首先CTRA选择对逝者保持沉默

        铺天盖地的新闻报道里，存在大量词义混淆、用词不当等问题，所有的跑步都成了马拉松运动，央视也是如此。作者（晏鸿 - 在读硕士）硕士期间对越野跑进行过一定的研究，其中有一部分内容就是关于越野跑赛事相关概念，现将其发布出来，供大家参加，是依据国际上最新（2020）标准，对越野跑相关概念部分内容进行翻译，如果有翻译错误或者不准确，欢迎留言指正，希望中国越野跑赛事越来越规范。

国际上最新（2020）定义越野跑、山地跑、丘陵跑、天空跑、定向越野、障碍赛、和超级马拉松跑主要是从环境、地形、爬升、国际管理机构和距离来区分。

以下内容摘自《Defining Off-road Running: A Position Statement from the Ultra Sports Science Foundation》

原文：Trail running （越野跑）

        Trail running, the most popular discipline of off-road running, is defined as a foot race in a natural environment including mountains, deserts, forests, coastal areas, jungles/rainforests, grassy or arid plains over a variety of different terrains (e.g. dirt road, forest trail, single track, beach sand, etc.) with minimal paved or asphalt roads,not exceeding 20–25% of the total race course [10, 11]. This category has no restrictions on distance or elevation change. The route must be properly marked, meaning the runners will have enough information to complete the race without getting lost, either by means of physical markings (e. g. flags, tapes, and/or signs), global positioning system (GPS) coordinates, or map indication. The race is commonly self-sufficient, with athletes being autonomous between aid stations, regarding clothing, communications, food, and drink [10,11]. The race organisers may impose or recommend obligatory security equipment to reduce adverse effects or risks to athletes and ensure safety to athletes and officials, providing race specific plans for health, safety, and rescue. ITRA has been the governing body of international trail running since 2013, and was recognised by WA in 2015, and is defined by WA Rule 251 (formerly Rule 252) and the ITRA rules [10, 11]。

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原文：Cross country running （田径越野跑）

        Cross country running is a discipline governed by WA (Rule 250) and takes place off-road, in open or woodland areas, covered predominantly by grass, with natural obstacles [11]. The World Cross Country Championships are held over 10 km for men and women, with shorter distances for younger age groups (e.g. U20 men 8km and U20 women 6km). The racecourse is made up of approximately 1500 to 2000 m loops, with a recommended elevation of 10 m climb/loop and this should include natural obstacles. Macadamised surfaces are to be avoided, but if this is impossible within the course design, the route must be covered by grass, earth, or mats. The course must be clearly marked and should have a width of 5m. Organisers must ensure the safety of athletes and officials and races are fully supported [11]. Cross country running is both an individual and a team sport.

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原文：Mountain running （山地跑）

        Like trail running, mountain running is a discipline regulated by WA (and both were approved as of January 2019 under the same Rule 251) [11]. By definition, the same rules regarding terrain and surfaces apply as in trail running, as well as course markings. The vast majority of mountain running events are conducted off-road. However, some special exceptions do exist where mountain running events can be on a paved surface if there is a large elevation change on the course [11, 35], hence an overlap with road running can occur as depicted in 。The event distance is well defined and ranges from one kilometre up to the marathon distance, and the average incline should include a minimum of 5% and not exceed 25 %, with the most preferable average elevation gain being approximately 10–15% [11]. Mountain running events are generally fully supported and organisers must ensure the safety of athletes and officials [11]. They can be classified as uphill (‘classic uphill’), uphill & downhill (‘classic up & down’), vertical, and long-distance races. The average altitude gain or loss can vary from approximately 50–250 m climb/km. All these categories involve uphill and downhill sections whose inclinations exceed those normally present in a cross country race. In mountain running, the use of additional support equipment is not allowed (e. g. bags, sticks, ropes, and compasses). In the vertical category, the incline should be no less than 25%. The World Mountain Running Association (WMRA) is the governing body for mountain running and was first founded in 1984 under the name of the International Committee for Mountain Running; its name changed to WMRA in 1998. World champi- onship races are held in all disciplines, whereas classic uphill and classic up & down events traditionally alternate at world championships [11, 35].

