人教版英语七八年级语法

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人教版英语七八年级语法

2023-03-22 12:33| 来源: 网络整理| 查看: 265

语法一:句子结构

在英语中 一个简单的 完整的句子一般有五种结构

1 主(S)+谓(V) 这里的谓语一般都是不及物动词(略) eg:I come, I conquer

2 主(S)+系动词(be)+表(P)

主系表结构 这个be叫系动词也叫be动词 有am is are was were being been 这7种变化,目前只需要掌握am is are 就足够了。主语+系动词+形容词做表语就叫做“主系表结构”

eg:I am your teacher, You are my students ,She is pretty ,He is fat 等等

3 主(S)+谓(V)+宾(O)

主谓宾结构,实义动词做谓语,后面跟宾语这种结构就叫“主谓宾结构” 这两类的区别就是be动词后面跟表语 另一个是谓语动词后面跟的是宾语

eg I teach you English you like playing pin pang

4 主(S)+谓(V)+宾(O)+宾补(OC) 略

5 主(S)+谓(V)+间接宾语(IO)+直接宾语(DO)略

动词的分类4类

1:实意动词do:表示具有实际动作意义的词

2:系动词be(am/is/are/was/were):联系动词用来连接主语和表语成分之间的词

3:情态动词:表示说话人的情感,语气等,不可以直接充当谓语,必须跟实意动词共同承担谓语部分

4:助动词:本身没有实际意义,必须和实意动词共同承担语法功能,起否定、疑问、或者说明句子的时态问题等情况下使用。

语法二:一般现在时

一般现在时:表示经常反复发生、习惯性的动作或存在的状态(简单理解为每天会重复发生的动作或存在的状态)表示“现阶段经常或习惯性发生的动作或存在的状态”、“客观规律 事实 或者科学真理”时,使用一般现在时.

时间状语标志词:

always(总是)usually(通常)often(经常)never(从来都不)once a week(每周一次)everyday(每天) on Sunday(在周日)等词连用

英语中做谓语的动词基本就两类:

1.句子中有BE动词也就是系动词,构成主系表结构表示一种存在的状态。

2.实义动词(具有实际动作意义的词)做谓语,构成主谓宾结构

一: 主(S)+系动词(be)+表(P)

主系表结构这里的系动词am is are 表示“是”这个意思,它描述的是一种状态 我们就用系动词 表示一种状态

主系表结构:1.肯定句中

主+be动词(am/is/are)+表语部分 (当主语是第三人称单数时用 is)

Eg: You are my students She is pretty He is fat

2.否定句中:

主+be动词+not+表语部分

eg: You are not my students She is not pretty He is not fat

3.一般疑问句中:

Be动词(am/is/are)+主语+表语

Eg: Are you my students? Is she pretty? Is he fat?

回答: Yes,we are/ No,we are not ..

二: 主(S)+谓(V)+宾(O) 当表示其他具有实际动作意义的动词时 我们就用实意动词(很多很多)

结构: 1.肯定句中:主+谓语动词(do)+宾语部分(主语是第三人称单数时动词需+s)

肯定句:you have a baseball / they have a baseball /she has a baseball

2.否定句中: 主+do not+谓语动词原形+宾语部分 单三人称做主语时+does not

否定句:you do not have a .../they do not have a ... /she does not have ..

3.一般疑问句: Do(实意动词)+主语+动词原形+其他 (单三人称做主语时用Does+主+动词原形+其他)

一般疑问句:do you have a ..?/ Do they have a ...?/Does he/she have a ...

单三人称做主语包括:he/she/it that/this/名字/人称谓,职务等 单三人称做主语时 谓语动词必须加“s”规则如下

1 一般的直接在动词后加s 2 以s x ch sh o 结尾的动词加es 3 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词,变y为i再加es

看见am is are的句子那么肯定是一般现在时而且是主系表的结构用来描述存在的状态,

句子中没有am is are则是实意动词做谓语的主谓宾结构用来描述具体有实际意义的动作

秘籍四句话:

秘籍1:当一个句子当中含有实意动词时,变否定句需找出对应的助动词,在助动词后加not,实意动词还原为原型;变一般疑问句时需找对应的助动词,把助动词提前大写,实意动词还原为原型,后面打问号。

