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1、The Passive Voice概述概述 被动语态在英语中的使用非常普遍，尤其以科技英语为被动语态在英语中的使用非常普遍，尤其以科技英语为甚。而汉语的被动结构并不常见，因为从习惯上将，汉语中甚。而汉语的被动结构并不常见，因为从习惯上将，汉语中的的“被被”、“遭遭”、“受受”、“挨挨”等字眼总是给人以不那等字眼总是给人以不那么舒服的感觉，应此在英汉翻译时，往往尽量将被动语态化么舒服的感觉，应此在英汉翻译时，往往尽量将被动语态化为主动。英译汉被动语态的常用方法有：为主动。英译汉被动语态的常用方法有：1.将英语被动语态将英语被动语态转为主动（包括保持原主语不变、转换主语、宾语位置、增转为主动（包括

2、保持原主语不变、转换主语、宾语位置、增添适当主语等）；添适当主语等）；2.将英语被动语态转为汉语的无主句；将英语被动语态转为汉语的无主句；3.英语被动语态保持不变；英语被动语态保持不变；4.英语被动语态用汉语其他手段代英语被动语态用汉语其他手段代替。替。汉语的被动结构一般有三种情况，一是带有汉语的被动结构一般有三种情况，一是带有“被被”、“遭遭”、“受受”、“挨挨”等被动标签的句子；二是不带这些等被动标签的句子；二是不带这些被动标签的汉语句子，而后者更为常见；三是原文本身是主被动标签的汉语句子，而后者更为常见；三是原文本身是主动句，但根据句式重心或表达的需要，在翻译时需译作被动动句，但根据句式

3、重心或表达的需要，在翻译时需译作被动语态。语态。I.The Passive Voice in E-C Translation Comparing with English,the passive voice is seldom used in Chinese.Therefore,in E-C Translation,we should try to convert the passive into various“active”patterns instead of sticking to the English patterns.And the following are usual met

4、hods of translating English sentences in the passive voice.Converting the passive Voice into the Active (1)Keeping the original Subject unchanged The whole country was armed in a few days.几天之内全国就几天之内全国就武装起来了武装起来了。The sense of inferiority that he acquired in his youth has never been totally eradicate

5、d.他在青少年时期留下的自卑感他在青少年时期留下的自卑感还远远没有完全消除还远远没有完全消除。Every moment of every day,energy is being transformed from one form into another.每时每刻，能量都在由一种形式每时每刻，能量都在由一种形式变为变为另一种形式。另一种形式。Since the first test of the atomic bomb the world has learnt the atom can be split and its power can be used.自从第一颗原子弹试验以来，全世界都已知

6、道，原子自从第一颗原子弹试验以来，全世界都已知道，原子可分裂可分裂，原子能，原子能可利用可利用。Nuclear powers danger to health,safety,and even life itself can be summed up in one word:radiation.核能对健康、安全核能对健康、安全,甚至对生命本身构成的危险可以用一甚至对生命本身构成的危险可以用一个词个词辐射来概括。辐射来概括。On Practice has been translated into many foreign languages.实践论实践论已译成已译成许多国家的文字。许多国家的文字。

7、“One country,two systems”has been adopted to suit Chinas conditions and is not an expedient measure.采取采取“一国两制一国两制”适合适合中国国情，并非权宜之计。中国国情，并非权宜之计。(2)Changing Original Object into Subject By the end of the war 800 people had been saved by the organization.到大战结束时，到大战结束时，这个组织这个组织拯救了拯救了800人。人。A new way of d

8、isplaying time has been given by electronics.电子技术电子技术提供了一种新的显示时间的方法。提供了一种新的显示时间的方法。Communications satellites are used for international live transmission throughout the world.全世界全世界都将通信卫星用于国际间的实况转播。都将通信卫星用于国际间的实况转播。If bad weather is expected,the forecaster must be able to suggest another airport wit

9、hin the range of the aircraft where the weather will be suitable for landing.如果如果预计预计天气恶劣，天气预报人员必须能够在该飞机航天气恶劣，天气预报人员必须能够在该飞机航程内提出另一个天气适合着陆的机场。程内提出另一个天气适合着陆的机场。In order to do research in nuclear physics,the young teachers are required to complete a two-year graduate course.为了能进行核物理方面的研究，要求这些青年教师读为了能进

