本研究比较了纳滤 (NF)、反渗透 (RO) 和纳滤-反渗透 (NF-RO) 混合膜过滤系统在德里-NCR 地区处理咸水地下水的性能效率。应用响应面法 (RSM) 的中心复合设计 (CCD) 来制定预测模型，以优化和模拟各种响应，即. 水通量、脱盐率、产水回收率和单位能耗 (SEC)。评估了三种不同的输入因素（进料浓度、pH 值和压力）。使用方差分析 (ANOVA) 测试和验证 RSM 模型的重要性。还以图形方式比较了这些模型的预测能力。最佳条件由 NF 和 RO 膜中试装置的数值优化确定。最后，利用最佳条件研究了 NF 和 RO 的混合配置，以确定适合于微咸地下水修复的技术。尽管 RO 膜从地下水中消除了 99% 以上的 TDS，但较低的回收率使其对环境不利。结果表明混合系统的回收率 (40.35%) 大于单独的 RO (18.3）。因此，将混合膜布置与 NF-RO 相结合来处理微咸地下水以提高采收率并降低 SEC 是一种可行的替代方案。

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This research compares the performance efficiencies of Nanofiltration (NF), Reverse osmosis (RO), and Nanofiltration-Reverse Osmosis (NF-RO) hybrid membrane filtration systems, for treatment of brackish groundwater in Delhi-NCR region. Central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM) were applied to formulate predictive models for the optimization and simulation of various responses, viz. Water flux, salt rejection, permeate recovery and specific energy consumption (SEC). Three different input factors (feed concentration, pH and pressure) were evaluated. Significance of RSM model was tested and validated with use of an analysis of variance (ANOVA). The models were also compared graphically for their prediction ability. The optimum conditions were determined by numerical optimization of the NF and RO membrane pilot plants. Finally, hybrid configurations of NF and RO were investigated utilising the optimum conditions to identify the technology suitable for the remediation of brackish groundwater. Despite, RO membrane eliminating over 99% of TDS from groundwater, the lower recovery rate renders it environmentally unfavourable. Result indicates that recovery of the hybrid system (40.35%) was greater than that of RO alone (18.796%) and SEC also decreases (5.090–3.8 kW H/m3). Hence, combining a hybrid membrane arrangement with NF-RO to treat brackish groundwater for improved recovery and lower SEC is a viable alternative.