秘籍2:当一个句子含有系动词时,变否定句直接在系动词后+not,变一般疑问句直接把系动词提前大写后面打问号。

一、写出下列动词的单三形式:

1.go__________ 2. catch _________ 3. brush_________ 4. wash___________

5. do________ 6. like________ 7. have___________ 8. watch ___________

9. drink ___________ 10.fly___________ 11.say___________ 12.learn ___________

13.eat___________ 14.read___________ 15.sing___________ brush________

二、选择填空:

( )1. I ________to school at 7:00 in the morning. A. go B. going C. goes

( )2. They _______books every day in the library. A.reads B. read C. reading

( )3. The monkey________ eating bananas very much. A.like B. likes C. liking

( )4. My father ________to read newspaper after supper every day. A.like B. likes C. liking

( )5. I like watching TV, but my mother _________like it. A. don’t B. doesn’t C. does

( )6. ____________ your father drink milk every day? A.Do B.Are C.Does

三、把下列句子变成否定句

A. I like cooking.

B. I drink tea in the morning.

C. The bird likes singing.

D. My aunt likes to go fishing.

E. They speak English every day.

F. She is always a good student..

四、把下列句子变成一般疑问句及做肯定及否定回答。

1. I do my homework every day. 肯定回答: 否定回答:

2. She likes milk. 肯定回答: 否定回答:

3. We go to school every morning. 肯定回答: 否定回答:

4. He speaks English very well. 肯定回答: 否定回答:

5. John comes from Canada. 肯定回答: 否定回答:

6. She is always a good student. 肯定回答: 否定回答:

7. I am a student. 肯定回答: 否定回答:

8. He is from America. 肯定回答: 否定回答:

一般过去式

•一般过去时的复习:这是我们所学过的第三个时态

•时态是指:“时”和“态”, •时是指动作发生的时间, •态是指动词的变化形态

•所以时态就是动词在不同时间段内形态的变化规则

•通过时态的定义我们可知,所有时态的学习重点不外乎三个1用法 2 三大结构 3 时间状语

•请同学们好好看看初一下册英语书P112-114

1:用法:表示过去的某个时间段内发生的或经常习惯性的动作或存在的状态(请注意:动作和状态)

•动作表示动词用的是实意动词(did)

•状态表示动词用的是系动词(was/were)

2.一般过去时的句型结构

(1)谓语动词为Be动词过去式句型:肯定句:主语+was/were+其他 否定句:主语+wasn’t/weren’t+其他

一般疑问句:Was/Were+主语+其他? 特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+ was/were+主语+其他?

(2)谓语动词为实义动词过去式的句型

肯定句:主语+动词过去式+其他 否定句:主语+didn’t +动词原形+其他

一般疑问句:Did+主语+动词原形+其他? 特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+did+主语+动词原形+其他?

这里面有两种情况4句话需要大家牢记,这4句话适用于所有时态

第1种情况,当句子中含有实意动词时

1含有实意动词的句子变否定句时找对应的助动词(do did does等)在助动词后加not,把实意动词还原为原型其他成分不变

2含有实意动词的句子变一般疑问句找对应的助动词,把助动词提前大写,实意动词还原为原形,后面打问号

第2种情况句子中含有系动词(am is are was were等)

3当句子中含有系动词时,变否定句在系动词后加not即可

4当剧中含有系动词时变一般疑问句把系动词提到句前大写,后面打问号

一般过去式当中还涉及到动词变过去式形态的变化规则(+ed规则),它有两大类“1规则变化规则需牢记 2不规则变化(遇见一个记一个 死记硬背)”

这些规则希望同学们都熟记在心遇见动词变过去式可以熟练运用,此规则是初一下册语法重点可参照初一下册课本P114,不再赘述

3.时间状语(标志词)yesterday, just now, in 1982, ago, last week(year, night, month…), at the age of 5, one day, once upon a time,that day等连用。在一般过去式中,要表达“过多少时间之后”,一般用after。几年后。

如:Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪了? After a few years, she started to play the piano.