10、行核物理方面的研究，要求这些青年教师读完两年研究生课程。完两年研究生课程。Much has been said about the complication of the nuclear power station reactor.有关原子能电站反应堆的复杂性有关原子能电站反应堆的复杂性已经谈得很多了已经谈得很多了。Here is a clear case of the course of human history being affected by the scientific and technological revolution.这里有一个科学和技术革命这里有一个科学和技术革命影响影

11、响人类历史进程的明显人类历史进程的明显例子。例子。(3)Changing the Passive into the Predicative“是是”The picture was painted by the Professor Smith.这幅画这幅画是是史密斯教授画的。史密斯教授画的。The house was built of wood in 1985.这座房子这座房子是是1985年用木头修建的。年用木头修建的。The volume is not measured in square millimeters.It is measured in cubic millimeters.体积体积不

12、是不是以平方毫米以平方毫米计量的计量的，而，而是是以立方毫米以立方毫米计量的计量的。How can a series of motionless,or still,pictures be blended on a screen to produce motion pictures?一组不动的即静止的图片一组不动的即静止的图片是是怎样在银幕上连到一起怎样在银幕上连到一起合合成成电影的呢？电影的呢？The credit system in America was first adopted by Harvard University in 1872.美国的学分制美国的学分制是是1872年在哈佛大学

13、首先年在哈佛大学首先实施的实施的。In the old society，women were looked down upon.在旧社会，妇女们在旧社会，妇女们是受歧视的是受歧视的。(4)Adding a Subject to Make the Chinese Version Smooth To explore the moons surface,rockets were launched again and again.为了探测月球的表面，为了探测月球的表面，人们人们一次又一次地发射火箭。一次又一次地发射火箭。Salt is known to have a very strong corro

14、ding effect on metals.大家大家知道，盐对金属有很强的腐蚀作用。知道，盐对金属有很强的腐蚀作用。It is well known that smoking is harmful to the health.众所周知众所周知，吸烟有害健康。，吸烟有害健康。It must be admitted that only when we get a taste of its abuse will we feel the full meaning of cloning.我们必须承认我们必须承认，只有当我们尝到克隆被滥用的恶果之后，只有当我们尝到克隆被滥用的恶果之后，我们才会彻底明白其价

15、值所在。，我们才会彻底明白其价值所在。Little Derick was found at his book in the reading room.有人看见有人看见小德里克在阅览室看书。小德里克在阅览室看书。During the enquiry,it was discovered that her death had not been an accident.在调查中，人们发现她并非死于意外事故。在调查中，人们发现她并非死于意外事故。2.Converting the Passive Voice into a Subjectless Sentence Omission of the subje

16、ct is one of the typical features of Chinese syntax.Therefore,in the practice of E-C translation,we may translate the passive voice into a subjectless sentence.The unpleasant must be immediately put to an end.必须立即终止必须立即终止这种讨厌的噪声。这种讨厌的噪声。Attention has been paid to the new measures to prevent corrosio

17、n.已经注意到已经注意到采取防腐新措施。采取防腐新措施。Best surface finish is provided by machining methods,especially by grinding.用机械加工方法，特别是磨削，可以用机械加工方法，特别是磨削，可以获得获得最佳表面光最佳表面光洁度。洁度。Smoking is prohibited in library.图书馆内图书馆内严禁严禁吸烟。吸烟。You are supposed to pay right after the books are delivered.书到后书到后应应立即付款。立即付款。Quality of prod

18、ucts must be guaranteed first.首先要首先要确保确保产品的质量。产品的质量。The goods are urgently needed.急需急需此货。此货。Children should be taught to speak the truth.应该应该教育教育儿童讲真话。儿童讲真话。3.Keeping the Passive Structure Unchanged Sometimes,we may keep the passive voice unchanged,especially when it comes to something unpleasant.An

