英语语法精讲系列 第13讲:主语补足语和宾语补足语

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英语语法精讲系列 第13讲:主语补足语和宾语补足语

2024-04-19 18:31| 来源: 网络整理| 查看: 265

什么是补足语

补足语(complement)是一种补足主语或宾语意义的句子成分。补足主语意义的句子成分叫做主语补足语(subject complement),补足宾语意义的句子成分叫做宾语补足语(object complement)。

一、形容词用作主语补足语

形容词用作主语补足语时常置于主语之前,后有逗号。如:

(1) Tired and sleepy, I went to bed. 我又累又困,就去睡了。

(2) Steady and punctual, he started writing and left off at the same hours each day. 他持稳而准时,每天皆按时开始和停止写作。

有时亦可置于主语之后,前后皆有逗号,与非限定性定语相似。如:

(3) The man, cruel beyond believe, didn't listen to their pleadings. 那人不可置信地残酷,不听取他们的恳求。

(4) Chen, only 130 metres tall, won her third gold when she triumphed in the individual floor exercises. 陈,只有1.3米高,却在个人自由体操中获得成功,夺得第三块个人金牌。

主语补足语亦常置于谓语动词之后,全句形成“主+谓+主补”结构。如:

(5) Maggie gaped round-eyed. 麦姬目瞪口呆。

(6) Are you all right? You act strange. 你病了吗?你有点异乎寻常呀。

主语补足语在被动句中应放在被动语态之后。如:

(7) He was found dead. 他被发现死了。(在主动句中dead是宾语补足语)

主语补足语亦可置于宾语之后,全句形成“主+谓+宾+主补”结构。如:

(8) He got off the bench very nervous. 他不安地从长凳上下来。

(9) She gazed at him speechless for a moment. 她无言凝视了他一会儿。

上述谓语和宾语之后的主语补足语之前皆不用逗号。但如与主语的关系比较松散,主语补足语之前亦可用逗号。如:

(10) Her gaze travelled round, irresolute. 她犹疑不决,向四周凝视。

(11) He found a young and beautiful girl, who kept shouting and crying, obviously mad. 他发现了一个年轻貌美的姑娘,这个姑娘又喊又哭, 分明是疯了。

二、其它语素作主语补语

可用作主语补足语的词语除形容词外,还有名词、数词、不定式、分词、介词短语、从句等。如:

(12) He was called Oliver Barret. 他名叫奥利弗•巴雷特。(名词用作主语补足语,位于被动语态之后)

(13) Lincoln was born a poor farmer's boy and died President of the United States. 林肯生下来时是一个贫苦农民的儿子,死时则是美国 的总统。(名词短语a poor farmer’s boy是主语补足语,位于被动语态之后;名词短语President of the United States亦用作主语补足语,位于谓语动词之后)

(14) He was seen to go upstairs. 有人看见他上楼去了。(不定式短语用作主语补足语,位于被动语态之后)

(15) Starting as a street vendor, he is now general manager of a trading corporation in Beijing. 他原来是一个街道摊贩,现在则是北京一家贸易公司的总经理。(现在分词短语用作主语补足语)

(16) He came home quite changed. 他回到家时已完全变了。(过去分词短语用作主语补足语)

(17) He came home out of humour. 他回到家时很不高兴。(介词短语用作主语补足语,位于谓语动词之后)

(18) People are just born what color they are. 人们的肤色是天生的。(名词性从句用作主语补足语)

有时用作主语补足语的名词、代词、形容词、分词等之前可加上介词as (有的语法家将这种as叫做限定词)而意义不变。如:

(19) As a true friend he stood by me to the end. 作为我的真挚朋友,他力挺我一直到底。(用作主语补足语的名词之前有as)

(20) He is a model worker and he is respected as such. 他是一位模范工作者,并因此受到尊敬。(用作主语补 语的代词such之前必须有as)

(21) Even as a young boy, he was regarded as very promising. 他早在少年时代已被认为将大有作为。(用作主语补语的名词短语a young boy之前有even as;用作主语补足语的形容词短语very promising之前有as,as在此不可少。)

(22) The successful enterprise will go down in local history as representing the best that our town can do. 这项企业将以本市的楷模而永垂于本市的历史。(用作主语补足语的现在分词短语之前有as,此as亦不可少) 主语补足语之前有时亦可用介词for。如:

(23) He was taken for my brother. 他被误认作我的兄弟。

三、宾语补足语

宾语补足语一般皆置于宾语之后。如:

(24) John wears his hair very long. 约翰留着很长的头发。

(25) She has her hands black. 她把手弄黑了。(如说black hands,则意谓她手的肤色是黑的)

但有时亦可置于宾语之前。如:

(26) He pushed open the door, went into the hall. 他将门推开,进入了大厅。(强调the door)

宾语补足语偶尔亦可置于主语之前。如:

(27) As the main eating implement, the Chinese use chopsticks every day. 中国人每天都要用筷子作为主要的吃饭用具。(为了强调)

四、宾语补足语常见语素

可以用作宾语补足语的有名词、形容词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语等。如:

(28) They named the child Jimmy. 他们将孩子命名为吉米。(名词用作宾语补足语)

(29) My mother looks so young that you would think her my sister. 我的母亲面很嫩,你会以为她是我的姐姐。(名词短语用作宾语补足语)

(30) She boiled the egg hard. 她将鸡蛋煮老了。(形容词用作宾语补足语)

(31) I found the book very interesting. 我发现那本书很有趣。(形容词短语用作宾语补足语)

(32) The comrades wanted Dr. Bethune to take cover. 同志们要白求恩大夫隐蔽一下。(不定式用作宾语补足语)

(33) Tom is ill. Let's go and see him. 汤姆病了,我们去看看吧。(不定式短语用作宾语补足语)

(34) I call robbing Peter to pay Paul. 我把这个叫做拆东墙补西墙。(动名词短语用作宾语补足语)

(35) I have guests coming. 我有客人要来。(现在分词用作宾语补足语)

(36) Can I have this parcel weighed here? 我可以在这儿称一下这个包裹吗?(过去分词短语用作宾语补足语)

(37) I found everything in good condition. 我发现一切情况都很好。(介词短语用作宾语补足语) 宾语补足语之前有时有as而意义不变。如:

(38) I regard this as of great importance. 我认为这个具有重要意义。

在某些情况下,宾语补足语之前可用for。如:

(39) Don't take his kindness for granted. 不要把他的友善看作是当然的事。



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