写出下列动词的过去式http://1.am/is ________ 2.do _______ 3.go ________ 4.have _______5.isn’t _________ 6. aren’t ________ 7.spend________ 8.cook_______9.read ________ 10.clean _______ 11.live _______ 12.study_________

用括号内所给词的适当形式填空1. We _____ (enjoy) ourselves at the party last night. 2.Jack _____ (study) for the English test last Sunday.3.____ you ____ (go) to the Great Wall last year? 4. What day _____ (be) it yesterday?5.The old man ______(be)ill and went to see a doctor. 6.We ________ (have) a party last night.7.We ______ (visit) the museum and went home. 8.— How _____ (be) the students? — They were very friendly.9.He often _____ (have) supper at home. Today he ____ (have) supper at school.10.— ______ he _____ (have) lunch at nine? — No, he didn’t. 11.They _____(buy) a guitar yesterday.

三、改错题 1. How is Jane yesterday? 2. He go to school by bus last week. 3. He often goes home at 6:00 last month. 4. I can fly kites seven years ago. 5. Did you saw him just now. 6. Tom wasn’t watch TV last night. 7. I didn’t my homework yesterday. 8. He wait for you three hours ago. 9. Who find it just now ? 10. What did he last week?四、改写句子

1、Lucy did her homework at home.(改否定句) Lucy ________ _______ her homework at home.

2、He found some meat in the fridge(冰箱).(变一般疑问句) he____find_____ meat in the fridge?

3、There was some orange in the cup.(变一般疑问句) _____ there _____orange in the cup?

4、Frank read an interesting book about history. (一般疑问句)______ Frank ______ an interesting book about history

一般现在时和一般过去时的相同和不同

英语中做谓语的动词基本就两类:

1.句子中有Be动词也就是系动词,构成主系表结构表示一种存在的状态。

2.实义动词(具有实际动作意义的词)做谓语,构成主谓宾结构

相同之处:

1:用法的相同之处:都是表示发生的动作或存在的状态。

2:结构的相同之处:都具有主+系(be动词)+表和主+谓(实义动词)+宾两种结构

不同之处:

1:用法不同:

一般现在时:表示经常反复发生、习惯性的动作或存在的状态(简单理解为每天会重复发生的动作或存在的状态)

(请注意:动作和状态) 动作表示动词用的是实意动词(do/does) ;状态表示动词用的是系动词(am、is、are)

一般过去时:表示过去的某个时间段内发生的或经常习惯性的动作或存在的状态(请注意:动作和状态)动作表示动词用的是实意动词(did);状态表示动词用的是系动词(was/were)

2:结构不同:

(含有be动词)主(S)+系动词(be)+表(P)

一般现在时:主系表结构(含有be动词)中:

1.肯定句中:主+be动词(am/is/are)+表语部分

Eg:You are my students She is pretty He is fat

2.否定句中: 主+be动词+not+表语部分

eg:You are not my students She is not pretty He is not fat

3.一般疑问句中: Be动词(am/is/are)+主语+表语

Eg:Are you my students? Is she pretty? Is he fat?

一般过去时:主系表结构(含有be动词)中:

1.肯定句:主语+was/were+其他

2.否定句:主语+wasn’t/weren’t+其他

3.一般疑问句:Was/Were+主语+其他?

(含有实义动词)主(S)+谓(V)+宾(O)

一般现在时结构:

1.肯定句:主+谓语动词(do)+宾语部分(主语是第三人称单数时动词需+s)

eg:you have a baseball / they have a baseball /she has a baseball

2.否定句中: 主+do not+谓语动词原形+宾语部分 单三人称做主语时+does not

eg:you do not have a .../they do not have a .../she does not have ..

3.一般疑问句:

Do(实意动词)+主语+动词原形+其他 注:(单三人称做主语时用Does+主+动词原形+其他)

一般过去时结构:

1. 肯定句:主语+动词过去式+其他

2. 否定句:主语+didn’t +动词原形+其他

3. 一般疑问句:Did+主语+动词原形+其他?

3:时间状语标志词不同:

一般现在时:(标志词)时间状语:

always(总是)usually(通常)often(经常)never(从来都不)once a week(每周一次)everyday(每天) on Sunday(在周日),看到这些词时,时态首选一般现在时

一般过去时:(标志词)时间状语:

Yesterday(昨天), just now(刚刚), ago(以前), last week(year, night, month…)

这里面有两种情况4句话需要大家牢记,这4句话适用于所有时态

第1种情况,当句子中含有实意动词时

1含有实意动词的句子变否定句时找对应的助动词(do did does等)在助动词后加not,把实意动词还原为原型其他成分不变

2含有实意动词的句子变一般疑问句找对应的助动词,把助动词提前大写,实意动词还原为原形,后面打问号

第2种情况句子中含有系动词(am is are was were等)

3当句子中含有系动词时,变否定句在系动词后加not即可

4当剧中含有系动词时变一般疑问句把系动词提到句前大写,后面打问号

现在进行时

1. 现在进行时态表示现在 (说话瞬间) 正在进行或发生的动作。

如: The students are listening to the teacher. He is watching TV now.