19、d the following are some typical patterns.(1)Rendering into Chinese by Using“被被”or“给给”If the scheme is disapproved,work on the project will stop immediately.如果方案如果方案被否决被否决，这项工程将立即停工。，这项工程将立即停工。At the end of the month he was fired for incompetence.月底，他因不胜任工作而月底，他因不胜任工作而被解雇了被解雇了。Any minute we would su

20、rely be spotted by enemy planes flying in and out of the airfield.我们随时都会我们随时都会被被出入机场的敌机出入机场的敌机发现发现。I was possessed by the novelty of what I did.我我被被自己所干的事的新鲜劲迷住了。自己所干的事的新鲜劲迷住了。The novel I had thrown away was chosen by the Book Society.我一度扔掉的那部小说或来我一度扔掉的那部小说或来被被书社选中。书社选中。If this suggestion is accepte

21、d,it should not be considered as a precedent.如果此项建议如果此项建议被被接受，以后不得引以为例。接受，以后不得引以为例。(2)Rendering into Chinese by using“被被”or“受受”Our foreign policy is supported by the people all over the world.我们的对外政策我们的对外政策受受到全世界人民的支持。到全世界人民的支持。He was set upon by two masked men.他他遭遭到两个蒙面男子的袭击。到两个蒙面男子的袭击。Everyone was

22、 fed up with her gossip.人人都人人都受受够了她的流言蜚语。够了她的流言蜚语。Therefore,when we are received with so much honor and so much kindness in this great country I believed that the Peoples Republic of China is doing a very significant thing.因此，当我们在这个伟大的国家里因此，当我们在这个伟大的国家里受受到这样隆重和盛情到这样隆重和盛情的接待时，我认为中华人民共和国这样做是具有重大意义的的接待

23、时，我认为中华人民共和国这样做是具有重大意义的。(3)Rendering into Chinese by Using“为为所所”Such conduct will be looked down upon by all with a sense of decency.这种行为将会这种行为将会为为一切有良知的人一切有良知的人所所蔑视。蔑视。As soon as all the facts have been found out,we can begin to formulate a theory.一旦所有的事实一旦所有的事实为为人们人们所所发现，理论即可形成。发现，理论即可形成。All the b

24、uildings were destroyed in a big fire.所有的建筑物均所有的建筑物均为为一场大火一场大火所所焚毁。焚毁。The atomic theory was not accepted until the last century.原子学说直到上世纪才原子学说直到上世纪才为为人们人们所所接受。接受。4.Replacing the Passive Voice with Other Means In some cases,however,the passive voice in English cannot be rendered into good Chinese by

25、any of the above means.Therefore,it is up to the translator to adjust or remold the whole structure,trying to find a readable and smooth Chinese version.For example:The village is populated by about 13,000 farmers.这个村子里这个村子里住着住着大约大约13，000个农民。个农民。Most trees are denuded of leaves in winter.大多数树木冬天要大多数

26、树木冬天要落落叶。叶。The news was passed on by word of mouth.众口相传，消息众口相传，消息不胫而走不胫而走。He was told that two of them seemed unlikely to make the grade.他已他已得知得知他们中有两个人好像不能及格。他们中有两个人好像不能及格。She and her husband have been asked out for the banquet.她和丈夫她和丈夫应邀应邀赴宴去了。赴宴去了。He has been wedded to translation.他与翻译他与翻译结下不解之缘结

27、下不解之缘。She did not wish to be troubled.她不愿她不愿别人麻烦她别人麻烦她。Reflections and PracticePut the following sentences into Chinese,paying attention to the conversion of the voice.1.The oil of the world will have been used up,and man will be using the more convenient power obtained from the splitting of the ato

28、m.2.Care should be taken to decrease the length of time that one is subjected to loud continuous noise.3.Goodyear,an American,had been trying for years to find a way in which rubber could be made hard,non-stick,and yet elastic.4.We are taught that business letters should be written in a formal style

29、 rather than a personal one.5.She told me that her master had dismissed her.No reason had been given;no objection had been made to her conduct.She had been forbidden to appeal to her mistress.6.The rusting of iron is one example of corrosion,which may be described as the destructive chemical attack

30、on a metal by media with which it comes in contact,such as moisture,air and water.7.It has been noted with concern that the stock of books in the library has been declining alarmingly.Students are asked to remind themselves of the rules for the borrowing and return of books,and to bear in mind the n

