Python读写文件之换行符

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Python读写文件之换行符

2022-08-29 08:24| 来源: 网络整理| 查看: 265

系统的换行符和路径分隔符

os模块可以获取当前系统的换行符和路径分隔符

 

windows操作系统

>>> os.linesep                        

'\r\n'

>>> os.sep                            

'\\'

 

linux操作系统

>>> import os

>>> os.linesep #换行符

'\n'

>>> os.sep #路径分隔符

'/'

 

open函数的newline参数

open(file, mode='r', buffering=-1, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None, closefd=True, opener=None)

 

读取文件

newline = None(默认)

不指定newline,则默认开启Universal newline mode,所有\n, \r, or \r\n被默认转换为\n ;

newline = ''

不做任何转换操作,读取到什么就是什么

newline = 'the other legal values'

按照给定的换行符界定行

 

简单而言,读取文件时,newline参数默认,不管换行符是什么,都会被转换为\n

写入文件

newline = None(默认)

\n字符会被转换为各系统默认的换行符(os.linesep)

windows的换行符是\r\n,但是写入时,\r\n也会转换,转换为\r\r\n

newline = '' 或者newline = '\n'

不做任何操作

newline = 'the other legal values'

\n字符会被转换为给定的值

 

简单而言,使用字符串的rstrip()方法,去掉末尾的各种换行符

然后,加上\n,

写文件时,newline参数默认,\n字符会被转换为各系统默认的换行符(os.linesep)

 

示例1:编辑软件换行写,python原样读取和转换读取

向test.txt中写入如下内容:

with open('test.txt','r',newline='') as f: print(repr(f.read()))

with open('test.txt','r') as f: print(repr(f.read()))

 

'line1\r\nline2'

'line1\nline2'

 

结果符合预期

写入时

向txt写入时,回车插入\r\n

读取时

newline='',不做转换,原样输出'line1\r\nline2'

newline = None,转换\r\n为\n

 

示例2:python转换写\n,python原样读取和转换读取

with open('test.txt','w') as f: f.write('line1\nline2')

with open('test.txt','r',newline='') as f: print(repr(f.read()))

 

with open('test.txt','r') as f: print(repr(f.read()))

 

'line1\r\nline2'

'line1\nline2'

 

这个结果符合预期

写入时

newline = None,\n字符会被转换为各系统默认的换行符,会将\n转换为\r\n

读取时

newline='',不会转换\r\n,原样输出

newline = None,会将\r\n转换为\n

 

示例3:python原样写\n,python原样读取和转换读取

with open('test.txt','w',newline='') as f: f.write('line1\nline2')

with open('test.txt','r',newline='') as f: print(repr(f.read()))

with open('test.txt','r') as f: print(repr(f.read()))

 

'line1\nline2'

'line1\nline2'

 

结果符合预期

写入时

newline='',不会转换,原样写入'line1\nline2'

读取时

newline='',不会转换,原样输出'line1\nline2'

newline = None,会转换\r\n为\n,但是没有\r\n,所以显示的\n,也没问题

 

 

去掉字符串首尾的空白字符

\n,\r,\t,空格等

字符串的strip(),lstrip(),rstrip()

str.strip去掉字符串头和尾的空白字符

>>> help(str.strip)

                            

Help on method_descriptor:

strip(...)

S.strip([chars]) -> str

Return a copy of the string S with leading and trailing whitespace removed.

If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.

str.lstrip 去掉字符串头的空白字符

>>> help(str.lstrip)

                            

Help on method_descriptor:

lstrip(...)

S.lstrip([chars]) -> str

Return a copy of the string S with leading whitespace removed.

If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.

str.rstrip去掉字符串尾的空白字符

>>> help(str.rstrip)

                            

Help on method_descriptor:

 

rstrip(...)

S.rstrip([chars]) -> str

Return a copy of the string S with trailing whitespace removed.

If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.