还可以表示当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。

如:We are working on a farm these days . I am writing a book this month.

2.常与现在进行时态连用的词:now, listen, look等。 如: What are you doing now? (你在干什么?)

I’m reading now. (我现在正在读书。) Listen! She is singing. (听, 她正在唱歌。)

3.现在进行时由be(am/is/are)+动词-ing形式构成。

肯定式结构: 主语+be+动词-ing形式+其他. 如:I am singing. She is dancing.

否定式结构: 主语+be+not+动词-ing形式+其他. 如:I am not singing. She is not dancing.

一般疑问句结构: Be+主语+动词-ing形式+其他?如:Is he listening? Is she dancing?

特殊疑问句结构: 疑问词+be+主语+其他? 如:What are they doing? Who is helping http://Mr.Li right now?

4.一般疑问句回答: 肯定回答: Yes, 主语 +be; 否定回答: No, 主语+be + not.

如:---Are you drawing ? ---Yes, I am./No, I’m not.

5.构成:am( is, are) + 动词的现在分词的构成规律:

(1)一般情况下,在动词原形后直接加-ing. 如:work—working (工作) do—doing(做) play—playing(玩)

(2)以不发音的字母e结尾的动词,去掉e,再加-ing. 如:dance—dancing(跳舞) come—coming(来)

(3)重读闭音节单词,如果末尾只有一个辅 音字母,则双写这一字母,再加-ing.

如:get—getting(得到) shop—shopping(购物) run—running(跑) swim—swimming (游泳)

(4)以“ie”结尾,要 变ie为“y”, 再加-ing. 如:die—dying(死)lie—lying(平躺)。

现在进行时与一般现在时的区别

一、概念不同:

一般现在时表示:主语经常性和习惯性的动作或存在的状态,也表示说话者的能力及自然现象。

现在进行时表示:说话时(瞬间)正在进行的动作,也表示目前或现阶段一直进行的动作。

如:She often does her homework in the evening. 她经常在晚上做作业。 She is doing her homework now. 现在她正在做作业。

二、结构不同:现在进行时中谓语动词的构成是:am/is/are+动词的-ing形式(现在分词)。

一般现在时中谓语动词的构成有以下三种情况:

①be动词的一般现在时形式:am,is,are. ②动词have的一般现在时形式:have,has.

③其他行为动词的一般现在时形式有动词原形或第三人称单数形式。

三、时间状语不同:

一般现在时时间状语:

always/usually/often/sometimes/never/every day/week/month/year/on Sundays/in the morning/afternoon/evening等;

现在进行时时间状语:

now/these days/this week/at the moment等,有时句首有“Look!”、“Listen!”或“It’s+时刻”等词、句存在。

如:We play football in the afternoon.一般现在时 My mother is reading a newspaper now. 现在进行时

一、用括号内动词的适当形式填空。

1. She ______ _________ (walk) now. 2. Mother is ________ (feed) birds.

3. They ___ _____ (sit) on the chair. 4. Cindy ____ _________ (watch) TV.

5. Joe ___ _____ (water) in the garden. 6. Look, Nick ____ _____ (come).

7.The cat ___ _____ (lie) on the grass. 8. Listen, she ____ _____ ( sing).

9. Look, the girl ____ _____ (run). 10._____your parents ______(read) newspapers now?

二、选择填空

( )1.I am ____ my homework now. A.doing B.to do C. to do my D.do my

( )2.____you____the blackboard? Yes,I am. A.Can, clean B.Am, cleaning C.Are, cleaning D.Do, clean

( )3.______go and help her. A.Let's me B.Let's us C.Let's D.Let's to

( )4.What are they doing? They are___things away. A.put B.putting C.putting D.carry

( )5.Do they have a new car? Yes,_____. A.they are B.they have C.they don't D.they do

( )6.He often _____ supper at 6:00 in the evening. A. have B. has C. is having D. is eating