31、eeds of other students.Penalties for overdue books will in the future be strictly enforced.Britains younger workers have been hit especially hard by the financial crisis.The economy crisis has taken its toe on Britains youth.One million plus are now unemployed.More than 22%are those aged 16 to 24.It

32、 might be worse in London if it is not for the upcoming Summer Olympics.Some of the Olympic money has gone to help London disadvantage youth to get job training.The majoring upcoming event is offering some opportunities.With the Olympic games approaching,the whole London is changing.A new opportunit

33、y is developing.But by the autumn,the Olympics will be over.And many of the temporary jobs will go.So the worry is what could we do after the Olympics.经济危机已给英国的年轻人带来深重的影响。现在有一经济危机已给英国的年轻人带来深重的影响。现在有一百多万人失业。这些人中超过百多万人失业。这些人中超过22%的人年龄集中于十六至二的人年龄集中于十六至二十四岁。要不是因为即将来临的夏季奥运会，这十四岁。要不是因为即将来临的夏季奥运会，这 种情况在伦种情

34、况在伦敦可能会更为严重。奥运会一部分收入已经用来帮助伦敦的敦可能会更为严重。奥运会一部分收入已经用来帮助伦敦的弱势青年进行职业培训。即将来临的盛事刚好提供了一些机弱势青年进行职业培训。即将来临的盛事刚好提供了一些机会。随着奥运会的临近，整个伦敦会。随着奥运会的临近，整个伦敦 都正在改变着。新机遇应都正在改变着。新机遇应运而生。但到了秋季，奥运会将会结束。届时许多临时性的运而生。但到了秋季，奥运会将会结束。届时许多临时性的工作将不复存在。因此我们担忧的是奥运会结束之后我们该工作将不复存在。因此我们担忧的是奥运会结束之后我们该怎么办。怎么办。【评析评析】第一句的被动语态，我们在汉译过程中，一般转被

35、第一句的被动语态，我们在汉译过程中，一般转被动态为主动，通常会用到动态为主动，通常会用到“给给，使，使，让，让”这这种表达方式。因此大家在学习翻译过程中多积累汉语的表种表达方式。因此大家在学习翻译过程中多积累汉语的表达习惯。不必要死扣字字对应。达习惯。不必要死扣字字对应。It might be worse in London if it is not for the upcoming Summer Olympics.翻译这个句子，先要清翻译这个句子，先要清楚楚“it”指代什么，然后指代什么，然后if从句和前面的主句的译文调整一从句和前面的主句的译文调整一下表达顺序。这就是翻译中的所谓下表达顺序

36、。这就是翻译中的所谓“顺序译法或倒序译法顺序译法或倒序译法”“The majoring upcoming event is offering some opportunities.”“the whole London is changing.”文中用了几次现在进行时，翻译灵活处理，不必都翻成文中用了几次现在进行时，翻译灵活处理，不必都翻成“正在正在”And many of the temporary jobs will go.这一句这一句注意注意”go”的译法，显然这里不再是其常见意义的译法，显然这里不再是其常见意义“去去”，而是指工作会不存在了。而是指工作会不存在了。II.Passive S

37、tructures in C-E Translation Owing to its unpleasant connotation,the passive is less commonly used in the Chinese than in English,and more often than not,the passive implication of a Chinese sentence is disguised in its object-first structure.For example,“作业做完了作业做完了”，“任务完成了任务完成了”，“路修好了路修好了”，etc.Thes

38、e Chinese sentences,seemingly without passive labels,actually should be treated as passive structures.Generally speaking,Chinese passive structures may be roughly classified into two categories,i.e.sentences with or without passive labels.When translated into English,both of them should be rendered

39、into passive structures.Besides,some Chinese“active”structures also should be converted into the passive voice for the purpose of emphasis.Chinese Sentences with Passive Labels This category includes such Chinese expressions as“被、受、遭、给、让、挨、叫、为被、受、遭、给、让、挨、叫、为所、加以、所、加以、予以予以”,and so on.We may simply co

