Melampsora larici‐populina is a forest pathogenic fungus with wide distribution and serious damage potentials. Analyses of gene duplication modes and syntenic relationship are helpful for us to understand some biological points such as adaptive evolution of M. larici‐populina. There are few reports on gene duplications at the whole genome level in M. larici‐populina, and limited reports on the concerned synteny research. In this study, referenced genome of M. larici‐populina was used to analyze the gene duplication modes. The results indicated that gene number of transposed duplications was higher than that of segment, tandem and proximal duplications in M. larici‐populina. We inferred that whole genome duplication did not occur in M. larici‐populina, because of no large scale segmental duplications and no peaks found by detecting gene age distributions. The enrichment analysis showed that different duplicated genes were enriched in different functional categories, such as the tandem duplications were enriched in carbohydrate transport and metabolism, while transposed duplications were enriched in secondary metabolite biosynthesis, transport and catabolism. The levels of synteny were low among M. larici-populina, Cronartium quercuum f. sp. fusiforme and Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, and one common synteny block was found among them by synteny analyses. There were six genes located in this conserved region, among which a putative small secreted protein was worthy of paying attention.

Keywords： Melampsora larici‐populina ; gene duplication modes ; gene age distributions ; whole genome duplication ; synteny