打击乐器组成的乐团，其有别于兼有木管乐器的管乐团

管乐团wind band

由木管乐器、钢管乐器和打击乐器组成的吹奏乐团，也泛指军队中的军乐团或同一类型的管乐团

钢鼓乐团

steel band

由不同类型的铜鼓所组成的乐团，人数几十至百余人不等