Ubuntu Linux内核版本升级或降级到指定版本(基于ubuntu 18.04示例) |
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目录 1、查看当前系统已安装的内核镜像 2、查询指定版本的linux镜像包 3、安装指定版本内核的linux系统头文件及镜像 4、查看当前系统中内核的启动顺序 5、修改内核启动顺序 6、生效grub配置 6、移除不用的内核 7、关闭内核或包的自动更新 本文以ubuntu 18.04.4系统为例,内核版本为4.15.0-101-generic,降级到内核版本为4.15.0-76-generic。 注:想通过编译内核源码升级内核版本可以参考这篇文章 当前系统版本信息: root@zyg:~# uname -r 4.15.0-101-generic root@zyg:~# root@zyg:~# lsb_release -a No LSB modules are available. Distributor ID: Ubuntu Description: Ubuntu 18.04.4 LTS Release: 18.04 Codename: bionic 1、查看当前系统已安装的内核镜像 root@zyg:~# dpkg --get-selections |grep linux-image linux-image-4.15.0-101-generic install linux-image-generic install 2、查询指定版本的linux镜像包这里以4.15.0-76版本内核为例: root@zyg:~# apt-cache search linux| grep 4.15.0-76 linux-buildinfo-4.15.0-76-generic - Linux kernel buildinfo for version 4.15.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP linux-buildinfo-4.15.0-76-lowlatency - Linux kernel buildinfo for version 4.15.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP linux-cloud-tools-4.15.0-76 - Linux kernel version specific cloud tools for version 4.15.0-76 linux-cloud-tools-4.15.0-76-generic - Linux kernel version specific cloud tools for version 4.15.0-76 linux-cloud-tools-4.15.0-76-lowlatency - Linux kernel version specific cloud tools for version 4.15.0-76 linux-headers-4.15.0-76 - Header files related to Linux kernel version 4.15.0 linux-headers-4.15.0-76-generic - Linux kernel headers for version 4.15.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP linux-headers-4.15.0-76-lowlatency - Linux kernel headers for version 4.15.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP linux-image-4.15.0-76-generic - Signed kernel image generic linux-image-4.15.0-76-lowlatency - Signed kernel image lowlatency linux-image-unsigned-4.15.0-76-generic - Linux kernel image for version 4.15.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP linux-image-unsigned-4.15.0-76-lowlatency - Linux kernel image for version 4.15.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP linux-modules-4.15.0-76-generic - Linux kernel extra modules for version 4.15.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP linux-modules-4.15.0-76-lowlatency - Linux kernel extra modules for version 4.15.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP linux-modules-extra-4.15.0-76-generic - Linux kernel extra modules for version 4.15.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP linux-tools-4.15.0-76 - Linux kernel version specific tools for version 4.15.0-76 linux-tools-4.15.0-76-generic - Linux kernel version specific tools for version 4.15.0-76 linux-tools-4.15.0-76-lowlatency - Linux kernel version specific tools for version 4.15.0-76 linux-modules-nvidia-390-4.15.0-76-generic - Linux kernel nvidia modules for version 4.15.0-76 linux-modules-nvidia-390-4.15.0-76-lowlatency - Linux kernel nvidia modules for version 4.15.0-76注意: ①、如果查询不到,可以在/etc/apt/sources.list配置中,加入源:deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu trusty-security main ②、也可以在Index of /~kernel-ppa/mainline网站中找到所需的deb包。 3、安装指定版本内核的linux系统头文件及镜像安装上面apt-cache search查旬到的包即可: root@zyg:~# apt-get install linux-headers-4.15.0-76-generic linux-image-4.15.0-76-generic Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done The following additional packages will be installed: linux-headers-4.15.0-76 linux-modules-4.15.0-76-generic Suggested packages: fdutils linux-doc-4.15.0 | linux-source-4.15.0 linux-tools The following NEW packages will be installed: linux-headers-4.15.0-76 linux-headers-4.15.0-76-generic linux-image-4.15.0-76-generic linux-modules-4.15.0-76-generic 0 upgraded, 4 newly installed, 0 to remove and 45 not upgraded. Need to get 33.1 MB of archives. After this operation, 163 MB of additional disk space will be used. Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y Get:1 http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates/main amd64 linux-headers-4.15.0-76 all 4.15.0-76.86 [10.9 MB] Get:1 http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates/main amd64 linux-headers-4.15.0-76 all 4.15.0-76.86 [10.9 MB] Get:2 http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates/main amd64 linux-headers-4.15.0-76-generic amd64 4.15.0-76.86 [1106 kB] Get:3 http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates/main amd64 linux-modules-4.15.0-76-generic amd64 4.15.0-76.86 [13.0 MB] Get:4 http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates/main amd64 linux-image-4.15.0-76-generic amd64 4.15.0-76.86 [7993 kB] Fetched 29.1 MB in 8min 56s (54.2 kB/s) Selecting previously unselected package linux-headers-4.15.0-76. (Reading database ... 71160 files and directories currently installed.) Preparing to unpack .../linux-headers-4.15.0-76_4.15.0-76.86_all.deb ... Unpacking linux-headers-4.15.0-76 (4.15.0-76.86) ... Selecting previously unselected package linux-headers-4.15.0-76-generic. Preparing to unpack .../linux-headers-4.15.0-76-generic_4.15.0-76.86_amd64.deb ... Unpacking linux-headers-4.15.0-76-generic (4.15.0-76.86) ... Selecting previously unselected package linux-modules-4.15.0-76-generic. Preparing to unpack .../linux-modules-4.15.0-76-generic_4.15.0-76.86_amd64.deb ... Unpacking linux-modules-4.15.0-76-generic (4.15.0-76.86) ... Selecting previously unselected package linux-image-4.15.0-76-generic. Preparing to unpack .../linux-image-4.15.0-76-generic_4.15.0-76.86_amd64.deb ... Unpacking linux-image-4.15.0-76-generic (4.15.0-76.86) ... Setting up linux-modules-4.15.0-76-generic (4.15.0-76.86) ... Setting up linux-image-4.15.0-76-generic (4.15.0-76.86) ... I: /vmlinuz is now a symlink to boot/vmlinuz-4.15.0-76-generic I: /initrd.img is now a symlink to boot/initrd.img-4.15.0-76-generic Setting up linux-headers-4.15.0-76 (4.15.0-76.86) ... Setting up linux-headers-4.15.0-76-generic (4.15.0-76.86) ... Processing triggers for linux-image-4.15.0-76-generic (4.15.0-76.86) ... /etc/kernel/postinst.d/initramfs-tools: update-initramfs: Generating /boot/initrd.img-4.15.0-76-generic /etc/kernel/postinst.d/x-grub-legacy-ec2: Searching for GRUB installation directory ... found: /boot/grub Searching for default file ... found: /boot/grub/default Testing for an existing GRUB menu.lst file ... found: /boot/grub/menu.lst Searching for splash image ... none found, skipping ... Found kernel: /boot/vmlinuz-4.15.0-101-generic Replacing config file /run/grub/menu.lst with new version Found kernel: /boot/vmlinuz-4.15.0-101-generic Found kernel: /boot/vmlinuz-4.15.0-76-generic Replacing config file /run/grub/menu.lst with new version Updating /boot/grub/menu.lst ... done /etc/kernel/postinst.d/zz-update-grub: Sourcing file `/etc/default/grub' Generating grub configuration file ... Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-4.15.0-101-generic Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-4.15.0-101-generic Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-4.15.0-76-generic Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-4.15.0-76-generic done 4、查看当前系统中内核的启动顺序 root@zyg:~# grep menuentry /boot/grub/grub.cfg if [ x"${feature_menuentry_id}" = xy ]; then menuentry_id_option="--id" menuentry_id_option="" export menuentry_id_option menuentry 'Ubuntu' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-simple-b753ddfd-2731-4c32-aa02-9a654abc99c6' { submenu 'Advanced options for Ubuntu' $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-advanced-b753ddfd-2731-4c32-aa02-9a654abc99c6' { menuentry 'Ubuntu, with Linux 4.15.0-101-generic' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-4.15.0-101-generic-advanced-b753ddfd-2731-4c32-aa02-9a654abc99c6' { menuentry 