其实可以通过造词组翻译。（他们本来的中文就不包括“符号”吧。。）

一下均取与“符号”相近的释义

icon, a symbol or graphic representation on a screen of a program, option or window.

造个词组可以是application icon, “应用程序图标”，那就叫icon“图标”好了

sign, a notice on public display that gives information or instructions in a written or symbolic form: I didn't see the 'Stop' sign.

造的词组就是Stop sign, “‘停止’标志”，那就叫sign“标志”好了

symbol, a thing that represents or stands for something else, especially a material object representing something abstract: the limousine was another symbol of his wealth and authority.

这边的词组就是symbol of his wealth and authority, “他财富和权威的象征”，那就叫symbol“象征”好了

logo, a symbol or other small design adopted by an organization to identify its products, uniform, vehicles, etc.: the Olympic logo was emblazoned across the tracksuits.

这边的词句就是thy Olympic logo, “奥运标识”，那就叫logo“标识”好了

glyph, 我就直接去Apple Dictionary的释义“象形文字/象形符号”了，和前面几位还是不太一样的

总结一下：

icon, “图标”，联想计算机应用图标；sign, “标志”，如各种交通标志，标志着你可以/不可以做某事；symbol, “象征”，本身和“符号”差别挺大的；logo, “标识”，如“奥运标识”，有一种识别身份的作用，与“标志”区别；glyph, “象形文字”。

希望有所帮助。