( )7. It’s 6 o’clock in the morning. He ______. A. get up B. gets up C. is geting up D. is getting up

( )8. What are you doing? I’m ______ TV. A. watch B. watches C. to watch D. watching

( )9. We ______ any Chinese classes on Friday. A. are having B. aren’t having C. don’t have D. are have

( )10. Tom _______ an English class now. A.is having B. has C. having D. have

过去进行时

含义:表示过去在某一时间段或某一段时间内正在发生或进行的动作或状态。

结构:肯定句:主语+was/were+v-ing+其它 she was reading a book this time yesterday

否定句:主语+was/were+not+v-ing+其它

一般疑问句:Was/Were+主语+v-ing+其它 肯定回答:Yes,主语+was/were;否定回答:No主语+wasn't/weren’t.

特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句

Am/is/are+v-ing Was/were +V-ing

在现在/过去进行时中 用am/is/are表示现在。Was/were表示过去, v-ing表示进行

语法聚焦 过去进行时

定义: 表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内进行或发生的动作。不强调是否完成。

用法:1.表示过去某段时间内持续进行的动作或存在的状态

时间状语this morning/the whole morning/all day yesterday/from nine to ten last evening/when/while等.

如:What was the girl doing at the time of the rainstorm? We were watching TV from seven to nine last night.

2.过去进行时表示在过去某个时间点正在进行的事情。时间点可用介词短语、副词或从句来表示。

What was she doing at nine o'clock yesterday? When I saw him he was cleaning his room.

3.在复合句中,如果主要动作和背景动作都是延续的或同时发生的,那么主从句的动词都可用过去进行时。

如:While he was waiting for the bus, he was reading a newspaper.他边等车边看报。(两个动作都是延续的)

He was cleaning his car while I was cooking.他擦车时我在做饭。(两个动作同时进行)

4.通常不能用于过去进行时的动词(非延续性动词没有进行时态,即不用于+ing形态)主要有agree,be,believe,belong,care,forget,hate,have(拥有),hear,know,like,love,mean,mind,notice,own,remember,seem,suppose,understand,want,wish等。如:

  误:I was knowing the answer. 正:I knew the answer. 我知道答案。

误:I wasn't understanding him. 正:I didn't understand him. 我不明白他的意思。

一、动词填空。

1.John_______(work) all day yesterday. 2.He _______(walk) home when the (rain)_______begin.

3.—What______you _______(do) at ten o'clock yesterday?—I_______(study) in class.

4.This time yesterday Jack ______ (mend) his bike. 5.I ______ (write) a letter at ten last night.

6.It was six. The Greens ______ (have) supper.

7.When you ______ (knock) at the door yesterday,I ______ (do) some washing.

8.While my mother ______ (watch) TV, I ______(make) a kite.

二、单项选择

1.My brother ( )his bicycle and hurt himself ___ while he ___ .

A.fell,was riding B.fell,were riding C.had fallen,rode D.had fallen,was riding

2.Tom ___ into the house when no one ___.

A.slipped,was looking B.had slipped,looked

C.slipped,had looked D.was slipping,looked

3.The last time I __ Jane she ___ cotton in the fields.

A.had seen,was picking B.saw,picked C.had seen,picked D.saw,was picking

4.I don ' t think Jim saw me; he ___ into space.

A.just stared B.was just staring C.has just stared D.had just stared

5.I first met Lisa three years ago.She ___ at a radio shop at the time.

A.has worked B.was working C.had been working D.had worked

6.---Hey,look where you are going!---Oh,I ' m terribly sorry.________.

A.I ' m not noticing B.I wasn’t noticing C.I haven ' t noticed D.I don ' t notice

7.The reporter said that the UFO ___ east to west when he saw it.

A.was traveling B.traveled C.had been traveling D.was to travel

8.I ___ my breakfast when the morning post came.

A.had B.had been having C.have been having D.was having

9.When I arrived at his office,he ___ on the phone.

A.was speaking B.spoke C.had been speaking D.had spoken

一般将来时

一般将来时复习:

一般将来时表示将来某一时段的动作或状态,或将来某一段时间内经常的动作或状态。

Will+be will+do

含义:一般将来时表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态,或将来某一段时间内经常的动作或状态。

结构:①Will/shall+动词原形

肯定句:主语+will/shall+动词原形+其他 否定句:主语+will/shall+not+动词原形+其他

一般疑问句:Will/Shall+主语+动词原形+其他 肯定回答:Yes,主语+will/shall;否定回答:No,主语+will/shall not.