拓展:linux和windows文件之间的拷贝

假设有一个linux下的unix.txt文件, 那么, 它在文件中的换行标志是:\n, 现在把unix.txt拷贝到Windows上, Windows找不到unix.txt中的\r\n, 所以,对于Windows而言, 压根就没有发现unix.txt有任何换行, 所以, 我们从Windows上看到的unix.txt文件显示在一行里面。win10的txt文件中\n也能识别为换行符了

 

同理, 假设Windows上有一个dos.txt文件, 那么, 它在文件中的换行标志是\r\n, 现在拷贝到linux下, linux遇到文件中的\n, 认为是换行, 至于其他的, 认为是正常的字符。 如此一来, \r就被当成了文件的正常部分,当这个文件是可执行脚本时,就会报错。

win7中只有\r\n被识别为换行符

>>> with open('test.txt','w',newline='') as f:

    f.write('line1\rline2\nline3\r\nline4')

24

>>> with open('test.txt','r',newline='') as f:

    f.read()

'line1\rline2\nline3\r\nline4'

 

win10中,\r,\n,\r\n都可以识别为换行

>>> b'\r'.hex()                            

'0d'

>>> b'\n'.hex()                        

'0a'

 

以上\r十六进制是0d,\n十六进制是0a

 

示例1:\r

with open('test.txt','w',newline='') as f: f.write('line1\rline2')with open('test.txt','r',newline='') as f: print(repr(f.read()))with open('test.txt','r') as f: print(repr(f.read()))

 

'line1\rline2'

'line1\nline2'

 

\r能换行

 

示例2:\n

with open('test.txt','w',newline='') as f: f.write('line1\nline2')with open('test.txt','r',newline='') as f: print(repr(f.read()))with open('test.txt','r') as f: print(repr(f.read()))

 

'line1\nline2'

'line1\nline2'

 

\n能换行

示例3:\r\n

with open('test.txt','w',newline='') as f: f.write('line1\r\nline2')with open('test.txt','r',newline='') as f: print(repr(f.read()))with open('test.txt','r') as f: print(repr(f.read()))

 

'line1\r\nline2'

'line1\nline2'

 

 

示例4:\r\r\n

with open('test.txt','w',newline='') as f: f.write('line1\r\r\nline2')with open('test.txt','r',newline='') as f: print(repr(f.read()))with open('test.txt','r') as f: print(repr(f.read()))

 

'line1\r\r\nline2'

'line1\n\nline2'

 

\r和\r\n都被识别为换行符

示例5:\r,newline=None

\n字符会被转换为各系统默认的换行符(os.linesep)

这里没有\n

 

with open('test.txt','w') as f: f.write('line1\rline2')with open('test.txt','r',newline='') as f: print(repr(f.read()))with open('test.txt','r') as f: print(repr(f.read()))

 

'line1\rline2' #不做转换,原样读取

'line1\nline2' #\r转换为\n

 

示例6:\n,newline=None

\n字符会被转换为各系统默认的换行符(os.linesep)

 

with open('test.txt','w') as f: f.write('line1\nline2')with open('test.txt','r',newline='') as f: print(repr(f.read()))with open('test.txt','r') as f: print(repr(f.read()))

'line1\r\nline2' #原样读取,不做转换,可以看到\n在写入时转换为\r\n

'line1\nline2' #转换读取,\r\n转换为\n

示例7:\r\n,newline=None

\n字符会被转换为各系统默认的换行符(os.linesep)

 

with open('test.txt','w') as f: f.write('line1\r\nline2')with open('test.txt','r',newline='') as f: print(repr(f.read()))with open('test.txt','r') as f: print(repr(f.read()))

 

'line1\r\r\nline2' #原样读取,不做转换,\r\r\n并没有转换为\r\r\r\n,检测到了\r\n

'line1\n\nline2' #转换读取,\r\n转换为\n

 

python中,只有\n被识别为换行符

 

word中,\r,\n,\r\n都可以识别为换行

>>> print('line1\rline2')                            

line1 line2

 

>>> print('line1\nline2')                            

line1

line2

 

>>> print('line1\r\nline2')                            

line1

line2

 

>>> print('line1\r\r\nline2')

line1

line2



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