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原文：Skyrunning （天空跑）

        Skyrunning comprises races performed in a mountain environment above 2000m above sea level (ASL) inclusive of extremely technical trails [36]. However, if the course has an average inclination of 6% over the entire course, it can take place below 2000m ASL. Skyrunning is regulated by the International Skyrunning Federation (ISF) [9], which is not recognized by WA. ISF divides the recognised races into three main disciplines: (i) Sky (20 to 49 km with 1300m vertical climb (VC)), (ii) Ultra (50–99 km with 3200 VC), and (iii) Vertical (uphill races of a maximum distance of 5km). Unlike mountain running and trail running, skyrunning can approach very technical mountain environments (e. g. glacier, moraine, scrambling sections equipped with ropes, etc.). There are several ISF-sanctioned and trademarked events, such as the Skyrunner® World Series, Vertical Kilometer® World Circuit, biennial world championships, and Vertical World Circuit (skyscraper racing) [9].

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原文：Fell running （丘陵跑）

        Fell running, also known as hill running, is a running discipline that takes place off-road, often including significant and difficult climbs. It can be classified by event duration (from a few minutes to 24 h;categories S,M, and L), event distance (short races of less than 10 km to marathon, or multi-day ultramarathon), different ascent categories (not less than 50 m climb/km on average, to not less than 20m climb/km; categories A to C), and amount of macadamised surfaces used in relation to total off-road race distance, not exceeding 40% if a significant ascent is included (no less than 20 m climb/km). There are also categories for orienteering and mountain marathon multi-day events in wild mountainous country (MM). The latter competitions are often held with pairs of runners, and competitors must carry all the equipment and sustenance for overnight camping. Navigation skills are often required and survival equipment is often mandatory [8,11]. There are several governing bodies in the United Kingdom, with the Fell Runners Association (FRA) being the biggest and oldest, having links with British Athletics, but it is not recognised internationally by WA [11]. The most important fell running event in the UK is the Ben Nevis race, held in Scotland since 1937. Although fell running shares some common features with trail, mountain, and cross country running, they present a distinct entity as shown in。

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原文：Orienteering （定向越野）

        Orienteering may encompass four different modality disciplines: foot, trail, ski, and mountain bike orienteering. The International Orienteering Federation (IOF) is the international governing body for the sport and is recognised by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), but not by WA [32]. In foot orienteering there is no marked route and the orienteer must navigate with a map and compass while running, often through rough ground, or unprepared forest terrain, or through open hills. Short-, middle-, and long-distance events exist, either for individuals or teams [32]. Orienteering events are primarily based on target winning times ranging, from approximately 12–15min for short races, 30–35min for middle races, and 70 and 100min for long races. Short distances predominantly take place on road, urban, or park terrain, while others are off-road, with annual world championship events. Trail orien teering was originally developed for people with limited mobility, but its participation by able-bodied competitors is now well established. Exact participation numbers are not available; however the IOF estimates that around 2 million orienteers participate globally in all four disciplines.

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原文：Ultramarathon running （超级马拉松）

        Ultramarathon running is defined by distance (i. e. any foot race longer than the traditional marathon distance of 42.195 km) rather than by terrain as the other off-road running disciplines. Therefore, no specific restrictions exist with regards to surface, terrain, and/or elevation change. Ultramarathons may be held on a track, road and/or trail. Events predominantly held on macadamised road surfaces, such as the 100km World Championships (under WA Rule 240) [11], are overseen and governed by the International Association of Ultrarunners (IAU), the international governing body for ultradistance running [37], which operates under the patronage of WA [11]. The nomenclature used by WA and IAU is ultra running. Other major IAU competitions include 50 km World Championships, 24 h World Championship, and ratifications of 100km world records [37].

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发展流程图

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希望我国相关职能部门、协会能够早日引入或结合我国山地越野自身地形条件等情况推出我国的越野跑分类标准，以此推进赛事的发展。

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