特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句

②be going to+动词原形

肯定句:主语+be(is/am/are)+going to+其他 否定句:主语+be(is/am/are)+not+going to+其他

一般疑问句:Be(Is/Are)+主语+going to+其他? 肯定回答:Yes,主语+be/否定回答:No,主语+be not.

特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句

表示将来的时间状语:tomorrow(明天), next week(下周 );in the future(将来);in a year(一年以后)等。 一般将来时由助动词shall(第一人称),will(所有人称) 动词原形构成。美式英语则不管什么人称,一律用will。或用主语+be动词 + going to 动词(be going to)

复习:用法:一般将来时表示将来某一时段的动作或状态,或将来某一段时间内经常的动作或状态。

在英语时态中,"时"指动作发生的时间,"态"指动作的样子和状态。表示将来的时间状语:tomorrow,the day after tomorrow,tomorrow morning/afternoon/evening/next/year/week/month/hour/ in+一段时间,in the future等连用。

结构: will+do 例:I will meet him at the park this evening 今晚我在公园见他

①肯定句:主语+be going to /will + 动词原形

②否定句:主语+ Be动词not going to /will not/ + 动词原形

③疑问句:Be动词+主语+ going to +动词原形;Will+主语+ 动词原形

回答:(肯)Yes,主语will (否) No,主语 +/won't

简单理解就是要知道will是一个助动词,变否定句在助动词will后+not,其他成分不变照抄下来。变一般疑问句把will 提前大写,后面打问号即可。

当主语是第一人称时,美式英语中都可以用个wil/shalll+动原,但通常都可用will,两者已经没有明显区别

四个特殊结构:

一."be going to+动词原形"表示计划、打算做某事或者有迹象表明某事要发生

例: ①It is going to rain. ②We are going to have a sports meeting this Friday. 本周五我们开运动会。

二.go,come,start,move,sail,leave,arrive,stay,live,fly,等趋向性动词的进行时态可用来表达将来含义

例:I'm leaving for Beijing.我将要离开去北京

三:be to do 表示客观的计划或者安排要做某事,比be going to 更强调客观性。

例:①The boy is to go to school tomorrow.这个男孩明天要去上学。

四."be about to+动词原形"表示即将发生的动作,意为:立刻,马上。后面一般不跟时间状语。

例:We are about to leave.我们马上就走。

will与be going to 的区别

be going to与will两者都可表示将要发生的事、将要去做某事,但它们有如下几点区别:

1. be going to 表示将要发生的事情,will 表示的时间则较远一些,如:

He is going to write a letter tonight. He will write a book one day.

2. be going to 表示根据主观判断将来肯定发生的事情,will表示客观上将来势必发生的事情。

He is seriously ill. He is going to die. He will be twenty years old.

3. be going to 含有"计划,准备"的意思,而 will 则没有这个意思,如:

She is going to lend us her book. He will be here in half an hour.

4.在有条件从句的主句(单元十重点,主将从现)中,一般不用 be going to, 而多用will, 如:

If any beasts comes at you, I'll stay with you and help you

具体详细语法也可见课本116页

一、单项选择

( ) 1. There __________ a meeting tomorrow afternoon.

A. will be going to B. will going to be C. is going to be D. will go to be

( ) 2. Charlie ________ here next month.

A. isn't working B. doesn't working C. isn't going to working D. won't work

( ) 3. He ________ very busy this week, he ________ free next week.

A. will be; is B. is; is C. will be; will be D. is; will be

( ) 4. There ________ a dolphin show in the zoo tomorrow evening.

A. was B. is going to have C. will have D. is going to be

( ) 5. -_____ you ______ free tomorrow? - No. I _____ free the day after tomorrow.

A. Are; going to; will B. Are; going to be; will

C. Are; going to; will be D. Are; going to be; will be

( ) 6. Mother ________ me a nice present on my next birthday.

A. will gives B. will give C. gives D. give

( ) 7. - Shall I buy a cup of tea for you? -________. (不,不要。)

A. No, you won't. B. No, you aren't. C. No, please don't. D. No, please.

( ) 8. - Where is the morning paper? - I ________ if for you at once.