40、py the Chinese passive structures and translate them into corresponding English sentences.他他被选为被选为校学生会主席。校学生会主席。He was elected Chairman of the Students Union of this university.她她深受深受大家的尊敬。大家的尊敬。She is greatly respected by everyone.窗上的玻璃窗上的玻璃叫叫那个孩子那个孩子打破了打破了，他一定要，他一定要挨骂挨骂的。的。The windowpane was broke

41、n by the child;he will certainly be scolded.社会主义思想体系已为全国人民社会主义思想体系已为全国人民所接受所接受。Socialist ideology has been accepted by all the people of the country.该计划将由一个特别委员会该计划将由一个特别委员会加以审查加以审查。The plan will be examined by a special committee.However,not all Chinese sentences with passive labels should be trans

42、lated into English passive voice,especially when it comes to an intransitive verb.老太太老太太被被风风吹病了吹病了。The old lady fell ill because of the draught.天太冷，水管都天太冷，水管都给冻住了给冻住了。It was so cold that the water pipes froze.2.Chinese Sentences without Passive Labels Sentences of this category seem to be active in

43、structure,but actually passive in meaning,with their Subjects being logical objects of the predicate verbs.这座桥将在今年年底这座桥将在今年年底建成建成。The construction of the bridge will be completed by the end of this year.知识分子的问题就是在这样的基础上知识分子的问题就是在这样的基础上提出来提出来的。的。On such a basis has the question of the intellectuals b

44、een raised.来宾来宾请请出示入场券。出示入场券。Visitors are requested to show their tickets.3.Converting the“Active”Structure into the Passive Voice This is the usual case when the object of the action is emphasized,or for the sake of coherence.我国各族人民每年都要我国各族人民每年都要热烈庆祝热烈庆祝“十一十一”国庆节。国庆节。National Day is enthusiasticall

45、y celebrated on Oct.1 by the Chinese people of all nationalities every year.中美已经中美已经建立了建立了外交关系。外交关系。Diplomatic relations have been established between China and the United States of America.一群人立刻把他一群人立刻把他围住了围住了，向他，向他提出提出一个又一个的问题一个又一个的问题 Very soon he was surrounded by a crowd and was snowed under the

46、 questions.每每逢逢假日的下午，我总要漫步周围的乡村。假日的下午，我总要漫步周围的乡村。My holidays afternoons were spent in ramble about the surrounding country.疾病必须疾病必须先确诊先确诊，再，再 用药用药。Illness must be correctly diagnosed before they can be treated with medicine.这条大河这条大河发源于发源于那座山。那座山。The long river is originated from that high mountain.老

47、师对回答老师对回答感到满意感到满意。The teacher was satisfied with the answer.他出现在舞台上，观众他出现在舞台上，观众给予给予热烈的掌声。热烈的掌声。He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.口试时，口试时，问了问了10个问题，她全部答对了。个问题，她全部答对了。She was asked ten questions in the oral examination and answered every one of them correctly.4.The Tra

48、nslation of Some Idiomatic Chinese Expressions Some Chinese expressions for emphasis may be conveniently converted into the English passive structure in the pattern“It be+adj.(p.p.)+that clause”.众所周知众所周知，火药是中国古代的四大发明之一。，火药是中国古代的四大发明之一。It is well-known that gunpowder is one of the four great inventio

49、ns of the ancient Chinese people.据谣传据谣传，那场事故是由于玩忽职守而造成的。，那场事故是由于玩忽职守而造成的。It is rumored that the accident was due to negligence.应该说应该说，情况基本上是健康的。，情况基本上是健康的。It should be said that the situation is basically sound.必须指出必须指出，有些问题还需要澄清。，有些问题还需要澄清。It must be pointed out that some questions have yet to be c

50、larified.人们希望人们希望两国能将这些机会转变成实实在在的成果。两国能将这些机会转变成实实在在的成果。It is hoped that both countries would turn these opportunities into tangible outcomes.据说据说成功人士都善于早做计划。成功人士都善于早做计划。It is said that the successful guys are someone good at making plans beforehand.前几天我看了一篇关于人们度假方式的报道，前几天我看了一篇关于人们度假方式的报道，据报道据报道，近年来新