'Ubuntu, with Linux 4.15.0-101-generic (recovery mode)' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-4.15.0-101-generic-recovery-b753ddfd-2731-4c32-aa02-9a654abc99c6' { menuentry 'Ubuntu, with Linux 4.15.0-76-generic' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-4.15.0-76-generic-advanced-b753ddfd-2731-4c32-aa02-9a654abc99c6' { menuentry 'Ubuntu, with Linux 4.15.0-76-generic (recovery mode)' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-4.15.0-76-generic-recovery-b753ddfd-2731-4c32-aa02-9a654abc99c6' { 5、修改内核启动顺序如果你升级的版本比当前内核版本高的话,默认新安装的内核就是第一顺序启动的,只需重启系统就行了,否则,则需要修改配置文件,具体如下: root@zyg:~# vi /etc/default/grub # If you change this file, run 'update-grub' afterwards to update # /boot/grub/grub.cfg. # For full documentation of the options in this file, see: # info -f grub -n 'Simple configuration' GRUB_DEFAULT=0 GRUB_TIMEOUT_STYLE=hidden GRUB_TIMEOUT=0 GRUB_DISTRIBUTOR=`lsb_release -i -s 2> /dev/null || echo Debian` GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="debian-installer/custom-installation=/custom find_preseed=/preseed.cfg auto preseed/file=/floppy/preseed.cfg automatic-ubiquity noprompt priority=critical locale=en_US console-setup/modelcode=evdev" GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="" # Uncomment to enable BadRAM filtering, modify to suit your needs # This works with Linux (no patch required) and with any kernel that obtains # the memory map information from GRUB (GNU Mach, kernel of FreeBSD ...) #GRUB_BADRAM="0x01234567,0xfefefefe,0x89abcdef,0xefefefef" # Uncomment to disable graphical terminal (grub-pc only) #GRUB_TERMINAL=console # The resolution used on graphical terminal # note that you can use only modes which your graphic card supports via VBE # you can see them in real GRUB with the command `vbeinfo' #GRUB_GFXMODE=640x480 # Uncomment if you don't want GRUB to pass "root=UUID=xxx" parameter to Linux #GRUB_DISABLE_LINUX_UUID=true # Uncomment to disable generation of recovery mode menu entries #GRUB_DISABLE_RECOVERY="true" # Uncomment to get a beep at grub start #GRUB_INIT_TUNE="480 440 1"将GRUB_DEFAULT=0修改为GRUB_DEFAULT="Advanced options for Ubuntu>Ubuntu, with Linux 4.15.0-76-generic",保存退出。 注:ubuntu 的旧版本(好像是16.04之前),GRUB_DEFAULT是修改成对应序号即可,16.04之后则是要修改成:Advanced options for Ubuntu>Ubuntu, with Linux x.x.x-x-generic的形式(前面grep menuentry /boot/grub/grub.cfg获取到的submenu那行)。 6、生效grub配置若上面修改了配置文件,则需执行update-grub命令,更新grub配置: root@zyg:~# update-grub Sourcing file `/etc/default/grub' Generating grub configuration file ... Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-4.15.0-101-generic Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-4.15.0-101-generic Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-4.15.0-76-generic Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-4.15.0-76-generic done之后,reboot,验证是否生效。 可以看到,内核已经是4.15.0-76-generic的了。 6、移除不用的内核查询不包括当前内核版本的其它所有内核版本: dpkg -l | tail -n +6| grep -E 'linux-image-[0-9]+'| grep -Fv $(uname -r) root@zyg:~# dpkg -l | tail -n +6| grep -E 'linux-image-[0-9]+'| grep -Fv $(uname -r) ii linux-image-4.15.0-101-generic 4.15.0-101.102 amd64 Signed kernel image generic输出的内容中可能会包括内核映像的如下三种状态: rc:表示已经被移除 ii:表示符合移除条件(可移除) iU:已进入 apt 安装队列,但还未被安装(不可移除)。 我这里的4.15.0-101.102 内核为可移除状态,可以执行如下命令删除: dpkg --purge linux-image-4.4.0-21-generic 7、关闭内核或包的自动更新①、修改系统配置,在/etc/apt/apt.conf.d目录下 10periodic、20auto-upgrades配置中1改为0即可。 ②、使用apt-mark的hold参数来禁止包更新 apt-mark hold linux-image-x.xx.x-xx-generic apt-mark hold linux-image-extra-x.xx.x-xx-generic 解除上面设置执行,带unhold的参数即可: sudo apt-mark unhold linux-image-x.xx.x-xx-generic sudo apt-mark unhold linux-image-extra-x.xx.x-xx-generic 本文完。 欢迎大家关注我的微信公众号大胖聊编程,可以通过公众号联系到我,也可以加好友一起交流学习。 |
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