A.get B. am getting C. to get D. will get

二、动词填空1.I ______(be)tired. I ______(go)to bed early tonight. 2. It is very cold these days. It ______(snow)soon.

现在完成时

现在完成时:表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,或从过去开始延续到现在并且有可能还会持续的动作或状态。

由“have/has+过去分词”构成,主要有两个含义:

①表示动作发生在过去,但与现在的情况有联系,有时无时间状语,有时和一些表示不确定的过去时间状语连用,

如:many times,just,yet,ever,never,already,before,so far, by now等连用。

②表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在并还可能继续延续下去的动作,用于延续性动词,且句中常带有表示一段时间的时间状语,如:since + 时间点/从句,for two months, so far等。

句型:基本结构:主语+have/has+过去分词(done)

①肯定句:主语+have/has+过去分词+其他 ②否定句:主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他

③一般疑问句:Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他 ④特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句(have/has+主语+过去分词+其他)

常与时间状语连用:just , already, yet,ever, never, before, several times.

already“已经”; yet“仍然, 还”, 这两个副词常常用于完成时态, 其中already常用于肯定句, yet常用于否定句和疑问句中。

如: Jim has already finished his work. Jim已经把他的工作做完了。Mother hasn’t come home yet. 妈妈还没回来。

现在完成时一般过去时的区别

现在完成时表示的是与现在有关联的过去事件;而一般过去时则与现在毫无关系,只是单纯的过去的情况。比较:

I have lost my pen, so I have to buy one. 我丢了钢笔,所以得去买一枝。 I lost my pen, but found it later. 我丢了钢笔,但后来找到了。

当句子中有表示明确过去的状语时,只能用一般过去时,不能用现在完成时。

如:他一周以前动身去了纽约。误:He has left for New York a week ago. 正:He left for New York a week ago.

当句首为疑问词when时,其后可用一般过去时,不能用现在完成时。

如:你什么时候和他首次见面的? 误:When have you first met him? 正:When did you first meet him?

一:现在完成时(二)现在完成时表示经历的用法:现在完成时常用have been to,ever,never等表示经历。

1.have/has been to 表示去过某地,可以与never,ever,just,once等连用。 如:Mr.Smith has ever been to China three times.

2.ever用于现在完成时的一般疑问句中,放在过去分词之前主语之后。如:Have you ever visited the Palace Museum?

3.never表否定:用在助动词have/has后,过去分词前,否定回答也可用neither。Eg:I have never been to Wuli--Me neither.

二:have/has been to与have/has gone to的用法区别

have been to意为“曾经去过某地”,后可接次数,如once/twice/three times等,表示“去过某地几次”,也可和just/never/ever等连用。

如:My father has been to Beijing twice.我父亲去过北京两次。 I have never been to the Great Wall.我从未去过长城。

have gone to意为“到某地去了”,说话时该人不在现场,一般不用第一人称、第二人称代词作句子的主语。如:

—Where is Jim?—He has gone to England.—他去英国了。(尚未回来) Mr Wang isn't here,He has gone to Qingdao.

注意区别:

He went to Ankang last week(一般过去时) 上周他(做了一件事,那就是)去了安康

He has been to Ankang(现在完成时) 他去了安康 他曾经到过安康(他现在回来了,人不在安康了)

He has gone to Ankang(现在完成时) 他去了安康(也许刚出发,也许已经在安康,反正人现在不在这里)

He has been in Ankang for 10 years(现在完成时) 他呆在安康已经十年了(现在还在安康呆着呢)

1.现在完成时的未完成用法:表示动作或状态从过去某时开始,一直延续至今,还可能继续下去,这种用法称为“未完成用法”。

表示未完成的结构:

现在完成时+for+一段时间 We have known each other for twenty years.我们认识有二十年了。

现在完成时+since+表示过去的时间点 He has worked here since 1999.自1999年以来,他就在这里工作。

现在完成时+since+从句 She has learned about 5000 English words since he went to college.自上大学以来她学了大约5000个单词。

2.延续性动词与非延续性动词

延续性动词表示能够延续的动作,这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久影响。如:learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。 延续性动词常与for/how long/since等引导的表示一段时间短语(时间状语)或句子(状语从句)连用。表示时间段的短语有:for+ 时间,for 2 years; since从句,since he came here; since+时间点名词,since last year, since 5 days ago等。 如:I have lived here for 23 years. 我已经在这里住了23年。

非延续性动词也称终止性动词/瞬间动词或短暂性动词,表示不能延续的动作,这种动作发生后立即结束。如:die/borrow/begin/buy/join/reach/come/go/open/close/become/leave等。 可用于现在完成时态,但由于动作是瞬时间完成的所以不能与for或since引出的时间状语连用。非延续性动词在肯定句中与表示时间点的状语连用,如:two years ago; at 5 o'clock; He died 5 years ago.

