The microbial nitrogen-cycling network

翻译：翟志文 中科院遗传发育所

责编：刘永鑫 中科院遗传发育所

Nature Reviews Microbiology, [31.851]

https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro.2018.9

Published: 05 February 2018

第一作者：Marcel M. M. Kuypers

通讯作者：Marcel M. M. Kuypers [email protected]

合作作者：Hannah K. Marchant and Boran Kartal

作者单位: 德国，柏林，马普海洋微生物研究所

主编按：能发表在30分以上的综述，都是阅读了500-1000篇文献，大牛花了整年的时间，总结的教科书级别的学习材料，相关领域的学生有必要多读几遍。目前此文发表了近14个月，Google统计引用79次(截止19年4月21日)。而且氮是任何生命的重要元素，无论你研究的对象是动物、植物、微生物或环境，相信有本文氮循环的背景知识，定会让你文章的结果和讨论增色不少。

第一作和兼通讯作者Marcel Kuypers，目前发表本领域是相关文章176篇，其中包括Nautre、Science、PNAS等众多顶级期刊，引用达1.8万次，H指数高达67。

就看这专业背景，读不读你自己选！

Outline

Abstract

氮是所有生物的重要组成部分，也是限制我们星球上所有生命体的主要营养成分。目前为止，可自由获得氮的主要来源是大气中的氮气，但是大部分生物是依赖生物可利用的氮形式来生长，比如铵盐和硝酸盐。而这些基质的可利用性是依赖于不同的氮转化反应，这些氮转化反应是由具有多种多样新陈代谢功能的微生物构成的复杂网络而实现的。本综述在目前获得的新研究和新发现的背景下，对当前由微生物参与的氮转化过程进行描述，包括这些微生物构成的氮转化反应，参与氮转化的微生物以及它们的生理和环境功能，也对那些并未发现但可能会发生的反应进行了描述。此外，我们对由氮转化微生物之间的相互作用而构成的复杂网络和其对全球生物化学氮循环的影响进行了讨论。

Nitrogen is an essential component of all living organisms and the main nutrient limiting life on our planet. By far, the largest inventory of freely accessible nitrogen is atmospheric dinitrogen, but most organisms rely on more bioavailable forms of nitrogen, such as ammonium and nitrate, for growth. The availability of these substrates depends on diverse nitrogen-transforming reactions that are carried out by complex networks of metabolically versatile microorganisms. In this Review, we summarize our current understanding of the microbial nitrogen-cycling network, including novel processes, their underlying biochemical pathways, the involved microorganisms, their environmental importance and industrial applications.

Key points

Nitrogen is an essential component of all living organisms and the main nutrient limiting life on our planet. Its availability depends on diverse nitrogen-transforming reactions that are carried out by microorganisms.

Nitrogen-transforming microorganisms are metabolically versatile, rendering their classification as mere nitrifiers, denitrifiers and similar classes inadequate.

The classical nitrogen cycle consisting of distinct processes that follow each other in an orderly fashion does not exist. In nature, microorganisms form complex networks that link nitrogen-transforming reactions.

Microbial nitrogen-transforming networks both attenuate and exacerbate human-induced global change. They produce and consume the powerful greenhouse gas nitrous oxide, lead to eutrophication of aquatic systems and, at the same time, remove nitrogen from wastewater.

There are still many undiscovered nitrogen-transforming reactions that are thermodynamically feasible. The microorganisms catalysing these reactions and the involved biochemical pathways are waiting to be discovered.

Reductants：The electron-donating compounds in a redox reaction.

Oxygenic phototrophs: Organisms that obtain energy from light and use water as the electron donor, forming molecular oxygen and sugar as products.

Bacteriocytes: Special cells in animals that contain endosymbiotic bacteria

Thaumarchaeota: The phylum that contains the ammonia-oxidizing archaea.

Acidophilic： The propensity of organisms to grow in acidic environments (pH