非延续性动词在否定句中可以与表示时间段的时间状语连用。如:I haven't heard from him for 3 weeks.

辨析:how long /how soon /how often /how far

How long 多久, 多长(时间)。对时间段提问, 如: for+时间段;since+过去的时间点。如:

—How long have you worked in Beijing? —For five years.

How soon多久以后。对“in+时间段提问, 常用于一般将来时”, 其答语常用“in+时间段”。如:

—How soon will Mr. Li be back? —In a week.

How often 多久一次, 对频率提问, 其答语为: once (twice/…)+时间段, always, usually 等。如:

—How often do you exercise? —Once a day.

How far 多远,对距离提问,其答语是表距离的内容。如:

—How far is it from here to your school?—Three kilometers.

辨析:for/since

for其后只能接表示“一段时间”的名词性短语,可用于多种时态,表示动作或状态持续时间段长短。如:

I have lived in this city for five years. He usually sleeps for twelve hours every day.

since其后接表示“时间点”的短语或从句(过去时),也可以接“一段时间+ago”,常用于完成时态;还用于句型:“It is +时间

段+since+一般过去时的句子”, 表示过去某个时间发生并持续到说话时的动作或状态。如:It is two years since I came to China.

She has worked here for five years.=She has worked here since five years ago.她在这儿工作5年了。

过去分词变化规则

1.一般情况下,在词尾直接加"ed "。 work---worked---worked visit---visited---visited

2.以不发音的"e"结尾的动词,只在词尾加"d "。 live---lived---lived move--moved--moved decide--decided--decided

3.以"辅音字母 + y "结尾的动词,将 "y" 变为 "i" ,再加"ed "。 study---studied---studied cry---cried---cried try---tried---tried

4.)重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母,先双写该辅音字母,再加" ed "。stop---stopped---stopped drop---dropped--dropped

特例:有两类动词本身应该直接加"ed",但由于历史习惯,依旧要双写最后一个字母,再加"ed"。以"元音字母+l"非重读结尾的规则动词变过去分词也要双写"l",再加"ed"。cancel→cancelled dial→dialled。

另外还有一些以非重读闭音节结尾的规则动词变过去分词也要双写最后一个辅音字母,再加"ed"。例如:kidnap→kidnapped,worship→worshipped。而上述两种情况在美国一般却直接加"ed"。

(5)以ic结尾的动词,要把ic变成ick再加ed,如picnic→picnicked traffic→trafficked

1、Both his parents look sad . Maybe they ______what's happened to him .A. knew B. have known C. must know D.will know

2、He has _______ been to Shanghai , has he ? A. already B.never C.ever D. still

3、Have you met Mr Li ______? A. just B. ago C.before D. a moment ago

4、The famous writer _____ one new book in the past two year . A. is writing B.was writing C.wrote D.has written

5、—Our country ______ a lot so far .—Yes . I hope it will be even ______ .

A. has changed ; well B. changed ; good C. has changed ; better D. changed ; better

6、Zhao Lan ______already ______in this school for two years .

A. was ; studying B. will ; study C. has ; studied D. are ; studying

7、We ______ Xiao Li since she was a little girl . A. know B. had known C. have known D. knew

8、Harry Potter is a very nice film .I_______ it twice . A. will see B. have seen C. saw D.see

9、—These farmers have been to the United States . —Really ? When _____ there ?

A. will they go B. did they go C. do they go D. have they gone

10、—______ you ___ your homework yet ? —Yes . I _____ it a moment ago .

A. Did ; do ; finished B. Have ; done ; finished C. Have ; done ; have finished D. will ; do ; finish

二、汉译英.

1、 吉姆已做完作业,他现在有空了.

2、 他昨天收到一封信.

3、 我父亲以前到过长城.

4、 她还没有看过那部新电影.

5、 她去过上海.



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